The Reliability and Validity of Protocols for the Assessment of Endurance Sports Performance: An Updated Review

Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 177-185

  Stevens, Christopher John ^a   Dascombe, Ben James ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

Author keywords

assessment; measurement; reliability; validity

Indexed keywords

ATHLETE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; ENDURANCE SPORT; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HUMAN; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SIMULATION; THERMODYNAMICS; TIME; VALIDITY; WARM UP;

EID: 84944064987     PISSN: 1091367X     EISSN: 15327841     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1091367X.2015.1062381     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Abbiss, C. R., Levin, G., McGuigan, M. R., Laursen, P. B. (2008). Reliability of power output during dynamic cycling. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29 (7), 574-578. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-989263
2. Abbiss, C. R., Ross, M. L., Garvican, L. A., Ross, N., Pottgiesser, T., Gregory, J., Martin, D. T. (2013). The distribution of pace adopted by cyclists during a cross-country mountain bike world championships. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31 (7), 787-794. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.751118
3. Angus, S. D. (2014). Did recent world record marathon runners employ optimal pacing strategies? Journal of Sports Sciences, 32 (1), 31-45. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2013.803592
4. Ansley, L., Marvin, G., Sharma, A., Kendall, M. J., Jones, D. A., Bridge, M. W. (2008). The effects of head cooling on endurance and neuroendocrine responses to exercise in warm conditions. Physiological Research, 57 (6), 863-872.
5. Atkinson, G., Nevill, A. (2005). Mathematical constants that vary? Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 37 (10), 1822. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000175096.85942.39. author reply 1823
6. Beis, L. Y., Wright-Whyte, M., Fudge, B., Noakes, T., Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2012). Drinking behaviors of elite male runners during marathon competition. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 22 (3), 254-261. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e31824a55d7
7. Bishop, D. (1997). Reliability of a 1-h endurance performance test in trained female cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29 (4), 554-559.
8. Bishop, D. (2003). Warm up I: Potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance. Sports Medicine, 33 (6), 439-454. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200333060-00005
9. Burnley, M., Doust, J. H., Jones, A. M. (2005). Effects of prior warm-up regime on severe-intensity cycling performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 37 (5), 838-845. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000162617.18250.77
10. Che Jusoh, M. R., Morton, R. H., Stannard, S. R., Mündel, T. (2015). A reliable preloaded cycling time trial for use in conditions of significant thermal stress. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25 (Suppl 1), 296-301. doi: 10.1111/sms.2015.25.issue-s1
11. Costill, D. L., Kammer, W. F., Fisher, A. (1970). Fluid ingestion during distance running. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 21 (4), 520-525. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1970.10667282
12. Cotter, J. D., Sleivert, G. G., Roberts, W. S., Febbraio, M. A. (2001). Effect of pre-cooling, with and without thigh cooling, on strain and endurance exercise performance in the heat. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 128 (4), 667-677. doi: 10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00273-2
13. Currell, K., Jeukendrup, A. E. (2008). Validity, reliability and sensitivity of measures of sporting performance. Sports Medicine, 38 (4), 297-316. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838040-00003
14. Doyle, J. A., Martinez, A. L. (1998). Reliability of a protocol for testing endurance performance in runners and cyclists. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69 (3), 304-307. doi: 10.1080/02701367.1998.10607698
15. Driller, M. W., Argus, C. K., Bartram, J. C., Bonaventura, J., Martin, D. T., West, N. P., Halson, S. L. (2014). Reliability of a 2-bout exercise test on a wattbike cycle ergometer. International Journal of Sports Physiology & Performance, 9 (2), 340-345. doi: 10.1123/IJSPP.2013-0103
16. Dugas, J. P., Oosthuizen, U., Tucker, R., Noakes, T. D. (2009). Rates of fluid ingestion alter pacing but not thermoregulatory responses during prolonged exercise in hot and humid conditions with appropriate convective cooling. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 105 (1), 69-80. doi: 10.1007/s00421-008-0876-6
17. Gisolfi, C. V., Copping, J. R. (1974). Thermal effects of prolonged treadmill exercise in the heat. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 6 (2), 108-113. doi: 10.1249/00005768-197400620-00019
18. Gonzalez-Alonso, J., Teller, C., Andersen, S. L., Jensen, F. B., Hyldig, T., Nielsen, B. (1999). Influence of body temperature on the development of fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat. Journal of Applied Physiology, 86 (3), 1032-1039.
19. Hajoglou, A., Foster, C., De Koning, J. J., Lucia, A., Kernozek, T. W., Porcari, J. P. (2005). Effect of warm-up on cycle time trial performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 37 (9), 1608-1614. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000177589.02381.0a
20. Heesch, M. W., Slivka, D. R. (2015). Running performance, pace strategy, and thermoregulation differ between a treadmill and indoor track. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29 (2), 330-335. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000662
21. Hickey, M. S., Costill, D. L., McConell, G. K., Widrick, J. J., Tanaka, H. (1992). Day to day variation in time trial cycling performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 13 (6), 467-470. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1021299
22. Hopkins, W., Marshall, S., Batterham, A., Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41 (1), 3-13. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
23. Hopkins, W. G. (2000). Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Medicine, 30 (1), 1-15. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200030010-00001
24. Hopkins, W. G., Schabort, E. J., Hawley, J. A. (2001). Reliability of power in physical performance tests. Sports Medicine, 31 (3), 211-234. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200131030-00005
25. Hurst, P., Board, L. (2013). Reproducibility of outdoor 5 km running time-trial in a competitive environment. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47 (17), e4. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093073.15
26. Ihsan, M., Landers, G., Brearley, M., Peeling, P. (2010). Beneficial effects of ice ingestion as a precooling strategy on 40-km cycling time-trial performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology & Performance, 5 (2), 140-151.
27. Jensen, K., Johansen, L. (1998). Reproducibility and validity of physiological parameters measured in cyclists riding on racing bikes placed on a stationary magnetic brake. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 8 (1), 1-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00221.x
28. Jeukendrup, A., Saris, W. H., Brouns, F., Kester, A. D. (1996). A new validated endurance performance test. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 28 (2), 266-270. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199602000-00017
29. Jeukendrup, A. E., Craig, N. P., Hawley, J. A. (2000). The bioenergetics of world class cycling. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, 3 (4), 414-433. doi: 10.1016/S1440-2440(00)80008-0
30. Joyner, M. J., Coyle, E. F. (2008). Endurance exercise performance: The physiology of champions. The Journal of Physiology, 586 (1), 35-44. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834
31. Knechtle, B., Knechtle, P., Rosemann, T., Senn, O. (2011). Personal best time and training volume, not anthropometry, is related to race performance in the Swiss Bike Masters mountain bike ultramarathon. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25 (5), 1312-1317. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d85ac4
32. Laursen, P. B., Francis, G. T., Abbiss, C. R., Newton, M. J., Nosaka, K. (2007). Reliability of time-to-exhaustion versus time-trial running tests in runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39 (8), 1374-1379. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31806010f5
33. Laursen, P. B., Shing, C. M., Jenkins, D. G. (2003). Reproducibility of a laboratory-based 40-km cycle time-trial on a stationary wind-trainer in highly trained cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 24 (7), 481-485. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-42012
34. Lee, D. T., Haymes, E. M. (1995). Exercise duration and thermoregulatory responses after whole body precooling. Journal of Applied Physiology, 79 (6), 1971-1976.
35. Micklewright, D., Parry, D., Robinson, T., Deacon, G., Renfree, A., St Clair Gibson, A., Matthews, W. J. (2015). Risk perception influences athletic pacing strategy. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47 (5), 1026-1037. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000500
36. Miller, M., Moir, G., & Stannard, S. (2014). Validity of using functional threshold power and intermittent power to predict cross-country mountain bike race outcome. Journal of Science and Cycling, 3 (1), 16-20.
37. Montain, S. J., Coyle, E. F. (1992). Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 73 (4), 1340-1350.
38. Nielsen, B. (1996). Olympics in Atlanta: A fight against physics. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 28 (6), 665-668. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199606000-00004
39. Noakes, T. D. (2007). The central governor model of exercise regulation applied to the marathon. Sports Medicine, 37 (4), 374-377. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200737040-00026
40. Noakes, T. D. (2010). Is drinking to thirst optimum? Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 57 (Suppl s2), 9-17. doi: 10.1159/000322697
41. Olschewski, H., Bruck, K. (1988). Thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and muscular factors related to exercise after precooling. Journal of Applied Physiology, 64 (2), 803-811.
42. Palmer, G. S., Dennis, S. C., Noakes, T. D., Hawley, J. A. (1996). Assessment of the reproducibility of performance testing on an air-braked cycle ergometer. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 17 (4), 293-298. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-972849
43. Peiffer, J. J., Losco, B. (2011). Reliability/validity of the fortius trainer. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 32 (5), 353-356. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1271772
44. Quod, M. J., Martin, D. T., Laursen, P. B., Gardner, A. S., Halson, S. L., Marino, F. E.,., Hahn, A. G. (2008). Practical precooling: Effect on cycling time trial performance in warm conditions. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26 (14), 1477-1487. doi: 10.1080/02640410802298268
45. Ross, M. L., Garvican, L. A., Jeacocke, N. A., Laursen, P. B., Abbiss, C. R., Martin, D. T., Burke, L. M. (2011). Novel pre-cooling strategy enhances time trial cycling In the heat. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43 (1), 123-133. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e93210
46. Russell, R. D., Redmann, S. M., Ravussin, E., Hunter, G. R., Larson-Meyer, D. E. (2004). Reproducibility of endurance performance on a treadmill using a preloaded time trial. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36 (4), 717-724. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000121954.95892.C8
47. Saunders, A. G., Dugas, J. P., Tucker, R., Lambert, M. I., Noakes, T. D. (2005). The effects of different air velocities on heat storage and body temperature in humans cycling in a hot, humid environment. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 183 (3), 241-255. doi: 10.1111/aps.2005.183.issue-3
48. Schabort, E. J., Hawley, J. A., Hopkins, W. G., Mujika, I., Noakes, T. D. (1998). A new reliable laboratory test of endurance performance for road cyclists. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 30 (12), 1744-1750. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199812000-00014
49. Schabort, E.-J., Hopkins, W. G., Hawley, J. A. (1998). Reproducibility of self-paced treadmill performance of trained endurance runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19 (1), 48-51. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971879
50. Sharma, A. P., Elliott, A. D., Bentley, D. J. (2015). Reliability and validity of a new variable-power performance test in road cyclists. International Journal of Sports Physiology & Performance, 10 (3), 278-284. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0013
51. Smith, M. F., Davison, R. C., Balmer, J., Bird, S. R. (2001). Reliability of mean power recorded during indoor and outdoor self-paced 40 km cycling time-trials. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 22 (4), 270-274. doi: 10.1055/s-2001-13813
52. Sporer, B. C., McKenzie, D. C. (2007). Reproducibility of a laboratory based 20-km time trial evaluation in competitive cyclists using the Velotron Pro ergometer. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28 (11), 940-944. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-964977
53. St Clair Gibson, A., Lambert, E. V., Rauch, L. H., Tucker, R., Baden, D. A., Foster, C., Noakes, T. D. (2006). The role of information processing between the brain and peripheral physiological systems in pacing and perception of effort. Sports Medicine, 36 (8), 705-722. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200636080-00006
54. Stevens, C., Dascombe, B., Boyko, A., Sculley, D., Callister, R. (2013). Ice slurry ingestion during cycling improves Olympic distance triathlon performance in the heat. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31 (12), 1271-1279. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2013.779740
55. Stevens, C. J., Hacene, J., Sculley, D. V., Taylor, L., Callister, R., Dascombe, B. (2015). The reliability of running performance in a 5 km time trial on a non-motorized treadmill. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36 (9), 705-709.
56. Stevens, C. J., Hacene, J., Wellham, B., Sculley, D. V., Callister, R., Taylor, L., Dascombe, B. J. (2015). The validity of endurance running performance on the Curve 3™ non-motorised treadmill. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33 (11), 1141-1148. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.986502
57. Thiel, C., Foster, C., Banzer, W., De Koning, J. (2012). Pacing in Olympic track races: Competitive tactics versus best performance strategy. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30 (11), 1107-1115. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.701759
58. Tucker, R. (2008). Thermoregulation, fatigue and exercise modality. Medicine & Sport Science, 53 (1), 26-38.
59. Tucker, R., Marle, T., Lambert, E. V., Noakes, T. D. (2006). The rate of heat storage mediates an anticipatory reduction in exercise intensity during cycling at a fixed rating of perceived exertion. The Journal of Physiology, 574 (3), 905-915. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.101733
60. Tyler, C., Sunderland, C. (2008). The effect of ambient temperature on the reliability of a preloaded treadmill time-trial. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29 (10), 812-816. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-989321
61. Tyler, C. J., Wild, P., Sunderland, C. (2010). Practical neck cooling and time-trial running performance in a hot environment. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 110 (5), 1063-1074. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1567-7
62. Wittekind, A. L., Beneke, R. (2009). Effect of warm-up on run time to exhaustion. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, 12 (4), 480-484. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.12.009
63. Zavorsky, G. S., Murias, J. M., Gow, J., Kim, D. J., Poulin-Harnois, C., Kubow, S., Lands, L. C. (2007). Laboratory 20-km cycle time trial reproducibility. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28 (9), 743-748. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-964969