Blast Injuries

Journal of Emergency Medicine

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 573-587

  Mathews, Zara R ^a   Koyfman, Alex ^b  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

blast; bombing; disaster; mass casualty; terrorism

Indexed keywords

AWARENESS; BLAST INJURY; BRAIN INJURY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INJURY; EARDRUM PERFORATION; EYE INJURY; INJURY SEVERITY; LUNG INJURY; MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES; REVIEW; TREATMENT PLANNING; BLAST INJURIES; CLASSIFICATION; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; EXPLOSION; HUMAN; MASS DISASTER; PROCEDURES; TERRORISM;

EXPLOSIVE;

BLAST INJURIES; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; EXPLOSIONS; EXPLOSIVE AGENTS; HUMANS; MASS CASUALTY INCIDENTS; TERRORISM; TRIAGE;

EID: 84943584035     PISSN: 07364679     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.03.013     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. E.J. Bridges Blast injuries: from triage to critical care Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 18 2006 333 348
2. D.W. Mozingo, D.J. Barillo, and J.B. Holcomb The Pope Air Force Base aircraft crash and burn disaster J Burn Care Rehabil 26 2005 132 140
3. B.A. Cairns, A. Stiffler, F. Price, and et al. Managing a combined burn trauma disaster in the post-9/11 world: lessons learned from the 2003 West Pharmaceutical plant explosion J Burn Care Rehabil 26 2005 144 150
4. G.B. Kapur, H.R. Hutson, M.A. Davis, and P.L. Rice The United States twenty-year experience with bombing incidents: implications for terrorism preparedness and medical response J Trauma 59 2005 1436 1444
5. H.R. Champion, J.B. Holcomb, and L.A. Young Injuries from explosions: physics, biophysics, pathology, and required research focus J Trauma 66 2009 1468 1477 discussion 477
6. S.J. Wolf, V.S. Bebarta, C.J. Bonnett, P.T. Pons, and S.V. Cantrill Blast injuries Lancet 374 2009 405 415
7. D.D. Yeh, and W.P. Schecter Primary blast injuries - an updated concise review World J Surg 36 2012 966 972
8. E.R. Frykberg Medical management of disasters and mass casualties from terrorist bombings: how can we cope? J Trauma 53 2002 201 212
9. M. Stein Urban bombing: a trauma surgeon's perspective Scand J Surg 94 2005 286 292
10. E.R. Frykberg, and J.J. Tepas Terrorist bombings. Lessons learned from Belfast to Beirut Ann Surg 208 1988 569 576
11. S. Housden Blast injury: a case study Int Emerg Nurs 20 2012 173 178
12. S.H. Goh Bomb blast mass casualty incidents: initial triage and management of injuries Singapore Med J 50 2009 101 106
13. G. Almogy, Y. Mintz, G. Zamir, and et al. Suicide bombing attacks: can external signs predict internal injuries? Ann Surg 243 2006 541 546
14. C.L. Horrocks Blast injuries: biophysics, pathophysiology and management principles J R Army Med Corps 147 2001 28 40
15. I.G. Cullis Blast waves and how they interact with structures J R Army Med Corps 147 2001 16 26
16. C. Owers, J.L. Morgan, and J.P. Garner Abdominal trauma in primary blast injury Br J Surg 98 2010 168 179
17. J.D. Kocsis, and A. Tessler Pathology of blast-related brain injury J Rehabil Res Dev 46 2009 667 672
18. A.M. Ho A simple conceptual model of primary pulmonary blast injury Med Hypotheses 59 2002 611 613
19. J.M. Wightman, and J.L. Gladish Explosions and blast injuries Ann Emerg Med 37 2001 664 678
20. John Pichtel Terrorism and WMDs: awareness and response 2011 CRC Press Boca Raton
21. A.K. Singh, E. Goralnick, G. Velmahos, P.D. Biddinger, J. Gates, and A. Sodickson Radiologic features of injuries from the Boston Marathon bombing at three hospitals AJR Am J Roentgenol 203 2014 235 239
22. S.E. Finlay, M. Earby, D.J. Baker, and V.S.G. Murray Explosions and human health: the long-term effects of blast injury Prehosp Disaster Med 27 2012 385 391
23. L. Greenemeier Aftermath of Boston marathon bombing: how do terrorists use improvised explosive devices? Sci Am 2013 Available at: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/boston-marathon-bomb-attack/ Accessed January 3, 2015
24. F.K. Chin Scenario of a dirty bomb in an urban environment and acute management of radiation poisoning and injuries Singapore Med J 48 2007 950 957
25. M. Stein, and A. Hirshberg Medical consequences of terrorism: the conventional weapon threat Surg Clin North Am 79 1999 1537 1552
26. A.L. Dougherty, A.J. Macgregor, P.P. Han, K.J. Heltemes, and M.R. Galarneau Visual dysfunction following blast-related traumatic brain injury from the battlefield Brain Inj 25 2011 8 13
27. E. Kirkman, and S. Watts Characterisation of the response to primary blast injury Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 336 2011 286 290
28. J. Rosenfeld, and N.L. Ford Bomb blast, mild traumatic brain and psychiatric morbidity: a review Injury 41 2010 437 443
29. R. Golan, D. Soffer, and A. Givon Israel Trauma Group, Peleg K. The ins and outs of terrorist bus explosions: injury profiles of on-board explosions versus explosions occurring adjacent to a bus Injury 45 2013 39 43
30. Royal Centre for Defense Medicine Battlefield Advanced Trauma Life Support 4th ed. 2008 Joint Services Publication 570 Edgbaston, UK (BATLS)
31. P. Peters Primary blast injury: an intact tympanic membrane does not indicate the lack of a pulmonary blast Mil Med 176 2011 110
32. L.G. Stansbury, S.J. Lalliss, J.G. Branstetter, M.R. Bagg, and J.B. Holcomb Amputations in US military personnel in the current conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq J Orthop Trauma 22 2008 43 46
33. S.E. Harrison, E. Kirkman, and P. Mahoney Lessons learnt from explosive attacks J R Army Med Corps 153 2007 278 282
34. A. Mayo, and Y. Kluger Terrorist bombing World J Emerg Surg 1 2006 33
35. Y. Kluger, A. Nimrod, P. Biderman, A. Mayo, and P. Sorkin The quinary pattern of blast injury Am J Disaster Med 2 2007 21 25
36. D. Leibovici, O.N. Gofrit, M. Stein, and et al. Blast injuries - bus versus open-air bombings: a comparative study of injuries in survivors of open-air versus confined-space explosions J Trauma 41 1996 1030 1035
37. Y. Kluger Bomb explosions in acts of terrorism - detonation, wound ballistics, triage and medical concerns Isr Med Assoc J 5 2003 235 240
38. J.T. Cohen, G. Zip, J. Bloom, D. Zink, Y. Rapport, and M.Z. Himmelfarb Blast injury of the ear in a confined space explosion: auditory and vestibular evaluation Isr Med Assoc J 4 2002 559 562
39. L. Aharonson-Daniel, Y. Waisman, Y.L. Dannon, and et al. Epidemiology of terror-related versus non-terror-related traumatic injury in children Pediatrics 112 2003 e280
40. K. Peleg, L. Aharonson-Daniel, M. Stein, and et al. Gunshot and explosion injuries: characteristics, outcomes, and implications for care of terror-related injuries in Israel Israeli Trauma Group (ITG) Ann Surg 239 2004 311 318
41. Y. Kluger, K. Peleg, L. Daniel-Aharonson, and A. Mayo Israeli Trauma Group (ITG). The special injury pattern in terrorist bombings J Am Coll Surg 199 2004 875 879
42. R.G. DePalma, D.G. Burris, H.R. Champion, and M.J. Hodgson Blast injuries N Engl J Med 352 2005 1335 1342
43. C.D. Harrison, V.S. Bebarta, and G.A. Grant Tympanic membrane perforation after combat blast exposure in Iraq: a poor biomarker of primary blast injury J Trauma 67 2009 210 211
44. L.M. Guzzi, and G. Argyros The management of blast injury Eur J Emerg Med 3 1996 252 255
45. D. Leibovici, O.N. Gofrit, and S.C. Shapira Eardrum perforation in explosion survivors: is it a marker of pulmonary blast injury? Ann Emerg Med 34 1999 168 172
46. Y.R. Phillips, and D.R. Richmond Primary blast injury and basic research R.F. Belamy, R. Zajtchuk, Textbooks of military medicine, part I, warfare, weaponry and the casualty 1991 US Government Printing Office Washington, DC 235 a brief history
47. G.J. Cooper, R.L. Maynard, N.L. Cross, and J.F. Hill Casualties from terrorist bombings J Trauma 23 1983 955 967
48. J.P. De Ceballos, F. Turégano-Fuentes, D. Perez-Diaz, M. Sanz-Sanchez, C. Martin-Llorente, and J.E. Guerrero-Sanz the terrorist bomb explosions in Madrid, Spain - an analysis of the logistics, injuries sustained and clinical management of casualties treated at the closest hospital. Crit Care 2005;9:104-11 11 2004
49. S.A. Earle, M.A. de Moya, J.E. Zuccarelli, M.D. Norenberg, and K.G. Proctor Cerebrovascular resuscitation after polytrauma and fluid resuscitation J Am Coll Surg 204 2007 261 275
50. W.A. Hadden, W.H. Rutherford, and J.D. Merrett The injuries of terrorist bombing: a study of 1532 consecutive patients Br J Surg 65 1978 525 531
51. R. Alfici, I. Ashkenazi, and B. Kessel Management of victims in a mass casualty incident caused by a terrorist bombing: treatment algorithms for stable, unstable, and in extremis victims Mil Med 171 2006 1155 1162
52. G.J. Cooper, and D.E. Taylor Biophysics of impact injury to the chest and abdomen J R Army Med Corps 135 1989 58 67
53. B. Hirshberg, A. Oppenheim-Eden, R. Pizov, and et al. Recovery from blast lung injury: one-year follow-up Chest 116 1999 1683 1688
54. G.G. Lavery, and K.G. Lowry Management of blast injuries and shock lung Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 17 2004 151 157
55. R. Pizov, A. Oppenheim-Eden, I. Matot, and et al. Blast lung injury from an explosion on a civilian bus Chest 115 1999 165 172
56. A.E. Ritenour, and T.W. Baskin Primary blast injury: update on diagnosis and treatment Crit Care Med 36 7 Suppl. 2008 S311 S317
57. Yelverton JT, Johnson DL, Hicks W, Doyal R. Blast overpressure studies with animals and man: non-auditory damage risk assessment for simulated weapons fired from enclosures. Final Report, Contract DAMD17-88-C-8141. Ft Detrick, MD: US Army Medical Research and Material Command; 1993.
58. H. Paran, D. Neufeld, I. Shwartz, and et al. Perforation of the terminal ileum induced by blast injury: delayed diagnosis or delayed perforation J Trauma 40 1996 472 475
59. J.W. Harmon, and M. Haluszka Care of blast-injured casualties with gastrointestinal injuries Mil Med 148 1983 586 588
60. J.V. Ritchie, S.T. Horne, J. Perry, and D. Gay Ultrasound triage of ocular blast injury in the military emergency department Mil Med 177 2012 174 178
61. M.G. Morley, J.K. Nguyen, J.S. Heier, B.J. Shingleton, J.F. Pasternak, and K.S. Bower Blast eye injuries: a review for first responders Disaster Med Public Health Prep 4 2010 154 160
62. S. Holmes, A. Coombes, S. Rice, and et al. The role of the maxillofacial surgeon in the initial 48 h following a terrorist attack Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 43 2005 375 382
63. W.A. Odhiambo, S.W. Guthua, F.G. Macigo, and et al. Maxillofacial injuries caused by terrorist bomb attack in Nairobi, Kenya Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 31 2002 374 377
64. D.S. Plurad Blast injury Mil Med 176 2011 276 282
65. R.L. Walker, M.E. Clark, and D.E. Nampiaparampil Mcllvried Gold MS, Okonkwo R, Kerns RD. The hazards of war: blast injury headache J Pain 11 2010 297 302
66. G.V. Bochicchio, K. Lumpkins, J. O'Connor, and et al. Blast injury in a civilian trauma setting is associated with a delay in diagnosis of traumatic brain injury Am Surg 74 2008 267 270
67. S. Yilmaz, and Pekdemir An unusual primary blast injury: traumatic brain injury due to primary blast injury Am J Emerg Med 2006 97 98
68. I. Cernak, Z. Wang, J. Jiang, and et al. Ultrastructural and functional characteristics of blast injury induced neurotrauma J Trauma 50 2001 695 706
69. R.J. Irwin, M.R. Lerner, J.F. Bealer, and et al. Cardiopulmonary physiology of primary blast injury J Trauma 43 1997 650 655
70. J. Crabtree Terrorist homicide bombings: a primer for preparation J Burn Care Res 27 2006 576 588
71. J. Ratto, B.K. Johnson, C.S. Condra, and J.F. Knapp Pediatric blast lung injury from a fireworks-related explosion Pediatr Emerg Care 28 2012 573 576
72. R.J. Guy, M.A. Glover, and N.P. Cripps The pathophysiology of primary blast injury and its implications for treatment. Part I: the thorax J R Nav Med Serv 84 1998 79 86
73. D. Szewczyk, P. Ovadia, F. Abdullah, and et al. Pressure-induced rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure J Trauma 44 1998 384 388
74. J.B. Hull, and G.J. Cooper Pattern and mechanism of traumatic amputation by explosive blast J Trauma 40 Suppl. 1996 S198 205
75. M.J. Langworthy, J.M. Smith, and M. Gould Treatment of the mangled lower extremity after a terrorist blast injury Clin Orthop Relat Res 422 2004 88 96
76. L. Aharonson-Daniel, Y. Klein, and K. Peleg Suicide bombers for a new injury profile Ann Surg 244 2006 1018 1023
77. D.C. Covey Blast and fragment injuries of the musculoskeletal system J Bone Joint Surg Am 84A 7 2002 1221 1234
78. M. Stein, and A. Hirshberg Limited mass casualties due to conventional weapons. A daily reality of a Level I Trauma Center J. Shemer, Y. Shoenfeld, Terror and medicine - medical aspects of biological, chemical and radiological terrorism 2003 PABST Science Publishers Lengerich, Germany 378 393
79. M. Melinck, L. Naggan, and M. Altman Acute acoustic trauma, a clinical investigation and prognosis in 433 symptomatic soldiers Isr J Med Sci 12 1976 562 569
80. Y.Y. Phillips III Primary blast injuries Ann Emerg Med 15 1986 1446 1450
81. P. Sorkine, O. Szold, Y. Kluger, and et al. Permissive hypercapnia ventilation in patients with severe pulmonary blast injury J Trauma 45 1998 35 38
82. V. Avidan, M. Hersch, Y. Armon, and et al. Blast lung injury: clinical manifestations, treatment, and outcome Am J Surg 190 2005 927 931
83. M.J. Eckert, C. Clagett, M. Martin, and K. Azarow Bronchoscopy in the blast injury patient Arch Surg 141 2006 806 809
84. V. Tatic, D. Ignjatovic, M. Jevtic, and et al. Morphologic characteristics of primary nonperforative intestinal blast injuries in rats their evolution to secondary perforations J Trauma 40 Suppl. 1996 S94 S99
85. J.N. Roan, and M.H. Wu Esophageal perforation caused by external air-blast injury J Cardiothorac Surg 5 2010 130 132
86. M.A. Mayorga The pathology of primary blast overpressure injury Toxicology 121 1997 17 28
87. C.M. Muth, and E.S. Shank Gas embolism N Engl J Med 342 2000 476 482
88. J. Garner, and S.J. Brett Mechanisms of injury by explosive devices Anesthesiol Clin 25 2007 147 160
89. G.W. Bowyer Management of small fragment wounds: experience from the Afghan border J Trauma 40 3 Suppl. 1996 S170 S172
90. D.C. Covey, R.B. Lurate, and C.T. Hatton Field hospital treatment of blast wounds of the musculoskeletal system during the Yugoslav civil war J Orthop Trauma 14 2000 278 286 discussion 277
91. R.M. Coupland Hand grenade injuries among civilians JAMA 270 1993 624 626
92. D. Demetriades, G. Velmahos, E. Cornwell, and et al. Selective nonoperative management of gunshot wounds of the anterior abdomen Arch Surg 132 1997 178 183
93. J.P. Pryor, P.M. Reily, G.P. Dabrowski, M.D. Grossman, and C.W. Schwab Nonoperative management of abdominal gunshot wounds Ann Emerg Med 43 2004 344 353
94. G.C. Velmahos, D. Demetriades, E.E. Cornwell, J. Asencio, H. Belzberg, and T. Berne Gunshot wounds to the buttocks: predicting the need for operation Dis Colon Rectum 40 1997 307 311
95. G.C. Velmahos, D. Demetriades, E. Foianini, and et al. A selective approach to the management of gunshot wounds to the back Am J Surg 174 1997 342 346
96. R.P. Papini, A.P. Wilson, J.A. Steer, and et al. Wound management in burn centres in the United Kingdom Br J Surg 82 1995 505 509
97. Public Health England Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140714084352/http://www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/EmergencyResponse/ExplosionsAndFires/HealthEffectsOfExplosions/PostExposureProphylaxisAgainstBloodBorneViruses/. Accessed October 17, 2013.
98. Medical Preparedness and Response Sub-Group. Medical treatment of radiological casualties. Department of Homeland Security Working Group on Radiological Dispersement Device (RDD) Preparedness: Department of Homeland Security; 2003. Available at: http://www.orau.gov/hsc/RadMassCasualties/content/resources/Radiologic-Medical-Countermeasures-051403.pdf. Accessed October 17, 2013.
99. J. Ring Radiation risks and dirty bombs Health Phys 86 Suppl. 1 2004 S42 S47
100. F. Mettler, and G. Voelz Major radiation exposure: what to expect and how to respond N Engl J Med 346 2002 1554 1561
101. G. Almogy, T. Luria, E. Richter, and et al. Can external signs of trauma guide management?: Lessons learned from suicide bombing attacks in Israel Arch Surg 140 2005 390 393
102. S.S. Hare, I. Goddard, P. Ward, A. Naraghi, and E.A. Dick The radiologic management of bomb blast injury Clin Radiol 62 2007 1 9
103. B. Brismar, and L. Bergenwald The terrorist bomb explosion in Bologna, Italy, 1980: an analysis of the effects and injuries sustained J Trauma 22 1982 216 220
104. D.P. Joseph, D.J. Pieramici, and N.J. Beauchamp Computed tomography in the diagnosis and prognosis of open globe injuries Ophthalmology 107 2000 1899 1906
105. M.L. Arey, V.V. Mootha, A.R. Whittemore, D.P. Chason, and P.H. Blomquist Computed tomography in the diagnosis of occult open globe injuries Ophthalmology 114 2007 1448 1452
106. I. Turkcuer, R. Atilla, H. Topacoglu, and et al. Do we really need plain and soft-tissue radiographies to detect radiolucent foreign bodies in the ED? Am J Emerg Med 24 2006 763 768