Applications of hollow nanomaterials in environmental remediation and monitoring: A review

Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engineering

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 770-783

  Zhang, Yuankai ^a   He, Zhijiang ^a   Wang, Hongchen ^a   Qi, Lu ^a   Liu, Guohua ^a   Zhang, Xiaojun ^a  

^a RENMIN UNIVERSITY OF CHINA   (China)

Author keywords

environmental remediation; hollow nanomaterials; morphology; nanostructures; nanotechnology

Indexed keywords

EID: 84942987842     PISSN: 20952201     EISSN: 2095221X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11783-015-0811-0     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Liu C. Controllable preparation of inorganic hollow nanospheres and their applications in environmental protection. Dissertation for the Doctor Degree. Zhenjiang: Jiangsu University, 2012 (in Chinese)
2. Kaur R, Hasan A, Iqbal N, Alam S, SainiMK, Raza S K. Synthesis and surface engineering of magnetic nanoparticles for environmental cleanup and pesticide residue analysis: a review. Journal of Separation Science, 2014, 37(14): 1805–1825
3. Zhang W X. Nanoscale iron particles for environmental remediation: an overview. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2003, 5(3–4): 323–332
4. Buzea C, Pacheco I I, Robbie K. Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity. Biointerphases, 2007, 2(4): MR17–MR71
5. Aldinger F. Controlled porosity by an extreme Kirkendall effect. Acta Metallurgica, 1974, 22(7): 923–928
6. Caruso R A, Antonietti M. Sol-gel nanocoating: an approach to the preparation of structured materials. Chemistry of Materials, 2001, 13(10): 3272–3282
7. Zheng J, Wu B H, Jiang Z Y, Kuang Q, Fang X L, Xie Z X, Huang R B, Zheng L S. General and facile syntheses of metal silicate porous hollow nanostructures. Chemistry, an Asian Journal, 2010, 5(6): 1439–1444
8. Liu R M, Yin J Z, Du WD, Gao F, Fan Y Z, Lu Q Y. Monodisperse CuO Hard and Hollow Nanospheres as Visible-Light Photocatalysts. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2013, 2013(8): 1358–1362
9. Zhan S, Chen D, Jiao X, Song Y. Mesoporous TiO2/SiO2 composite nanofibers with selective photocatalytic properties. Chemical Communications, 2007, (20): 2043–2045
10. Yu X Y, Yu L, Shen L F, Song X H, Chen H Y, Lou X W D. General formation of MS (M = Ni, Cu, Mn) box-in-box hollow structures with enhanced pseudocapacitive properties. Advanced Functional Materials, 2014, 24(47): 7440–7446
11. Zhang F, Zhu D, Chen X, Xu X, Yang Z, Zou C, Yang K, Huang S M. A nickel hydroxide-coated 3D porous graphene hollow sphere framework as a high performance electrode material for supercapacitors. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2014, 16(9): 4186–4192
12. Wang J, Yan Y, Hojamberdiev M, Ruan X, Cai A, Xu Y. A facile synthesis of luminescent YVO4: Eu3+ hollow microspheres in virtue of template function of the SDS–PEG soft clusters. Solid State Sciences, 2012, 14(8): 1018–1022
13. Shah S N, Shah S S, Ito E, Heddle J G. Template-free, hollow and porous platinum nanotubes derived from tobamovirus and their three-dimensional structure at the nanoscale. RSC Advances, 2014, 4(74): 39305–39311
14. Colder A, Huisken F, Trave E, Ledoux G, Guillois O, Reynaud C, Hofmeister H, Pippel E. Strong visible photoluminescence from hollow silica nanoparticles. Nanotechnology, 2004, 15(3): L1–L4
15. Kolmakov A. The effect of morphology and surface doping on sensitization of quasi-1D metal oxide nanowire gas sensors. Proc SPIE 2006, 6370: 63700X1–X8
16. Wang J, Qiu T, Chen X, Lu Y L, Yang W S. Hierarchical hollow urchin-like NiCo2O4 nanomaterial as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline medium. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 268(5): 341–348
17. Han J, Dai J, Guo R. Highly efficient adsorbents of poly (ophenylenediamine) solid and hollow sub-microspheres towards lead ions: a comparative study. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2011, 356(2): 749–756
18. Sun W, Chen M, Zhou S, Wu L. Synthesis of hierarchically nanostructured TiO2 spheres with tunable morphologies based on a novel amphiphilic polymer precursor and their use for heavy metal ion sequestration. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2014, 2(34): 14004–14013
19. Zhuang Y, Yang Y, Xiang G, Wang X. Magnesium silicate hollow nanostructures as highly efficient absorbents for toxic metal ions. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2009, 113(24): 10441–10445
20. Cheng X L, Jiang J S, Hu M, Mao G Y, Liu Z W, Zeng Y, Zhang Q H. Liquid–liquid interface-assisted solvothermal synthesis of durian-like a-Fe2O3 hollow spheres constructed by nano-polyhedrons. CrystEngComm, 2012, 14(9): 3056–3062
21. Wang X, Liu J, Xu W. One-step hydrothermal preparation of amino-functionalized carbon spheres at low temperature and their enhanced adsorption performance towards Cr (VI) for water purification. Colloids and Surfaces. A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2012, 415: 288–294
22. Yao T, Cui T, Wu J, Chen Q, Lu S, Sun K. Preparation of hierarchical porous polypyrrole nanoclusters and their application for removal of Cr (VI) ions in aqueous solution. Polymer Chemistry, 2011, 2(12): 2893–2899
23. El-Toni A M, Habila M A, Ibrahim M A, Labis J P, ALOthman Z A. Simple and facile synthesis of amino functionalized hollow core–mesoporous shell silica spheres using anionic surfactant for Pb (II), Cd (II), and Zn (II) adsorption and recovery. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2014, 251: 441–451
24. Rostamian R, Najafi M, Rafati A A. Synthesis and characterization of thiol-functionalized silica nano hollow sphere as a novel adsorbent for removal of poisonous heavy metal ions from water: kinetics, isotherms and error analysis. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011, 171(3): 1004–1011
25. Cheng K, Zhou Y M, Sun Z Y, Hu H B, Zhong H, Kong X K, Chen Q W. Synthesis of carbon-coated, porous and water-dispersive Fe3O4 nanocapsules and their excellent performance for heavy metal removal applications. Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England), 2012, 41(19): 5854–5861
26. Liu M, Wen T, Wu X, Chen C, Hu J, Li J, Wang X. Synthesis of porous Fe3O4 hollow microspheres/graphene oxide composite for Cr(VI) removal. Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England), 2013, 42(41): 14710–14717
27. Najafi M, Yousefi Y, Rafati A A. Synthesis, characterization and adsorption studies of several heavy metal ions on aminofunctionalized silica nano hollow sphere and silica gel. Separation and Purification Technology, 2012, 85: 193–205
28. Wang X, Cai W, Liu S, Wang G, Wu Z, Zhao H. ZnO hollow microspheres with exposed porous nanosheets surface: structurally enhanced adsorption towards heavy metal ions. Colloids and Surfaces. A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2013, 422: 199–205
29. Liu C, Yin H B, Shi L P, Wang A L, Wu Z A, Wu G, Jiang T, Shen Y T, Jiang Y S. Adsorbability characteristic of hollow SiO2 nanospheres for heavy metal ions. Zhongguo Youse Jinshu Xuebao, 2013, 23(6): 1661–1665 (in Chinese)
30. Wang P, Du M, Zhu H, Bao S, Yang T, Zou M. Structure regulation of silica nanotubes and their adsorption behaviors for heavy metal ions: pH effect, kinetics, isotherms and mechanism. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2015, 286: 533–544
31. Liu G, Deng Q, Wang H M, Kang S H, Yang Y, Ng D H L, Cai W P, Wang G. Z. Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured Fe3O4 micron-spheres and their application in removing toxic Cr ions from polluted water 2012, 18(42): 13418–13426
32. Colón G, Hidalgo M C, Navío J A. Photocatalytic deactivation of commercial TiO2 samples during simultaneous photoreduction of Cr(VI) and photooxidation of salicylic acid. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry, 2001, 138(1): 79–85
33. Bhatkhande D S, Pangarkar V G, Beenackers A A C M. Photacatalytic degradation for environmental applicatons-a review. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 2002, 77(1): 102–116
34. Huang J Y, Liu G H, Zhang W H, Huang J, Lin T, Wang Y J. Progress on photocatalytic reduction of heavy metal ions in wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 31(12): 104–108(in Chinese)
35. Li H Y, Wu T S, Cai B, MaWG, Sun Y J, Gan S Y, Han D X, Niu L. Efficiently photocatalytic reduction of carcinogenic contaminant Cr(VI) upon robust AgCl:Ag hollow nanocrystals. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2015, 164: 344–351
36. Yang Y, Wang G, Deng Q, Wang H, Zhang Y, Ng D H, Zhao H. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of hierarchical structure TiO2 hollow spheres with reactive (001) facets for the removal of toxic heavy metal Cr(VI). RSC Advances, 2014, 4(65): 34577–34583
37. Tripathi P K, Gan L, Liu M, Ma X M, Zhao Y H, Zhu D Z, Xu Z J, Chen L W, Rao N N. One-pot assembly of silica@ two polymeric shells for synthesis of hollow carbon porous nanospheres: adsorption of bisphenol A. Materials Letters, 2014, 120: 108–110
38. Ye L, Guan W, Lu C, Zhao H, Lu X. Fabrication of hollow ZnO hexahedral nanocrystals grown on Si (100) substrate by a facile route. Materials Letters, 2014, 118: 115–118
39. Liu J, Zhang G K, Yu J C, Guo Y D. In situ synthesis of Zn2GeO4 hollow spheres and their enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of antibiotic metronidazole. Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England), 2013, 42(14): 5092–5099
40. Kroto H W, Heath J R, O’ Brien S C, Curl R F, Smalley R E. C60: Buckminsterfullerene. Nature, 1985, 318(6042): 162–163
41. Iijima S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature, 1991, 354(6348): 56–58
42. Ong Y T, Ahmad A L, Zein S H S, Tan S H. A review on carbon nanotubes in an environmental protection and green engineering perspective. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2010, 27 (2): 227–242
43. Su F, Lu C, Hu S. Adsorption of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and p-xylene by NaOCl-oxidized carbon nanotubes. Colloids and Surfaces. A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2010, 353 (1): 83–91
44. Lu C, Chung Y L, Chang K F. Adsorption of trihalomethanes from water with carbon nanotubes. Water Research, 2005, 39(6): 1183–1189
45. Chin C J M, Shih L C, Tsai H J, Liu T K. Adsorption of o-xylene and p-xylene from water by SWCNTs. Carbon, 2007, 45(6): 1254–1260
46. Ji L L, Shao Y, Xu Z Y, Zheng S R, Zhu D Q. Adsorption of monoaromatic compounds and pharmaceutical antibiotics on carbon nanotubes activated by KOH etching. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(16): 6429–6436
47. Lin D H, Xing B S. Adsorption of phenolic compounds by carbon nanotubes: role of aromaticity and substitution of hydroxyl groups. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(19): 7254–7259
48. Liao Q, Sun J, Gao L. The adsorption of resorcinol from water using multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Colloids and Surfaces. A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2008, 312(2–3): 160–165
49. Yang K, Wu W, Jing Q, Zhu L. Aqueous adsorption of aniline, phenol, and their substitutes by multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(21): 7931–7936
50. Pan B, Lin D H, Mashayekhi H, Xing B S. Adsorption and hysteresis of bisphenol A and 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol on carbon nanomaterials. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42 (15): 5480–5485
51. Yang K, Zhu L, Xing B. Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by carbon nanomaterials. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006, 40(6): 1855–1861
52. Coughlin R W, Ezra F S. Role of surface acidity in the adsorption of organic pollutants on the surface of carbon. Environmental Science & Technology, 1968, 2(4): 291–297
53. Mattson J A, Mark H B Jr, MalbinMD,WeberWJ Jr, Crittenden J C. Surface chemistry of active carbon: specific adsorption of phenols. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1969, 31(1): 116–130
54. Chen W, Duan L, Wang L, Zhu D. Adsorption of hydroxyl-and amino-substituted aromatics to carbon nanotubes. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(18): 6862–6868
55. Pan B, Xing B. Adsorption mechanisms of organic chemicals on carbon nanotubes. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(24): 9005–9013
56. Gotovac S, Honda H, Hattori Y, Takahashi K, Kanoh H, Kaneko K. Effect of nanoscale curvature of single-walled carbon nanotubes on adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Nano Letters, 2007, 7(3): 583–587
57. Lin D, Xing B. Adsorption of phenolic compounds by carbon nanotubes: role of aromaticity and substitution of hydroxyl groups. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(19): 7254–7259
58. Ghasemzadeh G, Momenpour M, Omidi F, Hosseini M R, Ahani M, Barzegari A. Applications of nanomaterials in water treatment and environmental remediation. Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engineering, 2014, 8(4): 1–12
59. Zhan S H, Chen D R, Jiao X L, Tao C H. Long TiO2 hollow fibers with mesoporous walls: sol-gel combined electrospun fabrication and photocatalytic properties. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2006, 110(23): 11199–11204
60. Joo J B, Dahl M, Li N, Zaera F, Yin Y. Tailored synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 hollow nanostructures for catalytic applications. Energy & Environmental Science, 2013, 6(7): 2082–2092
61. Bard A J. Photoelectrochemistry and heterogeneous photocatalysis at semiconductors. Journal of Photochemistry, 1979, 10(1): 59–75
62. Amalric L, Guillard C, Pichat P. Use of catalase and superoxide dismutase to assess the roles of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in the TiO2 or ZnO photocatalytic destruction of 1, 2-dimethoxybenzene in water. Research on Chemical Intermediates, 1994, 20(6): 579–594
63. Schwarz P F, Turro N J, Bossmann S H, Braun A M,Wahab AMA A, Dü rr H. A new method to determine the generation of hydroxyl radicals in illuminated TiO2 suspensions. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 1997, 101(36): 7127–7134
64. Grela M A, Coronel M E J, Colussi A J. Quantitative spin-trapping studies of weakly illuminated titanium dioxide sols. Implications for the mechanism of photocatalysis. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1996, 100(42): 16940–16946
65. Fukahori S, Ichiura H, Kitaoka T, Tanaka H. Photocatalytic decomposition of bisphenol A in water using composite TiO2- zeolite sheets prepared by a papermaking technique. Environmental Science & Technology, 2003, 37(5): 1048–1051
66. Li X X, Fang S M, Ge L, Han C C, Qiu P, Liu W L. Synthesis of flower-like Ag/AgCl-Bi2MoO6 plasmonic photocatalysts with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2015, 176–177: 162–169
67. Kanki T, Yoneda H, Sano N, Toyoda A, Nagai C. Photocatalytic reduction and deposition of metallic ions in aqueous phase. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2004, 97(1): 77–81
68. Kyung H, Lee J, Choi W. Simultaneous and synergistic conversion of dyes and heavy metal ions in aqueous TiO2 suspensions under visible-light illumination. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39(7): 2376–2382
69. Hsiao C Y, Lee C L, Ollis D F. Heterogeneous photocatalysis: degradation of diluted solutions of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), chloroform (CHCl3) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) with illuminated TiO2 photocatalyst. Journal of Catalysis, 1983, 82(2): 418–423
70. Syoufian A, Satriya O H, Nakashima K. Photocatalytic activity of titania hollow spheres: photodecomposition of methylene blue as a target molecule. Catalysis Communications, 2007, 8(5): 755–759
71. Wang S X, Yang X J, Wang Y P, Liu L X, Guo Y Y, Guo H. Morphology-controlled synthesis of Ti3+ self-doped yolk–shell structure titanium oxide with superior photocatalytic activity under visible light. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 2014, 213(5): 98–103
72. Ao Y, Xu J, Zhang S, Fu D. A one-pot method to prepare N-doped titania hollow spheres with high photocatalytic activity under visible light. Applied Surface Science, 2010, 256(9): 2754–2758
73. Kim H R, Choi K Y, Shul Y G. Preparation of TiO2/SiO2 hollow spheres and their activity in methylene blue photodecomposition. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2007, 24(4): 596–599
74. Jiang Y, Guo L, Zhang W, Dai F, Yan Y, Zhang F, Lv H. Preparation of zinc tetraaminophthalocyanine sensitized TiO2 hollow nanospheres and their enhanced photocatalytic properties under visible light. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2013 (ahead-of-print): 1–8
75. Daghrir R, Drogui P, Robert D. Modified TiO2 for environmental photocatalytic applications: a review. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2013, 52(10): 3581–3599
76. Zhang J, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhu B L, Xia H J, Guo X Z, Zhang S M, Huang W P, Wu S H. NO2 sensing performance of SnO2 hollow-sphere sensor. Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical, 2009, 135(2): 610–617
77. Ju D, Xu H, Qiu Z, Guo J, Zhang J, Cao B. Highly sensitive and selective triethylamine-sensing properties of nanosheets directly grown on ceramic tube by forming NiO/ZnO PN heterojunction. Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical, 2014, 200: 288–296
78. Liu J, Wang X, Peng Q, Li Y. Preparation and gas sensing properties of vanadium oxide nanobelts coated with semiconductor oxides. Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical, 2006, 115(1): 481–487
79. Lee J H. Gas sensors using hierarchical and hollow oxide nanostructures: overview. Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical, 2009, 140(1): 319–336
80. Wang H Z, Liang J B, Fan H, Xi B J, ZhangMF, Xiong S L, Zhu Y C, Qian Y T. Synthesis and gas sensitivities of SnO2 nanorods and hollow microspheres. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 2008, 181 (1): 122–129
81. Zhao Q R, Gao Y, Bai X, Wu C Z, Xie Y. Facile synthesis of SnO2 hollow nanospheres and applications in gas sensors and electrocatalysts. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2006, 2006(8): 1643–1648
82. Martinez C J, Hockey B, Montgomery C B, Semancik S. Porous tin oxide nanostructured microspheres for sensor applications. Langmuir, 2005, 21(17): 7937–7944
83. Choi W S, Koo H Y, Zhongbin Z, Li Y, Kim D Y. Templated synthesis of porous capsules with a controllable surface morphology and their application as gas sensors. Advanced Functional Materials, 2007, 17(11): 1743–1749
84. Herzog G, Beni V. Stripping voltammetry at micro-interface arrays: A review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2013, 769: 10–21
85. Xu R X, Yu X Y, Gao C, Jiang Y J, Han D D, Liu J H, Huang X J. Non-conductive nanomaterial enhanced electrochemical response in stripping voltammetry: the use of nanostructured magnesium silicate hollow spheres for heavy metal ions detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2013, 790: 31–38
86. Cheng X, Li J, Li X, Zhang D H, Zhang H J, Zhang A Q, Huang H, Lian J S. A highly sensitive sensor based on hollow particles for the detection, adsorption and removal of Hg2+ ions. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012, 22(45): 24102–24108
87. Harris H H, Pickering I J, George G N. The chemical form of mercury in fish. Science, 2003, 301(5637): 1203–1203
88. Liu Y, Li Q, Zhang J T, SunWZ, Gao S A, Shang J K. PdO loaded TiO2 hollow sphere composite photocatalyst with a high photocatalytic disinfection efficiency on bacteria. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2014, 249: 63–71
89. Liu S W, Huang G C, Yu J G, Ng T W, Yip H Y, Wong P K. Porous fluorinated SnO2 hollow nanospheres: transformative selfassembly and photocatalytic inactivation of bacteria. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6(4): 2407–2414
90. Qin F, Zhao H P, Li G F, Yang H, Li J, Wang R M, Liu Y L, Hu J C, Sun H Z, Chen R. Size-tunable fabrication of multifunctional Bi2O3 porous nanospheres for photocatalysis, bacteria inactivation and template-synthesis. Nanoscale, 2014, 6(10): 5402–5409
91. Reddy A R N, Reddy Y N, Krishna D R, Himabindu V. Multi wall carbon nanotubes induce oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Toxicology, 2010, 272 (1–3): 11–16
92. Cheng C, Müllerb K H, Koziol K K K, Skepperb J N, Midgley P A, Welland M E, Porter A E. Toxicity and imaging of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in human macrophage cells. Biomaterials, 2009, 30(25): 4152–4160
93. Kang X, Li C, Cheng Z, Ma P A, Hou Z, Lin J. Lanthanide-doped hollow nanomaterials as theranostic agents.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 2014, 6(1): 80–101
94. Pei J, Chen G, Jia D, Yu Y, Sun J, Qiu Z, Yu Y. Construction of hollow tellurium hierarchical architecture via a trisodium citrate assisted self-sacrificed template eroding mechanism. RSC Advances, 2014, 4(68): 36257–36261
95. Orsi S, Di Maio E, Iannace S, Netti P A. Hollow micro-and nanoparticles by gas foaming. Nano Research, 2014, 7(7): 1018–1026
96. Wu L, Qiao X, Cui S, Hong Z, Fan X. Synthesis of monolithic aerogel-like alumina via the accumulation of mesoporous hollow microspheres. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2015, 202: 234–240
97. Guo J, Zhang X, Zhang T, Zhou T, Zhang X, Quan Z. Selftemplate synthesis of magnetic cobalt nanotube based on Kirkendall effect. Materials Letters, 2015, 141: 288–290
98. Huang T, Qi L M. Solution-phase synthesis of inorganic nanostructures by chemical transformation from reactive templates. Science China Chemistry, 2010, 53(2): 365–371
99. Lopez-Haro M, Dubau L, Guétaz L, Bayle-Guillemaud P, Chatenet M, Andre J, Caque N, Rossinot E, Maillard F. Atomic-scale structure and composition of Pt3Co/C nanocrystallites during real PEMFC operation: a STEM–EELS study. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2014, 152–153: 300–30
100. Erlebacher J, Margetis D. Mechanism of hollow nanoparticle formation due to shape fluctuations. Physical Review Letters, 2014, 112(15): 155505