The relationship of metabolic syndrome with stress, coronary heart disease and pulmonary function - An occupational cohort-based study

PLoS ONE

Volumn 10, Issue 8, 2015, Pages

  Janczura, Miroslaw ^a   Bochenek, Grazyna ^b   Nowobilski, Roman ^b   Dropinski, Jerzy ^b   Kotula Horowitz, Katarzyna ^b   Laskowicz, Bartosz ^a   Stanisz, Andrzej ^b   Lelakowski, Jacek ^a   Domagala, Teresa ^b  

^a Krakowski Szpital Specjalistyczny Im Jana Pawła II   (Poland)

^b JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; COHORT ANALYSIS; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LEISURE; LUNG FUNCTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; PERCEIVED STRESS SCALE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; STRESS; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY DISEASE; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; PHYSIOLOGY; PLAQUE, ATHEROSCLEROTIC;

ADULT; COHORT STUDIES; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY DISEASE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MIDDLE AGED; PLAQUE, ATHEROSCLEROTIC; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS; RISK FACTORS; STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84942929070     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133750     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Ford ES. Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1769-1778. PMID: 15983333
2. Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association forthe Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2289-2304. PMID: 16123508
3. Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, et al. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAM Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1113-1132. doi: 10. 1016/j.jacc.2010.05.034 PMID: 20863953
4. Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE, Erwin PJ, Gami LA, Somers VK, et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death. A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:403-414. PMID: 17258085
5. Ezzati M, Henley SJ, Thun MJ, Lopez AD. Role of smoking in global and regional cardiovascular mortality. Circulation. 2005;112:489-497. PMID: 16027251
6. Yarnell J. Stress at work-an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease?. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:579-580. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm641 PMID: 18263872
7. Hamer M. Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease risk: the role of physical activity. Psychosom Med. 2012;74:896-903. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31827457f4 PMID: 23107839
8. Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Sliwa K, Zubaid M, Almahmeed WA, et al. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11 119 cases and 13 648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEARTstudy): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:953-962. PMID: 15364186
9. Li J, Siegrist J. Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease-a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9:391-407. doi: 10.3390/ijerph9020391 PMID: 22470299
10. Mons U, Hahmann H, Brenner H. A reverse J-shaped association of leisure time physical activity with prognosis in patients with stable coronary heart disease: evidence from a large cohort with repeated measurements. Heart. 2014;100:1043-1049. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305242 PMID: 24829374
11. Petersen CB, Nielsen AJ, Bauman A, Tolstrup JS. Joint association of physical activity in leisure and total sitting time with metabolic syndrome amongst 15, 235 Danish adults: A cross-sectional study. Prev Med. 2014;69C: 5-7.
12. Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT. Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Effect of Physical Inactivity on the World's Major Non-Communicable Diseases. Lancet. 2012;380:219-229. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (12) 61031-9 PMID: 22818936
13. Yeboah J, Folsom AR, Burke GL, Johnson C, Polak JF, Post W, Lima JA, Crouse JR, Herrington DM. Predictive value of brachial flow-mediated dilation for incident cardiovascular events in a populationbased study: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation 2009;120:502-509. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.864801 PMID: 19635967
14. Den Ruijter HM, Peters SA, Anderson TJ, Britton AR, Dekker JM, Eijkemans MJ, et al. Common carotid intima-media thickness measurements in cardiovascular risk prediction: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;308:796-803). doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.9630 PMID: 22910757
15. Butler J, Mooyaart EA, Dannemann N Bamberg F, Shapiro MD, Ferencik K, et al. Relation of the metabolic syndrome to quantity of coronary atherosclerotic plaque. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:1127-1130. PMID: 18394445
16. Pigna G, Napoli A, Zaccagna F Marincola BC, Monticolo R, Cataneo C, et al. The relationship between metabolic syndrome, its components, and the whole-body atherosclerotic disease burden as measured by computed tomography angiography. Atherosclerosis. 2011;215:417-420. PMID: 21306711
17. Can SH, Hendy HM. Behavioral Variables Associated with Obesity in Police Officers. Ind Health. 2014;52:240-247. PMID: 24694574
18. Thayer JF, Yamamoto SS, Brosschot JF. The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int J Cardiol. 2010;141:122-131. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009. 09.543 PMID: 19910061
19. Hartley TA, Burchfiel CM, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, Knox SS, Volianti JM. Associations between police officer stress and the metabolic syndrome. Int J Emerg Menth Health. 2011;13:243-256.
20. Hartley TA, Shankar A, Fekedulegn D, Violanti, Andrew ME, Knox SS, et al. Metabolic syndrome and carotid intima media thickness in urban police officers. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53:553-561. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182171995 PMID: 21505360
21. Lin WY, Yao CA, Wang HC, Huang KC. Impaired lung function is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome in adults. Obesity. 2006;14:1654-1661. PMID: 17030977
22. Leone L, Courbon D, Thomas F, Bean K, Jego B, Leynaert B, et al. Lung function impairment and metabolic syndrome. The critical role of abdominal obesity. Am J RespirCrit Care Med. 2009;179:509-516. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200807-1195OC PMID: 19136371
23. Hsiao FC, Wu CZ, Su SC, Sun MT, Hsieh CH, Hung YJ, et al. Baseline forced expiratory volume in the first second as independent predictor of development of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2010;59:848-853. PMID: 20006363
24. Peak YJ, Jung KS, Hwang YI, Lee KS, Lee DR, Lee JU. Association between low pulmonary function and metabolic risk factors in Korean adults: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. Metabolism. 2010;59:1300-1306. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.12.005 PMID: 20045536
25. Nakajima K, Kubouchi Y, Muneyuki T, Ebata M, Eguchi S, Munakata H. A possible association between suspected restrictive pattern as assessed by ordinary pulmonary function test and the metabolic syndrome. Chest. 2008;134:712-718. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-3003 PMID: 18625672
26. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome-a new worldwide definition. Lancet. 2005;366:1059-1062. PMID: 16182882
27. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120:1640-1645. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644 PMID: 19805654
28. Bruce RA. Exercise testing of patients with coronary heart disease: principles and normal standards for evaluation. Ann Clin Res. 1971;3:323-332. PMID: 5156892
29. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, Spiegelhalter DJ, Miller OI, Sullivan ID, et al. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet. 1992;340:1111-1115. PMID: 1359209
30. Achenbach S, Anders K, Kalender WA. Dual-source cardiac computed tomography: image quality and dose considerations. Eur Radiol. 2008;18:1188-1198. doi: 10.1007/s00330-008-0883-3 PMID: 18299838
31. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, Meckes N., Bassett D. R. Jr, Tudor-Locke C, et al. 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: the second update of activity codes and MET intensities to classify the energy cost of human physical activities. MedSci Sports Med. 2011;43:1575-1581.
32. Kozey S, Lyden K, Staudenmayer J, Freedson P. Errors in MET estimates of physical activities using 3.5 mlxkg (-1) xmin (-1) asthe baseline oxygen consumption. J Phys Act Health. 2010;7:508-516. PMID: 20683093
33. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein RA. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health SocBehav. 1983;24:385-396. PMID: 6668417
34. Juszczynski Z, Oginska-Bulik N. Narzędzia pomiaru stresu i radzenia sobie ze stresem. Wydawnictwo PracowniaTestów Psychologicznych, Warszawa, 2009.
35. Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. EurRespir J. 2005;26:319-338. PMID: 16055882
36. Zdrojewski T, Rutkowski M, Bandosz P, Gaciong Z, Jrzejczyk T, Solnica B, et al. Prevalence and control of cardiovascular risk factors in Poland. Assumptions and objectives of the NATPOL 2011 Survey. Kardiol Pol. 2013;71:381-392. doi: 10.5603/KP.2013.0066 PMID: 23788344
37. Sygnowska E, Piwoiiska A, Wakiewicz A, Broda G. Socioeconomic factors and the risk of metabolic syndrome in the adult Polish population: the WOBASZ study. Kardiol Pol. 2012;70:718-727. PMID: 22825949
38. Ramey SL, Perkhounkova Y, Downing NR, Culp KR. Relationship of cardiovascular disease to stress and vital exhaustion in an urban, midwestern police department. AAOHN J. 2011;59:221-227. PMID: 21534494
39. Franke WD, Collins SA, Hinz PN. Cardiovascular disease morbidity in an Iowa law enforcement cohort, compared with the general Iowa population. J Occup& Environ Med. 1998;40:441-414.
40. Tharkar S, Kumpatla S, Muthukumaran P, Viswanathan V. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk among police personnel compared to general population in India. J Assoc Physicians India. 2008;56:845-849. PMID: 19263681
41. Sattar N. Why metabolic syndrome criteria have not made prime time: a view from the clinic. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(Suppl 2):S30-S34.
42. Cameron A. The metabolic syndrome: Validity and utility of clinical definitions for cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk prediction. Maturitas. 2010;65:117-121. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.11.026 PMID: 20031349
43. Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2289-2304. PMID: 16123508
44. Sundstrom J, Riserus U, Byberg L, Zethelius B, Lithell H, Lind L. Clinical value of the metabolic syndrome for long term prediction of total and cardiovascular mortality: prospective, population based cohort study. BMJ. 2006;332:878-882. PMID: 16510492
45. Grundy S. M., Metabolic syndrome: connecting and reconciling cardiovascular and diabetes worlds. JACC. 2006;47:1093-1100. PMID: 16545636
46. Wanahita N, See JL, Giedd KN, Friedmann P, Somekh NN, Bermann SR. No Evidence of Increased Prevalence of Premature Coronary Artery Disease in New York City Police Officers as Predicted by Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring. JOEM. 2010;52:661-665. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181e36457 PMID: 20523232
47. Sattar N, McConnachie A, Shaper AG, Blauw GJ, Buckley BM, De Craen AJ, et al. Can metabolic syndrome usefully predict cardiovascular disease and diabetes? Outcome data from two prospective studies. Lancet. 2008;371:1927-1935. PMID: 18501419
48. Mellen PB, Cefalu WT, Herrington DM. Diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and angiographic progression of coronary arterial disease in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:189-193. PMID: 16239594
49. Konstantinou DM, Chatzizisis YS, Louridas GE, Giannoglou GD. Metabolic syndrome and angiographic coronary artery disease prevalence in association with the Framingham risk score. Met Syndr Relat Disord. 2010;8:201-208.
50. Ahmadi A, Leipsic J, Feuchtner G, Gransar H, Kalra D, Heo R, et al. Is Metabolic Syndrome Predictive of Prevalence, Extent, and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease beyond Its Components? Results from the Multinational Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcome: An International Multicenter Registry (CONFIRM). PLOSOne. 2015;10:e0118998. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118998 PMID: 25734639
51. Violanti JM, Fekedulegn D, Hartley TA, Andrew ME, Charles LE, Mnatsakanova A, et al. Police trauma and cardiovascular disease: association between PTSD symptoms and metabolic syndrome. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2006;8:227-237. PMID: 17131769
52. Kibler JL, Tursich M, Ma M, Malcolm L, Greenbarg R. Metabolic, autonomic and immune markers for cardiovascular disease in posttraumatic stress disorder. World J Cardiol. 2014;6:455-461. doi: 10. 4330/wjc.v6.i6.455 PMID: 24976918
53. Kivimaki M, Virtanen M, Elovainio M, Kouvonen A, Väänänen A, Vahtera J. Work stress in the etiology of coronary heart disease-a meta-analysis. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006;32:431-442. PMID: 17173200
54. Chandola T, Brunner E, Marmot M. Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: prospective study. BMJ. 2006;332:521-525. PMID: 16428252
55. Wiernik E, Pannier B, Czernichow S, Nabi H, Hanon O, Simon T, et al. Occupational status moderates the association between current perceived stress and high blood pressure: evidence from the IPC cohort study. Hypertension. 2013;61:571-517. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00302 PMID: 23319539
56. Brunner EJ, Chandola T, Marmot MG. Prospective effect of job strain on general and central obesity in the Whitehall II Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165:828-837. PMID: 17244635
57. Chandola T, Britton A, Brunner E, Hemingway H, Malik M, Kumari M, et al. Work stress and coronary heart disease: what are the mechanisms? Eur Heart J. 2008;29:640-648. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm584 PMID: 18216031
58. Wang Z, Chen J, Boyd JE, Zhang H, Jia X, Qiu J, et al. Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Perceived Stress Scale in Policewomen. PLOSONE. 2011;6:e28610. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0028610 PMID: 22164311
59. Wongpakaran N, Wongpakaran T. The Thai version of the PSS-10: An Investigation of its psychometric properties. Biopsychosoc Med. 2010;4:6. doi: 10.1186/1751-0759-4-6 PMID: 20540784
60. Carson TL, Desmond R, Hardy S, Townsend S, Ard JD, Meneses K, et al. A study of the relationship between food group recommendations and perceived stress: findings from black women in the Deep South. J Obes. 2015;2015:203164. doi: 10.1155/2015/203164 PMID: 25821595
61. Cohen S, Williamson G. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In: Spacapan S, Oskamp S, editors. The Social Psychology of Health: Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology. Newbury ParkCA: Sage Publications, Inc.; 1988. pp31-67.
62. Ohlin B, Nilsson PM, Nilsson JA, Berglund G. Chronic psychosocial stress predicts long-term cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in middle-aged men. Eur Heart J 2004;25:867-873. PMID: 15140535
63. Galobardes B, Smith GD, Lynch JW. Systematic review of the influence of childhood socioeconomic circumstances on risk for cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16:91-104. PMID: 16257232
64. Lee CM, Huxley RR, Woodward M, et al. The metabolic syndrome identifies a heterogeneous group of metabolic component combinations in the Asia-Pacific region. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81:377-380. PMID: 18617286
65. Guimont C, Brisson C, Dagenais GR, Milot A, Vezina M, Mâsse B, et al. Effects of job strain on blood pressure: a prospective study of male and female white-collar workers. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:1436-1443. PMID: 16809603
66. Guo Y, Rong Y, Huang X, Lai H, Luo X, Zhang Z, et al. Shift work and the relationship with metabolic syndrome in chinese aged workers. PLOSOne. 2015;10:e0120632. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0120632 PMID: 25761114
67. Fransson EI, Heikkila K, Nyberg ST, Zins M, Westerlund H, Westerholm P, et al. Job strain as a riskfactor for leisure-time physical inactivity: An individual-participant meta-analysis of up to 170 000 men and women-The IPD-Work Consortium. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176:1078-1089. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws336 PMID: 23144364
68. Steptoe A, Kivimaki M. Stress and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2012;9:360-370. doi: 10. 1038/nrcardio.2012.45 PMID: 22473079
69. Brotman DJ, Golden SH, Wittstein IS. The cardiovascular toll of stress. Lancet. 2007;370:1089-1100. PMID: 17822755
70. Rask-Madsen C, Kahn CR. Tissue-Specific Insulin Signaling, Metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. ArteriosclerThromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32:2052-2059. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.241919 PMID: 22895666
71. Ahluwalia N, Drouet L, Ruidavets JB, Perret B, Amar J, Boccalon H, et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in a French population-based sample. Atherosclerosis. 2006;186:345-353. PMID: 16129441
72. Mattsson N, Rönnemaa T, Juonala M, Viikari JS, Jokinen E, Hutri-Kähönen M, et al. Arterial structure and function in young adults with the metabolic syndrome: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Eur Heart. 2008; J 29:784-791.
73. Koskinen J, Magnussen CG, Taittonen L, Räsänen L, MikkiläV, Laitinen T, et al. Arterial structure and function after recovery from the metabolic syndrome: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Circulation. 2010;121:392-400. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.894584 PMID: 20065161
74. Niu L, Zhang Y, Qian M, Meng L, Xiao Y, Wang Y, et al. Impact of multiple cardiovascular risk factors on carotid intima-media thickness and elasticity. PLOSOne. 2013;8:e67809. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0067809 PMID: 23844099
75. Scuteri A, Najjar SS, Muller DC, Andres R, Hougaku H, Metter EJ, et al. Metabolic syndrome amplifies the age-associated increases in vascular thickness and stiffness. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1388-1395. PMID: 15093872
76. Lind L. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in an elderly cohort The Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study. Atherosclerosis. 2008;196:795-802. PMID: 17335830
77. Title LM, Lonn E, Charbonneau F, Fung M, Mather KJ, Verma S, et al. Relationship between brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation, hyperemic shear stress, and the metabolic syndrome. Vascular Med. 2008;13:263-270.
78. Hamburg NM, Larson MG, Vita JA, Vasan RS, Keyes MJ, Widlansky ME, et al. Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and brachial artery vasodilator function in Framingham Offspring participants without clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:82-88.
79. Juonala M, Viikari JS, Laitinen T, Marniemi J, Helenius H, Rönnemaa T, et al. Interrelations between brachial endothelial function and carotid intima-media thickness in young adults: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Circulation. 2004;110:2918-2923. PMID: 15505080
80. Al Suwaidi J, Hamasaki S, Higano ST, Nishimura RA, Holmes DR Jr, Lerman A. Long-term follow-up of patients with mild coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation. 2000;101:948-954. PMID: 10704159
81. Prasad A, Husain S, Schenke W, Mincemoyer R, Epstein N, Quyyumi AA. Contribution of bradykinin receptor dysfunction to abnormal coronary vasomotion in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1467-1473. PMID: 11079644
82. Kukkonen-Harjula K. Physical activity and cardiovascular health-work and leisure differ. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2007;33:401-404. PMID: 18327508
83. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Health and Human Service. 2008. Available: http://www.health.gov/PAGuidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf
84. Rogliani O, Curradi G, Mura M, Lauro D, Federici M, Galli A, et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of pulmonary involvement. Respir Med. 2010;104:47-51. PMID: 19800211
85. Fimognari FL, Pasqualetti P, Moro L, Franco A, Piccirillo G, Pastorelli R, et al. The association between metabolic syndrome and restrictive ventilator dysfunction in older persons. J Gerontol. 2007;62A: 760-765.
86. McClean KM, Kee F, Young IS, Elborn JS. Obesity and the lung: 1. Epidemiology. Thorax. 2008;63:649-654. doi: 10.1136/thx.2007.086801 PMID: 18587034
87. Lim SY, Rhee EJ, Sung KS. Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation as risk factors for reduced lung function in Korean nonsmoking males. J Korean Med Sci. 2010;25:1480-1486. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.10.1480 PMID: 20890430
88. Sin DD, Wu L, Man SFP. The relationship between reduced lung function and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based study and a systematic review of the literature. Chest. 2005;127:1952-1959. PMID: 15947307
89. Park HY, Lim SY, Hwang JH, Choi JH, Koh WJ, Sung J, et al. Lung function, coronary artery calcification, and metabolic syndrome in 4905 Korean males. RespirMed. 2010;104:1326-1335. PMID: 20335013
90. Arcari A, Magnacca S, Bracone F, Costanzo S, Persichillo M, Di Castelnuovo A, et al. (on behalf of the Moli-sani Investigators). Relation between pulmonary function and 10-year risk for cardiovascular diseases among healthy men and women in Italy: the Moli-sani Project. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2013;20:862-871. doi: 10.1177/2047487312447904 PMID: 22609891