Newcomers and oldtimers in small groups

Psychology of Group Influence: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 143-186

  Moreland, Richard L ^a   Levine, John M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84942600856     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781315715544     Document Type: Chapter

References (232)

1. Adams, D. S. (1983). Selection, investigation, and four types of members in the Red Cross chapter:A typology of voluntary association members. Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 12, 31-45.
2. Adler, I., & Shuval, J. (1978). Cross pressures during socialization for medicine. American Sociological Review, 43, 693-704.
3. Archer, D. (1985). Social deviance. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 743-804). New York: Random House.
4. Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 177-181.
5. Arvey, R. D., & Campion, J. E. (1982). The employment interview: A summary and review of recent research. Personnel Psychology, 35, 281-322.
6. Barker, R. G. (1968). Ecological psychology. California: Stanford University Press.
7. Bartell, G. D. (1971). Group Sex: A scientist's eyewitness approach to the American way of swinging. New York: Wyden.
8. Bateman, T. S., Karwan, K. R., & Kazee, T. A. (1983). Getting a fresh start: A natural quasiexperimental test of the performance effects of moving to a new job. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 517-524.
9. Becker, H. S. (1964). Personal changes in adult life. Sociometry, 27, 40-53.
10. Becker, H. S., & Carper, J. W. (1956). The elements of identification with an occupation. American Sociological Review, 21, 341-347.
11. Becker, H. S., Geer, B., Hughes, E. C., & Strauss, A. L. (1961). Boys in white: Student culture in medical school. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
12. Becker, H. S., & Strauss, A. L. (1956). Careers, personality, and adult socialization. American Journal of Sociology, 62, 253-263.
13. Bell, C. G., & Price, C. M. (1975). The first term: A study of legislative socialization. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
14. Bernstein, I. S. (1964). The integration ofrhesus monkeys introduced to a group. Folia Primativa, 2, 50-63.
15. Bess, J. L. (1978). Anticipatory socialization of graduate students. Research in Higher Education, 3, 289-317.
16. Bourne, P. G. (1967). Some observations of the psychosocial phenomena seen in basic training. Psychiatry, 30, 187-196.
17. Brein, M., & David, K. H. (1971). Intercultural communication and the adjustment of the sojourner. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 215-230.
18. Brett, J. M. (1980). The effect of job transfer on employees and their families. In C. L. Cooper & R. Payne (Eds.), Current concerns in occupational stress (pp. 99-136). Chichester, England:Wiley.
19. Brinthaupt, T. M., & Levine, J. M. (1985, June). Self- and other-perceptions of charter members and newcomers in task groups. Invited paper presented at the Sixth International Conference on Groups, Networks, and Organizations, Nags Head.
20. Brinthaupt, T. M., Levine, J. M., & Moreland, R. L. (1986, April). Newcomers and charter members in small groups. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York City.
21. Buchanan, B. (1974). Building organizational commitment: The socialization of managers in work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, 533-546.
22. Burke, R. J. (1984). Mentors in organizations. Group and Organization Studies, 9, 353-372.
23. Burke, R. J., & Bolf, C. (1986). Learning within organizations: Sources and content. Psychological Reports, 59, 1187-1196.
24. Burr, W. R. (1972). Role transitions: A reformulation of theory. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 34, 407-416.
25. Busch, J. W. (1985). Mentoring in graduate schools of education: Mentors' perceptions. American Educational Research Journal, 22, 257-265.
26. Carey, S. H., Peterson, R. A., & Sharpe, L. K. (1974). A study of recruitment and socialization in two deviant female occupations. Sociological Symposium, 11, 11-24.
27. Carp, R., & Wheeler, R. (1972). Sink or swim: The socialization of a federal district judge. Journal of Public Law, 21, 359-393.
28. Cartwright, D. (1968). The nature of group cohesiveness. In D. Cartwright & A. Zander (Eds.), Group dynamics: Research and theory (pp. 91-108). New York: Harper and Row.
29. Castell, R. (1969). Communication during initial contact: A comparison of squirrel and rhesus monkeys. Folia Primativa, 11, 206-214.
30. Charles, M. T. (1982). The Yellowstone Ranger: The social control and socialization of federal law enforcement officers. Human Organization, 41, 216-226.
31. Chesler, D. J., Van Steenberg, N.J., & Brueckel, J. E. (1955). Effects on morale of infantry team replacement and individual replacement systems. Sociometry, 19, 587-597.
32. Church, A. T. (1982). Sojourner adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 540-572.
33. Clark, R. P. (1983). Patterns in the lives of ETA members. Terrorism: An Internationa/Journal, 6, 423-454.
34. Cook, M. H. (1982). Mentoring: A two-way street to professional development. Training and Development Journal, 36, 4.
35. Corsaro, W. A. (1981). Friendship in the nursery school: Social organization in a peer environment. InS. R. Asher & J. M. Gottman (Eds.), The development of children's friendships (pp. 207-241). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
36. Dalton, G. W., Thompson, P. H., & Price, R. L. (1977). The four stages of professional careers: A new look at performance by professionals. Organizational Dynamics, 6, 19-42.
37. Davis, F. (1968). Professional socialization as subjective experience: The process of doctrinal conversion among student nurses. In H. S. Becker, B. Geer, D. Reisman, & R. T. Weiss (Eds.), Institutions and the person (pp. 235-251). Chicago: Aldine.
38. DeBont, W. (1962). Identity crisis and the male novice. Review for Religion, 21, 104-128.
39. Dean, R. A. (1983). Reality shock: The link between socialization and organizational commitment. Journal of Management Development, 2, 55-65.
40. Decker, P. J., & Cornelius, E. T. (1979). A note on recruiting sources and job survival rates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 463-464.
41. Dodge, K. A., Schlundt, D. C., Schocken, I., & Delugach, J.D. (1983). Social competence and children's sociometric status: The role of peer group entry strategies. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 309-336.
42. Dornbusch, S. M. (1955). The military academy as an assimilating institution. Social Forces, 33, 316-332.
43. Dressel, P. L., & Petersen, D. M. (1982). Becoming a male stripper: Recruitment, socialization, and ideological development. Work and Occupations, 9, 387-406.
44. Dunnette, M.D., Arvey, R. D., & Banas, P. A. (1973). Why do they leave? Personnel, 50, 25-39.
45. Eagly, A. H. (1978). Sex differences in influenceability. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 86-116.
46. Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1986). Gender and aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 309-330.
47. Edstrom, A., & Galbraith, J. R. (1977). Transfer of managers as a coordination and control strategy in multinational organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 248-263.
48. Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 100-131.
49. Eisenstadt, S. N. (1952). The process of absorption of new immigrants in Israel. Human Relations, 5, 223-246.
50. Evan, W. M. (1963). Peer group interaction and organizational socialization: A study of employee turnover. American Sociological Review, 28, 436-440.
51. Fairhurst, G. T., & Snavely, B. K. (1983). Majority and token minority group relationships: Power acquisition and communication. Academy of Management Review, 8, 292-300.
52. Feldbaum, C. L., Christenson, T. E., & O'Neal, E. C. (1980). An observational study of the assimilation of the newcomer to the preschool. Child Development, 51, 497-507.
53. Feldman, D. C. (1976a). A contingency theory of socialization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 433-452.
54. Feldman, D. C. (1976b). A practical program for employee socialization. Organizational Dynamics, 5, 64-80.
55. Feldman, D. C. (1977). The role of initiation activities in socialization. Human Relations, 30, 977-990.
56. Feldman, D. C. (1980). A socialization process that helps new recruits succeed. Personnel, 57, 11-23.
57. Feldman, D. C. (1981). The multiple socialization of organization members. Academy of Management Review, 6, 309-318.
58. Feldman, D. C., & Brett, J. M. (1983). Coping with new jobs: A comparative study of new hires and job changers. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 258-272.
59. Feldman, K. A., & Newcomb, T. M. (1970). The impact of college on students. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
60. Fellin, P., & Litwak, E. (1963). Neighborhood cohesion under conditions of mobility. American Sociological Review, 28, 364-376.
61. Feshbach, N. D. (1969). Sex differences in children's models of aggressive responses toward outsiders. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 15, 249-258.
62. Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social pressures in iriformal groups: A study of human factors in housing. New York: Harper and Row.
63. Fine, G. A. (1976, September). The effect of a salient newcomer on a small group: A force field analysis. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D. C.
64. Finer, W. D., Hautaluoma, J. E., & Bloom, L. J. (1980). The effects of severity and pleasantness of initiation on attraction to a group. Journal of Social Psychology, 111, 301-302.
65. Frese, M. (1984). Transitions in jobs, occupational socialization, and strain. In V. L. Allen & E. van de Vliert (Eds.), Role transitions: Explorations and explanations (pp. 239-252). New York:Plenum.
66. Freibus, R. J. ( 1977). Agents of socialization involved in student teaching. Journal of Educational Research, 70, 263-268.
67. Fromkin, H. L., Klimoski, R. J., & Flanagan, M. F. (1972). Race and competence as determinants of acceptance of newcomers in success and failure work groups. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 7, 25-42.
68. Fumham, A., & Bochner, S. ( 1986). Culture shock: Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments. London: Methuen.
69. Galanter, M. (1980). Psychological induction into the large group: Findings from a modem religious sect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1574-1579.
70. Gauron, E. F., & Rawlings, E. I. (1975). A procedure for orienting new members to group psychotherapy. Small Group Behavior, 6, 293-307.
71. Gerard, H. B., & Matthewson, G. C. (1966). The effects of severity of initiation on liking for a group: A replication. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 278-287.
72. Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1971). Status passage. Chicago: Aldine.
73. Goodman, M. (1981). Group phases and induced countertransference. Psychotherapy: Theory, research, and practice, 18, 478-486.
74. Graen, G., Orris, J. B., & Johnson, T. W. (1973). Role assimilation processes in a complex organization. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 3, 395-420.
75. Graves, B. (1958). Breaking out: An apprenticeship system among pipeline construction workers. Human Organization, 17, 9-13.
76. Grusky, O. (1960). Administrative succession in formal organizations. Social Forces, 39, 105-115.
77. Grusky, O. (1963). Managerial succession and organizational effectiveness. American Journal of Sociology, 69, 21-31.
78. Haas, J. (1972). Binging: Educational control among high steel iron workers. American Behavioral Scientist, 16, 27-34.
79. Haas, J. (1974). The stages of the high steel iron worker apprentice career. Sociological Quarterly, 15, 93-108.
80. Halatin, T. J. (1981). Why be a mentor? Supervisory Management, 26, 36-39.
81. Hall, D. T. (1971). A theoretical model of career subidentity development in organizational settings. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 6, 50-76.
82. Hall, J. A. (1978). Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 845-857.
83. Hautaluoma, J. E., & Spungin, H. (1974). Effects of initiation severity and interest on group attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology, 93, 245-259.
84. Heiss, J. S. (1963). The dyad views the newcomer: A study of perception. Human Relations, 16, 241-248.
85. Heiss, J. S., & Nash, D. (1967). The stranger in laboratory culture revisited. Human Organization, 26, 47-51.
86. Hoffman, J. V., & O'Neal, S. F. (1985, April). Beginning teachers and changes in self-perceived sources of influence on classroom teaching practices. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.
87. Hong, L. K., & Duff, R. W. (1977). Becoming a taxi dancer: The significance of neutralization in a semi-deviant occupation. Sociology of Work and Occupations, 4, 327-342.
88. Hopper, M. (1977). Becoming a policeman: Socialization of cadets in a police academy. Urban Life, 6, 149-170.
89. Hunt, D. M., & Michael, C. (1983). Mentorship: A career training and development tool. Academy of Management Review, 8, 475-485.
90. Hvinden, B. (1984). Exits and entrances: Notes for a theory of socialization and boundary-crossing in work organizations. Acta Sociologica, 27, 185-198.
91. Insko, C. A., Gilmore, R., Moehle, D., Lipsitz, A., Drenan, S., & Thibaut, J. W. (1982). Seniority in the generational transition of laboratory groups: The effects of social familiarity and task experience. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 557-580.
92. Insko, C. A., Thibaut, J. W., Moehle, D., Wilson, M., Diamond, W. D., Gilmore, R., Solomon, M. R., & Lipsitz, A. (1980). Social evolution and the emergence of leadership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 431-448.
93. Jacobs, R. C., & Campbell, D. T. (1961). The perpetuation of an arbitrary tradition through several generations of a laboratory microculture. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 649-658.
94. Jones, G. R. (1983). Psychological orientation and the process of organizational socialization: An interactionist perspective. Academy of Management Review, 8, 464-474.
95. Jones, G. R. (1986). Socialization tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers' adjustments to organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 262-279.
96. Kanter, R. M. (1968). Commitment and social organization: A study of commitment mechanisms in utopian communities. American Sociological Review, 33, 499-517.
97. Kanter, R. M. (1977a). Men and women of the organization. New York: Basic Books.
98. Kanter, R. M. (1977b). Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. American Journal of Sociology, 82, 965-990.
99. Kaplan, S. R., & Roman, M. (1961). Characteristic responses in adult therapy groups to the introduction of new members: A reflection on group processes. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 372-381.
100. Katz, D. (1982). The effects of group longevity on project communication. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27, 81-104.
101. Kawai, M. (1960). A field experiment on the process of group formation in the Japanese monkey (Macaca Fuscata) and the releasing of the group at Ohirayama. Primates, 2, 181-253.
102. Keller, R. T., & Holland, W. E. (1981). Job change: A naturally occurring field experiment. Human Relations, 34, 1053-1067.
103. Klein, D. C., & Ross, A. (1965). Kindergarten entry: A study of role transition. In H. J. Parad (Ed.), Crisis intervention: Selected readings (pp. 140-149). New York: Family Service Association of America.
104. Kotter, J. P. (1973). The psychological contract: Managing the joining up process. California Management Review, 5, 91-99.
105. Kram, K. E., & Isabella, L. A. (1985). Mentoring alternatives: The role of peer relationships in career development. Academy of Management Journal, 28, 110-132.
106. Latane, B. (1981). The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist, 36, 343-356.
107. Leemon, T. A. (1972). The rites of passage in a student culture. New York: Teachers College Press.
108. Levine, J. M., & Moreland, R. L. (1985). Innovation and socialization in small groups. In S. Moscovici, G. Mugny, & E. Van Avermaet (Eds.), Perspectives on minority influence (pp. 143-169). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
109. Levine, J. M., & Moreland, R. L. (1987). Social comparison and outcome evaluation in small groups. In J. C. Masters & W. P. Smith (Eds.), Social comparison, social justice, and relative deprivation: Theoretical, empirical, and policy perspectives (pp. 105-127). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
110. Levine, J. M., & Russo, E. (1987). Majority and minority influence. In C. Hendrick (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 8). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
111. Levine, J. M., & Valle, R. S. (1975). The convert as a credible communicator. Social Behavior and Personality, 3, 81-90.
112. Lewicki, R. J. (1981). Organizational seduction: Building commitment to organizations. Organizational Dynamics, 10, 4-21.
113. Louis, M. R. (1980a). Career transitions: Varieties and commonalities. Academy of Management Review, 5, 329-340.
114. Louis, M. R. (1980b). Surprise and sense-making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 226-251.
115. Louis, M. R., Posner, B. Z., & Powell, G. N. (1983). The availability and helpfulness of socialization practices. Personnel Psychology, 36, 857-866.
116. MacNeil, M. K., & Sherif, M. (1976). Norm change over subject generations as a function of arbitrariness of prescribed norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 762-773.
117. Manning, P. (1970). Talking and becoming: A view of organizational socialization. In J.D. Douglas (Ed.), Understanding everyday life (pp. 239-256). Chicago: Aldine.
118. Mansfield, R. (1972). The initiation of graduates in industry: The resolution of identity-stress as a determinant of job satisfaction in the early months at work. Human Relations, 25, 77-86.
119. Marks, M. L., & Mirvis, P. H. (1986, October). The merger syndrome. Psychology Today, pp. 36-42.
120. McCarl, R. S. (1976). Smokejumper initiation: Ritualized communication in a modern occupation. Journal of American Folklore, 89, 49-63.
121. McEvoy, G. M., & Cascio, W. F. (1985). Strategies for reducing employee turnover: A metaanalysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 342-353.
122. McGrew, W. C. ( 1972). Aspects of social development in nursery school children with emphasis on introduction to the group. InN. Blurton-Jones (Ed.), Ethological Studies of child behavior (pp. 129-156). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
123. Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1985). The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review. Academy of Management Review, 10, 39-47.
124. Merei, F. (1949). Group leadership and institutionalization. Human Relations, 2, 23-39.
125. Merei, F. (1971). The pair and the group: Experiments in group dynamics with children. Comparative Group Studies, 2, 17-24.
126. Merriam, S. (1983). Mentors and proteges: A critical review of the literature. Adult Education Quarterly, 33, 161-173.
127. Mills, T. (1957). Group structure and the newcomer. Oslo: Oslo University Press.
128. Moreland, R. L. (1985, June). Assimilation and accommodation in Little League baseball teams. Invited paper presented at the Sixth International Conference on Groups, Networks, and Organizations, Nags Head.
129. Moreland, R. L. (1986). Social categorization and the assimilation of "new" group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1173-1190.
130. Moreland, R. L., & Levine, J. M. (1982). Group socialization: Temporal changes in individualgroup relations. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 15, pp. 137-192). New York: Academic Press.
131. Moreland, R. L., & Levine, J. M. (1984). Role transitions in small groups. In V. L. Allen & E. van de Vliert (Eds.), Role transitions: Explorations and explanations (pp. 181-195). New York:Plenum.
132. Moreland, R. L., & Levine, J. M. (1987). Group dynamics over time: Development and socialization in small groups. In J. McGrath (Ed.), The social psychology of time. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
133. Morrison, R. F. (1977). Career adaptivity: The effective adaptation of managers to changing role demands. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 549-558.
134. Morse, J. J. (1975). Person-job congruence and individual adjustment. Human Relations, 28, 841-861.
135. Mortimer, J. T., & Simmons, R. G. (1978). Adult socialization. Annual Review of Sociology, 4, 421-454.
136. Moscovici, S. (1976). Social influence and social change. London: Academic Press.
137. Moscovici, S. (1985). Innovation and minority influence. InS. Moscovici, G. Mugny, & E. van Avermaet (Eds.), Perspectives on minority irifluence (pp. 9-51). Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press.
138. Moscovici, S., & Mugny, G. (1983). Minority influence In P. Paulus (Ed.), Basic group processes (pp. 41-65). New York: Springer-Verlag.
139. Moscovici, S., & Nemeth, C. (1974). Social influence II: Minority influence. In C. Nemeth (Ed.), Social psychology: Classic and contemporary integrations (pp. 217-249). Chicago: Rand McNally.
140. Mulford, C. L., Klonglan, G. E., Beal, G. N., & Bohlen, J. M. (1968). Selectivity, socialization, and role performance. Sociology and Social Research, 53, 68-77.
141. Mulford, C. L., Klonglan, G. E., & Warren, R. D. (1972). Socialization, communication, and role performance. Sociological Quarterly, 13, 74-80.
142. Nash, D., & Heiss, J. (1967). Sources of anxiety in laboratory strangers. Sociological Quarterly. 8, 215-221.
143. Nash, D., & Wolfe, A. W. (1957). The stranger in laboratory culture. American Sociological Review, 22, 400-405.
144. Naughton, T. J. (1987). Effect of experience on adjustment to a new job situation. Psychological Reports, 60, 1267-1272.
145. Newman, J. E. (1974). Sex differences in the organizational assimilation of beginning graduate students in psychology. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66, 129-138.
146. Nicholson, N. (1984). A theory of work role transitions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 172-191.
147. Nuwer, H. (1978, October). Dead souls of hell week. Human Behavior, pp. 53-56.
148. Oldham, G.R., Kulik, C. T., Stepina, L. P., & Ambrose, M. L. (1986). Relations between situational factors and the comparative referents used by employees. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 599-608.
149. Ondrack, D. A. (1975). Socialization in professional schools: A comparative study. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20, 97-103.
150. O'Reilly, C. A., & Caldwell, D. F. (1981). The commitment and job tenure of new employees:Some evidence of postdecisional justification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 597-616.
151. Pascale, R. (1984, May 28). Fitting new employees into the company culture. Fortune, pp. 28-43.
152. Pearson, J. M. (1982). The transition into a new job: Tasks, problems, and outcomes. Personnel, 61' 286-290.
153. Pedro, J. D. (1984 ). Induction into the workplace: The impact of internships. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 25, 80-95.
154. Petty, R. M., & Wicker, A. W. (1974). Degree of manning and degree of success of a group as determinants of members' subjective experiences and their acceptance of a new group member. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 4, 1-22.
155. Phillips, E. L., Shenker, S., & Revitz, P. (1951). The assimilation of the new child into the group. Psychiatry, 14, 319-325.
156. Phillips, G., & Erickson, E. (1970). Interpersonal dynamics in the small group. New York: Random House.
157. Posner, B. Z., & Powell, G. N. (1985). Female and male socialization experiences: An initial investigation. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 58, 81-85.
158. Premack, S. L., & Wanous, J. P. (1985). A meta-analysis of realistic job preview experiments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 706-719.
159. Putallaz, M., & Gottman, J. M. (1981). An interactional model of children's entry into peer groups. Child Development, 52, 986-994.
160. Quaglieri, P. L. (1982). A note on variations in recruiting information obtained through different sources. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 55, 53-55.
161. Reichers, A. E. (1987). An interactionist perspective on newcomer socialization rates. Academy of Management Review, 12, 278-287.
162. Reilly, R. R., Brown, B., Blood, M. R., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1981). The effects of realistic previews: A study and discussion of the literature. Personnel Psychology, 34, 823-834.
163. Richardson, A. (1967). A theory and a method for the psychological study of assimilation. International Migration Review, 2, 3-30.
164. Roche, G. R. (1979). Much ado about mentors. Harvard Business Review, 57, 14-16, 20, 24, 26-28.
165. Rohlen, T. P. (1973). "Spiritual education" in a Japanese bank. American Anthropologist, 75, 1542-1562.
166. Rose, A. M., & Warshay, L. (1957). The adjustment of migrants to cities. Social Forces, 36, 72-76.
167. Rose, E., & Felton, W. (1955). Experimental histories of culture. American Sociological Review, 20, 383-392.
168. Rosen, B. C., & Bates, A. P. (1967). The structure of socialization in graduate school. Sociological Inquiry, 37, 71-84.
169. Ross, M., & Ellard, J. H. (1986). On winnowing: The impact of scarcity on allocators' evaluations of candidates for a resource. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 374-388.
170. Rusbult, C. E. (1980). Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations: A test of the investment model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 172-186.
171. Rynes, S. L., Heneman, H. G., & Schwab, D. P. (1980). Individual reactions to organizational recruiting: A review. Personnel Psychology, 33, 529-542.
172. Saravay, S. M. (1978). A psychoanalytic theory of group development. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 28, 481-507.
173. Schachter, S. (1951). Deviation, rejection, and communication. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46, 190-207.
174. Schein, E. H. (1964). How to break in the college graduate. Harvard Business Review, 42, 93-101.
175. Schein, E. H. (1968). Organizational socialization and the profession of management. Industrial Management Review, 9, 1-15.
176. Schein, E. H. (1971). The individual, the organization, and the career: A conceptual scheme. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 7, 401-426.
177. Schild, E. O. (1962). The foreign student, as stranger, learning the norms of the host culture. Journal of Social Issues, 18, 41-54.
178. Schopler, J., & Bateson, N. (1962). A dependence interpretation of the effects of a severe initiation. Journal of Personality, 30, 633-649.
179. Schuetz, A. (1944). The stranger: An essay in social psychology. American Journal of Sociology, 49, 499-507.
180. Schwartz, W. (1979). Degradation, accreditation, and rites of passage. Psychiatry, 42, 138-146.
181. Scott, W. A. (1965). Values and organizations. Chicago: Rand McNally.
182. Shapiro, E. C., Haseltine, F. P., & Rowe, M.P. (1978). Moving up: Role models, mentors, and the patron system. Sloan Management Review, 19, 51-58.
183. Sheridan, J. E. (1985). A catastrophe model of employee withdrawal leading to low job performance, high absenteeism, and job turnover during the first year of employment. Academy of Management Journal, 28, 88-109.
184. Shuval, J. T. (1975). From "boy" to "colleague:" Processes of role transformation in professional socialization. Social Science and Medicine, 9, 413-420.
185. Shuval, J. T., & Adler, I. (1980). The role of models in professional socialization. Social Science and Medicine, 14, 5-14.
186. Snow, D. A., Zurcher, L.A., & Ekland-Olson, S. (1980). Social networks and social movements:A microstructural approach to differential recruitment. American Sociological Review, 45, 787-801.
187. Snyder, E. C. (1958). The Supreme Court as a small group. Social Forces, 36, 232-238.
188. Snyder, M. (1979). Self-monitoring processes. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 85-128). New York: Academic Press.
189. Stein, A. A. (1976). Conflict and cohesion: A review of the literature. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 20, 143-172.
190. Stone, R. C. (1946). Status and leadership in a combat fighter squadron. American Journal of Sociology, 51, 388-394.
191. Strauss, A. (1968). Some neglected properties of status passage. In H. S. Becker, B. Geer, D. Riesman, & R. S. Weiss (Eds.), Institutions and the person (pp. 265-271). Chicago: Aldine.
192. Suszko, M. K., & Breaugh, J. A. (1986). The effects of realistic job previews on applicant selfselection and employee turnover, satisfaction, and coping ability. Journal of Management, 12, 513-523.
193. Taft, R. (1957). A psychological model for the study of social assimilation. Human Relations, 10, 141-156.
194. Thomas, J. G. (1986). Sources of social information: A longitudinal analysis. Human Relations, 39, 855-870.
195. Trice, H. M. (1957). A study of the process of affiliation with Alcoholics Anonymous. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 18, 39-54.
196. Trice, H. M., & Beyer, J. M. (1984). Studying organizational cultures through rites and ceremonies. Academy of Management Review, 9, 653-669.
197. Truax, C. B., Shapiro, J. G., & Wargo, D. G. (1968). Effects of alternate sessions and vicarious therapy pretraining on group psychotherapy.International Journal of Group Psychotherapy. 18, 186-198.
198. Tuckman, B. W. (1965). Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 384-399.
199. Van Gennep, A. (1908/ 1960). The rites of passage (M. B. Vizedom & G. L. Caffee, translators). Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
200. Van Harrison, R. (1978). Person-environment fit and job stress. In C. L. Cooper & R. Payne (Eds.), Stress at work (pp. 175-208). Chichester: Wiley.
201. VanMaanen, J. (1973). Observations on the making of policemen. Human Organization, 32, 407-418.
202. VanMaanen, J. (1975). Police socialization: A longitudinal examination of job attitudes in an urban police department. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20, 207-228.
203. VanMaanen, J. (1976). Breaking in: Socialization to work. In R. Dubin (Ed.), Handbook of work, organization, and society (pp. 67-130). Chicago: Rand McNally.
204. VanMaanen, J. (1977). Experiencing organization: Notes on the meaning of careers and socialization. In J. VanMaanen (Ed.), Organizational careers: Some new perspectives (pp. 15-48). New York: Wiley.
205. Van Maanen, J. (1978). People processing: Strategies of organizational socialization. Organizational Dynamics, 7, 19-36.
206. VanMaanen, J. (1984). Doing new things in old ways: The chains of socialization. (Pp. 211-246). In J. L. Bess (Ed.), College and university organization. New York: New York University Press.
207. VanMaanen, J., & Schein, E. H. (1979). Towad a theory of organizational socialization. In B. Staw (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. I, pp. 209-264). Greenwich, CT.: JAI Press.
208. Vaught, C., & Smith, D. L. ( 1980). Incorporation and mechanical solidarity in an underground coal mine. Sociology of Work and Occupations, 7, 159-187.
209. Walker, T. G. (1973). Behavior of temporary members in small groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 58, 144-146.
210. Wamsley, G. L. (1972). Contrasting institutions of Air Force socialization: Happenstance or bellweather? American Journal of Sociology, 78, 399-417.
211. Wanous, J. P. (1977). Organizational entry: Newcomers moving from outside to inside. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 601-618.
212. Wanous, J. P. (1980). Organizational entry: Recruitment, selection, and socialization of newcomers. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
213. Washburn, R. W. (1932). A scheme for grading the reactions of children in a new social situation. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 40, 84-99.
214. Weick, K. E., & Gilfillan, D.P. (1971). Fate of arbitrary traditions in a laboratory microculture. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 179-191.
215. Weiss, H. M. (1978). Social learning of work values in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 711-718.
216. Weiss, M. S. (1967). Rebirth in tbe Airborne. Transaction, 4, 23-26.
217. Whyte, W. H. (1956). The organization man. New York: Simon & Schuster.
218. Wicker, A. W., & Mehler, A. (1971). Assimilation of new members in a large and a small church. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55, 151-156.
219. Wilson, S. R. (1984). Becoming a yogi: Resocialization and deconditioning as conversion process. Sociological Analysis, 46, 301-314.
220. Yalom, I. D., Houts, P. S., Newell, G., & Rand, K. H. (1967). Preparation of patients for group therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 17, 416-427.
221. Zander, A. (1976). The psychology of removing group members and recruiting new ones. Human Relations, 29, 969-987.
222. Zander, A., & Cohen, A. R. (1955). Attributed social power and group acceptance: A classroom experimental demonstration. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 490-492.
223. Ziller, R. C. (1962). The newcomer's acceptance in open and closed groups. Personnel Administration,5, 24-31.
224. Ziller, R. C. (1964). Individuation and socialization: A theory of assimilation in large organizations. Human Relations, 17, 341-360.
225. Ziller, R. C. (1965). Toward a theory of open and closed groups. Psychological Bulletin, 64, 164-182.
226. Ziller, R. C., & Behringer, R. D. (1960). Assimilation of the knowledgeable newcomer under conditions of group success or failure. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60, 288-291.
227. Ziller, R. C., & Behringer, R. D. (1961). A longitudinal study of the assimilation of the new child into the group. Human Relations, 14, 121-133.
228. Ziller, R. C., Behringer, R. D., & Goodchilds, J.D. (1960). The minority newcomer in open and closed groups. Journal of Psychology, 50, 75-84.
229. Ziller, R. C., Behringer, R. D., & Jansen, M. J. (1961). The newcomer in open and closed groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 45, 55-58.
230. Zucker, L. G. (1977). The role of institutionalization in cultural persistence. American Sociological Review, 42, 726-743.
231. Zurcher, L. A. (1967). The Naval Recruit Training Center: A study of role assimilation in a total institution. Sociological Inquiry, 37, 85-98.
232. Zurcher, L. A. (1970). The "friendly" poker game: A study of an ephemeral role. Social Forces, 49, 173-186.