Sediment residence time and connectivity in non-equilibrium and transient geomorphic systems

Earth-Science Reviews

Volumn 150, Issue , 2015, Pages 609-627

  Hoffmann, Thomas ^a,b  

^a FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Human impact; Mountain headwaters; Non equilibrium; Paraglacial geomorphology; Residence time; Sediment budget; Sediment flux; Sediment storage; Transient state

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CONNECTIVITY; GLACIAL EROSION; GLACIOFLUVIAL DEPOSIT; HEADWATER; INTERGLACIAL; PLEISTOCENE; RESIDENCE TIME; SEDIMENT BUDGET;

CENTRAL EUROPE;

EID: 84942525835     PISSN: 00128252     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.07.008     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Ahnert F. Equilibrium, scale and inheritance in geomorphology. Geomorphology 1994, 11(2):125-140.
2. Allen P.A. Striking a chord. Nature 2005, 434:961.
3. Armitage J.J., Duller R.A., Whittaker A.C., Allen P.A. Transformation of tectonic and climatic signals from source to sedimentary archive. Nat. Geosci. 2011, 4(231-235).
4. Ballantyne C.K. A general model of paraglacial landscape response. The Holocene 2002, 12(3):371-376.
5. Ballantyne C.K. Paraglacial geomorphology. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2002, 21(18-19):1935-2017.
6. Beach T. The fate of eroded soil - sediment sinks and sediment budgets of agrarian landscapes in Southern Minnesota, 1851-1988. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 1994, 84(1):5-28.
7. Belmont P., Gran K.B., Schotter S.P., Wilcock P.R., Day S.S., Jennings C., Lauer J.W., Viparelli O.E., Willenbring J., Engstrom D.R., Parker G. Large shift in source of fine sediment in the Upper Mississippi River. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45:8804-8810.
8. Blöthe J.H., Korup O. Millennial lag times in the Himalayan sediment routing system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2013, 382:38-46.
9. Bolin B., Rohde H. A note on the concepts of age distribution and transit time in natural reservoirs. Tellus 1973, XXV:58-62.
10. Bracken L., Wainwright J., Ali G.A., Tetzlaff D., Smith M.W., Reaney S.M., Roy A.G. Concepts of hydrological connectivity: research approaches, pathways and future agendas. Earth Sci. Rev. 2013, 119:17-34.
11. Bracken L.J., Turnbull L., Wainwright J., Bogaart P. Sediment connectivity: a framework for understanding sediment transfer at multiple scales. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2015, 40(2):177-188.
12. Brardinoni F., Hassan M. Glacially induced organization of channel-reach morphology in mountain streams. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112(F03013):2007. 10.1029/2006JF000741.
13. Brardinoni F., Hassan M.A., Rollerson T., Maynard D. Colluvial sediment dynamics in mountain drainage basins. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 284:310-319.
14. Brierley G.J., Fryirs K. Geomorphology and River Management. Applications of the River Styles Framework 2005, Blackwell, Malden.
15. Brierley G.J., Fryirs K., Jain V. Landscape connectivity: the geographic basis of geomorphic applications. Area 2006, 38(2):165-174.
16. Brocklehurst S.H., Whipple K.X. Hypsometry of glaciated landscapes. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2004, 29:907-926.
17. Brook M.S., Kirkbride M., Brock B.W. Cirque development in a steadily uplifting range: rates of erosion and long-term morphometric change in alpine cirques in the Ben Ohau Range, New Zealand. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2006, 31:1167-1175.
18. Brown A.G., Carey C., Erkens G., Fuchs M., Hoffmann T., Macaire J.J., Moldenhauer K.M., Walling D.E. From sedimentary records to sediment budgets: multiple approaches to catchment sediment flux. Geomorphology 2009, 108(1-2):35-47.
19. Brunsden D., Thornes J.B. Landscape sensitivity and change. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. (New Ser.) 1979, 4(4):463-484.
20. Bull W.B. Geomorphic Responses to Climatic Change 1991, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (326 pp.).
21. Caine N., Swanson F.J. Geomorphic coupling of hillslope and channel systems in two small mountain basins. Z. Geomorphol. N.F. 1989, 33:189-203.
22. Campbell D., Church M. Reconnaissance sediment budget for Lynn Valley, British Columbia: Holocene and contemporary time scales. Can. J. Earth Sci. 2003, 40(5):701-713.
23. Carretier S., Lucazeau F. How does alluvial sedimentation at range fronts modify the erosional dynamics of mountain catchments?. Basin Res. 2005, 17(3):361-381.
24. Cavalli M., Trevisani S., Comiti F., Marchi L. Geomorphometric assessment of spatial sediment connectivity in small Alpine catchments. Geomorphology 2013, 188:31-41.
25. Chiverrell R.C., Foster G.C., Marshall P., Harvey A.M., Thomas G.S.P. Coupling relationships: hillslope fluvial linkages in the Hodder catchment. NW England. Geomorphology 2009, 109:541-557.
26. Chiverrell R.C., Thorndycraft V.R., Hoffmann T. Cumulative probability functions and their role in evaluating the chronology of geomorphological events during the Holocene. J. Quat. Sci. 2011, 26(1):76-85.
27. Church M., Ryder J.M. Paraglacial sedimentation: a consideration of fluvial processes conditioned by glaciation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1972, 83:3059-3071.
28. Church M., Slaymaker O. Disequilibrium of Holocene sediment yield in glaciated British Columbia. Nature 1989, 337(2):452-454.
29. Church M., Ham D., Hassan M., Slaymaker O. Fluvial clastic sediment yield in Canada: scaled analysis. Can. J. Earth Sci. 1999, 36(8):1267-1280.
30. Collins A.L., Walling D.E. Documenting catchment suspended sediment sources: problems, approaches and prospects. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 2004, 28(2):159-196.
31. Cooper N.J., Hooke J., Bray M.J. Predicting coastal evolution using a sediment budget approach: a case study from southern England. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2001, 44:711-728.
32. Cruden D.M., Hu X.Q. Exhaustion and steady state models for predicting landslide hazards in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Geomorphology 1993, 8:279-285.
33. Culling W.E.H. Analytical theory of erosion. J. Geol. 1960, 68:336-344.
34. Dadson S.J., Church M. Postglacial topographic evolution of glaciated valleys: a stochastic landscape evolution model. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2005, 30:1387-1403.
35. Davis T.R., Korup O. Sediment cascades in active landscapes. Sediment Cascades: An Integrated Approach 2010, Wiley & Sons, Ltd. T. Burt, R. Allison (Eds.).
36. de Vente J., Poesen J., Arabkhedri M., Verstraeten G. The sediment delivery problem revisited. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 2007, 31(2):155-178.
37. de Vente J., Poesen J., Verstraeten G., Van Rompaey A., Govers G. Spatially distributed modelling of soil erosion and sediment yield at regional scales in Spain. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2008, 60(3-4):393-415.
38. Dearing J.A., Jones R.T. Coupling temporal and spatial dimensions of global sediment flux through lake and marine sediment records. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2003, 39(1-2):147-168.
39. Densmore A.L., Allen P.A., Simpson G. Development and response of a coupled catchment fan system under changing tectonic and climatic forcing. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 2007, 112(F1).
40. D'Haen K., Verstraeten G., Degryse P. Fingerprinting historical fluvial sediment dynamics. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 2012, 36(2):154-186.
41. Dietrich W.E., Dunne T. Sediment budget for a small catchment in mountainous terrain. Z. Geomorphol. N.F. 1978, 29:191-206.
42. Dietrich W.E., Dunne T., Humphrey N.F., Reid L.M. Construction of sediment budgets for drainage basins, sediment budgets and routing in forested drainage basins. Proceedings of the Symposium; 31 May-1 June 1982; Corvallis, Oregon. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-141 1982, 5-23. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Portland, Oregon.
43. Dotterweich M. High-resolution reconstruction of a 1300year old gully system in northern Bavaria, Germany: a basis for modelling long-term human-induced landscape evolution. The Holocene 2005, 15(7):994-1005.
44. Dotterweich M. The history of soil erosion and fluvial deposits in small catchments of central Europe: deciphering the long-term interaction between humans and the environment - a review. Geomorphology 2008, 101:192-208.
45. Erkens G., Cohen K.M., Gouw M.J.P., Middelkoop H., Hoek W.Z. Holocene sediment budgets of the Rhine delta (the Netherlands): a record of changing sediment delivery. IAHS Publ. 2006, 206:406-415.
46. Erkens G., Hoffmann T., Gerlach R., Klostermann J. Complex fluvial response to Late Glacial and Holocene allogenic forcings in the Lower Rhine embayment (Germany). Quat. Sci. Rev. 2011, 30:611-627.
47. Ferguson R.I. Channel forms and channel changes. British Rivers 1981, 90-125. Allen and Unwin, London. J. Lewin (Ed.).
48. Fryirs K. (Dis)connectivity in catchment sediment cascades: a fresh look at the sediment delivery problem. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2013, 38:30-46.
49. Fryirs K., Brierley G., Preston N., Spencer J. Landscape (dis)connectivity in the Upper Hunter catchment, New South Wales, Australia. Geomorphology 2007, 84:297-316.
50. Fryirs K.A., Brierley G.J., Preston N.J., Kasai M. Buffers, barriers and blankets: the (dis)connectivity of catchment-scale sediment cascades. Catena 2007, 70(1):49-67.
51. Fuchs M., Will M., Kunert E., Kreutzer S., Fischer M., Reverman R. The temporal and spatial quantification of Holocene sediment dynamics in a meso-scale catchment in northern Bavaria, Germany. The Holocene 2011, 21(7):1093-1104.
52. Goodbred S.L., Kuehl S.A. Holocene and modern sediment budget for the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system: evidence for highstand dispersal to flood-plain, shelf, and deep-sea depocenters. Geology 1999, 27(6):559-562.
53. Götz J., Krisai R., Schrott L. Sediment storage quantification and postglacial evolution of an inner-alpine sedimentary basin (Gradenmoos basin, Schober Mountains, National Park Hohe Tauern, Austria). 5th Symposium for Research in Protected Areas, 10 to 12 June 2013, Mittersill 2013, 237-242.
54. Hack J.T. Studies of longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia and Maryland. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1957, 294-B.
55. Harvey A.M. Effective timescales of coupling within fluvial systems. Geomorphology 2002, 44(3-4):175-201.
56. Harvey A.M. Local buffers to the sediment cascade: debris cones and alluvial fans. An Integrated Approach 2010, 153-180. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex. T. Burt, R. Allison (Eds.).
57. Haschenburger J.K., Church M. Bed material transport estimated from the virtual velocity of sediment. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 1998, 23(9):791-808.
58. Heckmann T., Schwanghart W. Geomorphic coupling and sediment connectivity in an alpine catchment - exploring sediment cascades using graph theory. Geomorphology 2013, 182:89-103.
59. Hinchliffe S. Timing and significance of talus slope reworking, Trotternish, Skye, northwest Scotland. The Holocene 1999, 9(4):483-494.
60. Hinderer M. Late Quaternary denudation of the Alps, valley and lake fillings and modern river loads. Geodin. Acta 2001, 14:231-263.
61. Hinderer M. From gullies to mountain belts: a review of sediment budgets at various scales. Sediment. Geol. 2012, 280:21-59.
62. Hoffmann T., Erkens G., Dikau R., Houben P., Seidel J., Cohen K.M. Holocene floodplain sediment storage and hillslope erosion within the Rhine catchment. The Holocene 2007, 17(1):105-118.
63. Hoffmann T., Erkens G., Gerlach R., Klostermann J., Lang A. Trends and controls of Holocene floodplain sedimentation in the Rhine catchment. Catena 2009, 77(2):96-106.
64. Hoffmann T., Thorndycraft V.R., Brown A.G., Coulthard T., Damnati B., Kale V.S., Middelkoop H., Notebaert B., Walling D.E. Human impact on fluvial regimes and sediment flux during the Holocene: review and future research agenda. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2010, 72:87-98.
65. Hoffmann T., Müller T., Martin Y., Johnson E.A. Postglacial adjustment of steep, low-order drainage basins, Canadian Rocky Mountains. J. Geophys. Res. F: Earth Surf. 2013, 118:2013. 10.1002/2013JF002846.
66. Hoffmann T., Schlummer M., Verstraeten G., Notebaert B. Carbon burial in soil sediments from Holocene agricultural erosion, Central Europe. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2013, 27(3):828-835.
67. Hooke J. Coarse sediment connectivity in river channel systems: a conceptual framework and methodology. Geomorphology 2003, 56(1-2):79-94.
68. Houben P. Scale linkage and contingency effects of field-scale and hillslope-scale controls of long-term soil erosion: anthropogeomorphic sediment flux in agricultural loess watersheds of Southern Germany. Geomorphology 2008, 101(1-2):172-191.
69. Houben P. Sediment budget for five millennia of tillage in the Rockenberg catchment (Wetterau loess basin, Germany). Quat. Sci. Rev. 2012, 52:12-23.
70. Imboden D.M., Koch S. Systemanalyse. Einführung in die mathematische Modellierung natürlicher Systeme 2005, Springer, Berlin.
71. Jäckli H. Gegenwartsgeologie des Bündnerischen Rheingebietes. Geotechnische Serie 1957, 36. (136 pp.).
72. Jain V., Tandon S.K. Conceptual assessment of (dis)connectivity and its application to the Ganga River dispersal system. Geomorphology 2010, 118:349-358.
73. Jerolmack J., Sadler P.M. Transience and persistence in the depositional record of continental margins. J. Geophys. Res. F: Earth Surf. 2007, 112:F03S13. 10.1029/2006JF000555.
74. Keesstra S.D., Bruijnzeel L.A., van Huissteden J. Meso-scale catchment sediment budgets: combining field surveys and modeling in the Dragonja catchment, southwest Slovenia. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2009, 34:1547-1561.
75. Kinnell P.I.A. Sediment delivery ratios: a misaligned approach to determining sediment delivery from hillslopes, invited commentary. Hydrological Process Today 2004, 8S.
76. Kondolf G.M., Matthews W.V.G. Unmeasured residuals in sediment budgets: a cautionary note. Water Resour. Res. 1991, 27(9):2483-2486.
77. Kuhlemann J., Frisch W., Szekely B., Dunkl I., Kazmer M. Post-collisional sediment budget history of the Alps: tectonic versus climatic control. Int. J. Earth Sci. 2002, 91(5):818-837.
78. Lane S.N., Bradbrook K.F., Richards K.S., Biron P.A., Roy A.G. The application of computational fluid dynamics to natural river channels: three-dimensional versus two-dimensional approaches. Geomorphology 1999, 29(1-2):1-20.
79. Lang A., Bork H.-R., Mäckel R., Preston N., Wunderlich J., Dikau R. Changes in sediment flux and storage within a fluvial system: some examples from the Rhine catchment. Hydrol. Process. 2003, 17:3321-3334.
80. Lu H., Moran C.J., Sivapalan M. A theoretical exploration of catchment-scale sediment delivery. Water Resour. Res. 2005, 41:W09415. 10.1029/2005WR004018.
81. Lu H., Moran C.J., Prosser I. Modelling sediment delivery ratio over the Murray Darling Basin. Environ. Model. Softw. 2006, 21:1297-1308.
82. Menounos B., Schiefer E., Slaymaker O. Nested temporal suspended sediment yields, green lake basin, British Columbia, Canada. Geomorphology 2006, 79(1-2):114-129.
83. Messenzehl K., Hoffmann T., Dikau R. Sediment connectivity in the high-alpine valley of Val Müschauns, Swiss National Park - linking geomorphic field mapping with geomorphometric modelling. Geomorphology 2014, 221:215-229.
84. Metivier F., Gaudemer Y. Stability of output fluxes of large rivers in South and East Asia during the last 2millionyears: implications on floodplain processes. Basin Res. 1999, 11(4):293-303.
85. Michaelides K., Chappell A. Connectivity as a concept for characterising hydrological behaviour. Hydrol. Process. 2009, 23:517-522.
86. Michaelides K., Wainwright J. Modelling the effects of hillslope-channel coupling on catchment hydrological response. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2002, 27(13):1441-1457.
87. Montgomery D.R. Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2007, 104(33):13268-13272.
88. Montgomery D.R., Buffington J.M. Channel-reach morphology in mountain drainage basins. GSA Bull. 1997, 109(5):596-611.
89. Montgomery D.R., Dietrich W.E. Where do channels begin?. Nature 1988, 336:232-234.
90. Nakamura F., Kikuchi S. Some methodological developments in the analysis of sediment transport processes using age distribution of floodplain deposits. Geomorphology 1996, 16:139-145.
91. Notebaert B., Verstraeten G. Sensitivity of West and Central European river systems to environmental changes during the Holocene: A review. Earth Sci. Rev. 2010, 103(3-4):163-182.
92. Notebaert B., Verstraeten G., Rommens T., Vanmontfort B., Govers G., Poesen J. Establishing a Holocene sediment budget for the river Dijle. Catena 2009, 77(2):150-163.
93. Notebaert B., Verstraeten G., Vandenberghe D., Marinova E., Poesen J., Govers G. Changing hillslope and fluvial Holocene sediment dynamics in a Belgian loess catchment. J. Quat. Sci. 2011, 26(1):44-58.
94. Notebaert B., Verstraeten G., Ward P.J., Renssen H., Van Rompaey A. Modeling the sensitivity of sediment and water runoff dynamics to Holocene climate and land use changes at the catchment scale. Geomorphology 2011, 126(1-2):18-31.
95. Olley J.M., Wasson R. Changes in the flux of sediment in the Upper Murrumbidgee catchment, Southeastern Australia, since European settlement. Hydrol. Process. 2003, 17:3307-3320.
96. Otto J.C., Schrott L., Jaboyedoff M., Dikau R. Quantifying sediment storage in a high alpine valley (Turtmanntal, Switzerland). Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2009, 34(13):1726-1742.
97. Owens P.N. Conceptual models and budgets for sediment management at the river basin scale. J. Soils Sediments 2005, 5(4):201-212.
98. Paola C. Quantitative models of sedimentary basin filling. Sedimentology 2000, 47:121-178.
99. Paola C., Hellert P.L., Angevine C.L. The large-scale dynamics of grain-size variation in alluvial basins, 1: theory. Basin Res. 1992, 4:73-90.
100. Parsons A.J. How useful are catchment sediment budgets?. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 2012, 36(1):60-71.
101. Parsons A.J., Wainwright J., Brazier R.E., Powell D.M. Is sediment delivery a fallacy?. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2006, 31(10):1325-1328.
102. Parsons A.J., Wainwright J., Fukuwara T., Onda Y. Using sediment travel distance to estimate the medium-term erosion rates: a 16-year record. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2010, 35:1694-1700.
103. Phillips J.D. Sources of nonlinearity and complexity in geomorphic systems. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 2003, 27(1):1-23.
104. Phillips J.D., Slattery M.C. Sediment storage, sea level, and sediment delivery to the ocean by coastal plain rivers. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 2006, 30(4):513-530.
105. Phillips J.D., Marden M., Gomez B. Residence time of alluvium in an aggrading fluvial system. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2007, 32:307-316.
106. Pizzuto J.E. Sediment diffusion during overbank flows. Sedimentology 1987, 34:301-317.
107. Ran L., Lu X.X., Xin Z. Erosion-induced massive organic carbon burial and carbon emission in the Yellow River basin. China, Biogeosciences 2014, 11:945-959.
108. Rapp A. Recent development of mountain slopes in Kaerkevagge and surroundings, Northern Scandinavia. Geogr. Ann. A 1960, 42(2-3):1-200.
109. Reid L.M., Dunne T. Rapid evaluation of sediment budgets. GeoEcology paperback 1996, 164. Catena, Reiskirchen.
110. Reid L.M., Dunne T. Sediment budgets as an organizing framework in fluvial geomorphology. Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology 2003, 463-500. Wiley & Sons, Chichester. M. Kondolf, H. Piegay (Eds.).
111. Rigon R., RodriguezIturbe I., Maritan A., Giacometti A., Tarboton D.G., Rinaldo A. On Hack's law. Water Resour. Res. 1996, 32(11):3367-3374.
112. Roehl J.W. Sediment source areas, and delivery ratios influencing morphological factors. IAHS Publ. 1962, 59:202-213.
113. Rommens T., Verstraeten G., Poesen J., Govers G., Van Rompaey A., Peeters I., Lang A. Soil erosion and sediment deposition in th Belgian loess belt during the Holocene: establishing a sediment budget for a small agricultural catchment. The Holocene 2005, 15(7):1032-1043.
114. Ruddiman W.F. Earth's climate. Past and Future 2008, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
115. Sadler P.M. Sediment accumulation rates and the completeness of stratigraphic sections. J. Geol. 1981, 89(5):569-584.
116. Schiefer E., Slaymaker O., Klinkenberg B. Physiographically controlled allometry of specific sediment yield in the Canadian Cordillera: a lake sediment-based approach. Geogr. Ann. 2001, 83A(1-2):55-65.
117. Schrott L., Niederheide A., Hankammer M., Hufschmidt G., Dikau R. On the spatial and temporal variability of sediment storage in a mountain catchment (Reintal, Bavarian Alps, Germany). Z. Geomorphol. N.F. Suppl.-Bd 2002, 127:175-196.
118. Schrott L., Hufschmidt G., Hankammer M., Hoffmann T., Dikau R. Spatial distribution of sediment storage types and quantification of valley fill deposits in an upper Alpine basin, Reintal, Bavarian Alps, Germany. Geomorphology 2003, 55:45-63.
119. Schwartz S.E. Residence times in reservoirs under non-steady-state conditions: application to atmospheric SO2 and aerosol sulfate. Tellus 1979, 31:530-547.
120. Sivapalan M., Jothityangkoon C., Menabde M. Linearity and non-linearity of basins response as a function of scale: discussion of alternative definitions. Water Resour. Res. 2002, 38:1012. 10.1029/2001WR000482.
121. Slaymaker O. The sediment budget of the Lillooet River Basins, British Columbia. Phys. Geogr. 1993, 14(3):304-320.
122. Slaymaker O. The sediment budget as conceptual framework and management tool. Hydrobiologia 2003, 494(1-3):71-82.
123. Straumann R., Korup O. Quantifying sediment storage at the mountain-belt scale. Geology 2009, 37:1079-1082.
124. Temme A.J.A.M., Peeters I., Buis E., Veldkamp A., Govers G. Comparing landscape evolution models with quantitative field data at the millennial time scale in the Belgian loess belt. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2011, 36:1300-1312.
125. Tetzlaff D., Soulsby C., Bacon P.J., Youngson A.F., Gibbins C., Malcolm I.A. Connectivity between landscapes and riverspaces - a unifying theme in integrating hydrology and ecology in catchment science?. Hydrol. Process. 2007, 21:1385-1389.
126. Trimble S.W. Decreased rates of alluvial sediment storage in the Coon Creek Basin, Wisconsin, 1975-93. Science 1999, 285(5431):1244-1246.
127. Tunnicliffe J.F., Church M. Scale variation of post-glacial sediment yield in Chilliwack Valley, British Columbia. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2011, 36:229-243.
128. Van De Wiel M.J., Coulthard T. Self-organized criticality in river basins: challenging sedimentary records of environmental change. Geology 2010, 38:87-90.
129. van Hooff P.P.M., Jungerius P.D. Sediment source and storage in small watersheds on the Keuper marls in Luxembourg, as indicated by soil profile truncation and the deposition of colluvium. Catena 1984, 11:133-144.
130. Verstraeten G., Poesen J. Estimating trap efficiency of small reservoirs and ponds: methods and implications for the assessment of sediment yield. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 2000, 24(2):219-251.
131. Verstraeten G., Rommens T., Peeters I., Poesen J., Govers G., Lang A. A temporarily changing Holocene sediment budget for a loess-covered catchment (central Belgium). Geomorphology 2009, 108(1-2):24-34.
132. Visser F., Roth C.H., Wasson R., Prosser I.P. Quantifying sediment sources in lowlying sugarcane land: a sediment budget approach. The Structure, Function and Management of Fluvial Sedimentary Systems 2002, 169-175. IAHS Publ, Alice Springs, Australia.
133. Wainwright J. Degrees of separation: hillslope-channel coupling and the limits of palaeohydrological reconstruction. Catena 2006, 66(1-2):93-106.
134. Wainwright J., Turnbull L., Ibrahim T.G., Lexartza-Artza I., Thornton S.F., Brazier R.E. Linking environmental regimes, space and time: interpretations of structural and functional connectivity. Geomorphology 2011, 126(3-4):387-404.
135. Walling D.E. The sediment delivery problem. J. Hydrol. 1983, 65:209-237.
136. Walling D.E., Collins A.L. The catchment sediment budget as a management tool. Environ. Sci. Pol. 2008, 11:136-143.
137. Walling D.E., Russell M.A., Hodgkinson R.A., Zhang Y. Establishing sediment budgets for two small lowland agricultural catchments in the UK. Catena 2002, 47(4):323-353.
138. Wang H., Saito Y., Zhang Y., Bi N., Sun X., Yang Z. Recent changes of sediment flux to the western Pacific Ocean from major rivers in East and Southeast Asia. Earth Sci. Rev. 2011, 108:80-100.
139. Wasson R.J. Annual and decadal variation of sediment yield in Australia, and some global comparisons. IAHS Publ. 1994, 225:269-279.
140. Wasson R.J. Sediment budgets, dynamics, and variability: new approaches and techniques. IAHS Publ. 2002, 276:471-478.
141. Wasson R.J. A sediment budget for the Ganga-Brahmaputra catchment. Curr. Sci. 2003, 84(8):1041-1047.
142. Wasson R.J., Mazari R.K., Starr B., Clifton G. The recent history of erosion and sedimentation on the Southern Tablelands of southeastern Australia: sediment flux dominated by channel erosion. Geomorphology 1998, 24:291-308.
143. Welch D.M. Substitution of space for time in a study of slope development. J. Geol. 1970, 78:234-239.
144. Welsh K.E., Dearing J.A., Chiverrell R.C., Coulthard T. Testing a cellular modelling approach to simulating late-Holocene sediment and water transfer from catchment to lake in the French Alps since 1826. The Holocene 2009, 19(5):785-799.
145. Wilkinson S.N., Prosser I., Rustomji P., Read A.M. Modelling and testing spatially distributed sediment budgets to relate erosion processes to sediment yields. Environ. Model. Softw. 2009, 24:489-501.
146. Willenbring J., Von Blanckenburg F. Meteoric cosmogenic Beryllium-10 adsorbed to river sediment and soil: applications for Earth-surface dynamics. Earth Sci. Rev. 2010, 98:105-122.
147. Willenbring J., Hoffmann T., Sadler P.M., Kaplan A., Chiverrell R.C., Erkens G., Von Blanckenburg F. Time-scale bias in the case for anthropogenically accelerated soil erosion and deposition rates. Nature 2015, (in review).
148. Wittmann H., von Blanckenburg F. Cosmogenic nuclide budgeting of floodplain sediment transfer. Geomorphology 2009, 109(3-4):246-256.