Soils and Global Change in the Carbon Cycle over Geological Time

Treatise on Geochemistry

Volumn 5-9, Issue , 2003, Pages 1-28

  Retallack, G J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALKALINITY; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BACTERIA; CARBON; CARBON DIOXIDE; ECOSYSTEMS; GREENHOUSE GASES; NITROGEN; OCEAN CURRENTS; SOILS; TOPOGRAPHY;

ALKALINE EARTH; CARBON CYCLES; ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSIONS; FIRST FLUSH; GEOLOGICAL TIME; GLOBAL CHANGE; MINERAL NUTRIENTS; SOIL CHANGES; SOIL NUTRIENTS; WETLAND ECOSYSTEM;

WEATHERING;

EID: 84942422636     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/05087-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (202)

1. Algeo T.J., Scheckler S.E. Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes and anoxic events. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B 1998, 353:113-130.
2. Allen J.R.L. Geomorphology of Siluro-Devonian alluvial plains. Nature 1974, 249:644-645.
3. 2. Geoderma 1998, 82:83-114.
4. Bakker R.T. The Dinosaur Heresies 1985, William Morrow, New York.
5. Barley M.E., Pickard A.L., Sylvester P.J. Emplacement of a large igneous province as a possible cause of banded iron formation 2.45 billion years ago. Nature 1997, 385:55-58.
6. Barsukov V.L., Volkhov V.P., Khodakovsky I.L. The crust of Venus: theoretical models of chemical and mineral composition. J. Geophys. Res. Suppl. 1982, 87A:3-9.
7. Basilevsky A.T., Kuzmin R.O., Nikolaeva O.V., Pronin A.A., Ronca A.B., Avdvesky V.S., Uspensky G.R., Cheremukhina Z.P., Semenchenko V.V., Ladygin V.M. The surface of Venus as revealed by the Venera landings. Part II. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1985, 96:137-144.
8. Bell, J. F. (1996) Iron sulfate, carbonate and hydrated minerals on Mars. In Mineral Spectroscopy: A Tribute to Roger G. Burns (eds. M. D. Dyar, C. MacCammon, and M. W. Schaeffer). Geochem. Soc. Spec. Publ., vol. 5, pp. 359-380.
9. 2. Science 1997, 276:543-546.
10. 2 over Phanerozoic time. Am. J. Sci. 2001, 301:182-204.
11. Berner R.A., Petsch S.T., Lake J.A., Beerling D.J., Popp B.N., Lane R.S., Laws E.A., Westley M.B., Cassor N., Woodward F.I., Quick W.P. Isotopic fractionation and atmospheric oxygen: implications for Phanerozoic evolution. Science 2000, 287:1630-1633.
12. 2 consumption determined from paleosol sequences across the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2000, 156:301-326.
13. Bestland E.A., Retallack G.J. Volcanically influenced calcareous paleosols from the Miocene Kiahera Formation, Rusinga Island, Kenya. Geol. Soc. London J. 1993, 150:293-310.
14. Bestland E.A., Retallack G.J., Rice A.E., Mindszenty A. Late Eocene detrital laterites in central Oregon: mass balance geochemistry, depositional setting and landscape evolution. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1996, 108:285-302.
15. Beukes N.J., Dorland H., Gutzmer J., Nedachi M., Ohmoto H. Tropical laterites, life on land, and the history of atmospheric oxygen in the Paleoproterozoic. Geology 2002, 30:491-494.
16. Birck J.L., Allègre C.J. Manganese-chromium systematics and the development of the early solar system. Nature 1988, 331:571-574.
17. Bird M.I., Chivas A.R. Geomorphic and paleoclimatic implications of an oxygen isotope chronology for Australian deeply weathered profiles. Austral. J. Earth Sci. 1993, 40:345-358.
18. Blinnikov M., Busacca A., Whitlock C. Reconstruction of the late Pleistocene grassland of the Columbia basin, Washington. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2002, 177:77-101.
19. Bluth G.G.S., Kump L.P. Phanerozoic paleogeology. Am. J. Sci. 1991, 291:284-308.
20. Bockheim J.G. Permafrost distribution in the southern circum-polar region and its relation to the environment: a review and recommendation for further research. Permafrost Periglac. Process 1995, 6:27-45.
21. Borden, R. (2001) Geochemical evolution of sulphide-bearing waste rock soils at the Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah. In Evolution and Remediation of Acid-Sulphate Systems at Reclaimed Mine Sites (eds. J. J. Donovan and A. W. Rose). Geological Society of London, pp. 15-21.
22. Brearley A.J. Origin of graphitic carbon and pentlandite in matrix olivines in the Allende meteorite. Science 1999, 285:1380-1382.
23. Brenchley P.J., Marshall J.B., Carden G.A.F., Robertson D.B.R., Long D.E.F., Meidia T., Hints L., Anderson T.F. Bathymetric and isotopic evidence for a short-lived Late Ordovician glaciation in a greenhouse period. Geology 1994, 22:293-298.
24. Brimhall G.H., Chadwick O.A., Lewis C.J., Compston W., Williams I.S., Danti K.J., Dietrich W.E., Power M.E., Hendricks D., Bratt J. Deformational mass transport and invasive processes in soil evolution. Science 1991, 255:695-702.
25. Brook G.A., Folkoff M.E., Box E.O. A world model of soil carbon dioxide. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 1983, 8:79-88.
26. Buckland W. Geology and Mineralogy Considered with Reference to Natural Theology 1837, W. Pickering, London.
27. Buick R., Thronetree J.R., McNaughton N.J., Smith J.B., Barley M.E., Savage M. Record of emergent continental crust ~3.5 billion years ago in the Pilbara Craton of Australia. Nature 1995, 375:574-576.
28. Bunch T.E., Chang S. Carbonaceous chondrites. II: Carbonaceous chondrite phyllosilicates and light element geochemistry as indicators of parent body processes and surface conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1980, 44:1543-1577.
29. Buol S.W., Hole F.D., McCracken R.W. Soil Genesis and Classification 1997, Iowa State University Press, Ames. 4th edn.
30. Busacca A.J. Long Quaternary record in eastern Washington, USA, interpreted from multiple buried paleosols in loess. Geoderma 1989, 45:105-122.
31. Campbell I.B., Claridge G.G.C. Antarctica: Soils, Weathering Processes and Environment 1987, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
32. Canfield D.E., Teske A. Late Proterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration inferred from phylogenetic and sulphur isotope studies. Nature 1996, 382:127-132.
33. Cerling T.E. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: evidence from Cenozoic and Mesozoic paleosols. Am. J. Sci. 1991, 291:377-400.
34. Cerling T.E., Harris J.M., MacFadden B.J., Leakey M.G., Quade J., Eisenmann V.V., Ehleringer J.F. Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature 1997, 389:153-158.
35. Chadwick O.A., Derry L.A., Vitousek P.M., Huebert B.J., Hedin L.O. Changing sources of nutrients during four million years of ecosystem development. Nature 1999, 397:491-497.
36. Colin F., Brimhall G.H., Nahon D., Lewis C.J., Baronnet A., Danti K. Equatorial rain forest lateritic mantles: a geomembrane filter. Geology 1992, 20:523-526.
37. Crane P.R., Friis E.M., Pedersen K.J. The origin and early diversification of angiosperms. Nature 1995, 374:27-33.
38. Daily B., Cooper M.R. Clastic wedges and patterned ground in the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian tillites of South Africa. Sedimentology 1976, 23:271-283.
39. Dalziel I.W.D. Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: review, hypothesis, environmental speculation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1997, 109:16-42.
40. Delvigne, J. E. (1998) Atlas of micromorphology of mineral alteration and weathering. Canadian Mineralogist (Special Publication) 3, 495.
41. Des Marais D.J. Isotopic evolution of the biogeochemical carbon cycle during the Proterozoic Eon. Org. Geochem. 1997, 27:185-193.
42. de Wit H.A. Soils and Grassland Types of the Serengeti Plain (Tanzania) 1978, Medelingen Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen.
43. Driese S.G., Foreman J.L. Traces and related chemical changes in a Late Ordovician paleosol, Glossifungites ichnofacies, southern Appalachians, USA. Ichnos 1992, 1:207-219.
44. Driese S.G., Mora C.I., Elick J.M. Morphology and taphonomy of root and stump casts of the earliest trees (Middle and Late Devonian), Pennsylvania and New York, USA. Palaios 1997, 12:524-537.
45. Ekart D.P., Cerling T.E., Montanez I.P., Tabor N.J. A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. Am. J. Sci. 1999, 299:805-827.
46. 2 estimates. Geology 1998, 26:143-146.
47. Endress M., Zinner E., Bischoff A. Early aqueous activity on primitive meteorite parent bodies. Nature 1996, 379:701-704.
48. FAO (1988) Soil Map of the World. Vol. 1. Revised Legend. UNESCO, Rome.
49. 2. Nature 1993, 363:439-443.
50. Farquhar J., Wing B.A., McKeegan K.D., Harris J.W., Cartigny P., Thiemens M.H. Mass-independent sulfur of inclusions in diamondand sulfur recycling on early Earth. Science 2002, 298:2369-2372.
51. Feng Z.D., Johnson W.L., Lu L.C., Ward P.A. Climatic signals from loess-soil sequences in the central Great Plains, USA. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1994, 110:345-358.
52. Firman J.B. Paleosols in laterite and silcrete profiles: evidence from the southeast margin of the Australian Precambrian Shield. Earth Sci. Rev. 1994, 36:149-179.
53. Follmer L.R., McKay E.D., Lineback J.A., Gross D.L. Wisconsinan, Sangamonian and Illinoian stratigraphy in central Illinois. Guidebk Illinois, State Geol. Surv. 1979, 13:138.
54. Foster R.C. Polysaccharides in soil fabrics. Science 1981, 214:665-667.
55. Genise J.F., Mángano M.G., Buatois L.A., Laza J.H., Verde M. Insect trace fossil associations in paleosols: the Coprinisphaera ichnofacies. Palaios 2000, 15:49-64.
56. Ghienne J.F. Late Ordovician sedimentary environments, glacial cycles and post-glacial transgression in the Taoudeni Basin, West Africa. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2003, 189:117-145.
57. Grandstaff D.E., Edelman M.J., Foster R.W., Zbinden E., Kimberley M.M. Chemistry and mineralogy of Precambrian paleosols at the base of the Dominion and Pongola Groups. Precamb. Res. 1986, 32:91-131.
58. Gray J. Major Paleozoic land plant evolutionary bioevents. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1993, 104:153-169.
59. Grazdhankin M. Microbial origin of some of the Ediacaran fossils. Abstr. Geol. Soc. Am. 2001, 33(6):A429.
60. Gutzmer J., Beukes N.J. Earliest laterites and possible evidence for terrestrial vegetation in the early Proterozoic. Geology 1998, 26:263-266.
61. Hallam A., Wignall P. Mass Extinctions and their Aftermath 1997, Oxford University Press, New York.
62. Hallbauer D.K., Jahns H.M., Beltmann H.A. Morphological and anatomical observations on some Precambrian plants from the Witwatersrand, South Africa. Geol. Rundsch. 1977, 66:477-491.
63. Hasiotis S.T., Dubiel D.L. Termite (Insecta, Isoptera) nest ichnofossils from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest national Monument, Arizona. Ichnos 1995, 4:111-130.
64. Hays J.D., Imbrie J., Shackleton N.J. Variations in the Earth's orbit: pacemaker of the ice ages. Science 1976, 194:1121-1132.
65. Heckman D.S., Geiser D.M., Eidell B.R., Stauffer R.L., Kardos N.L., Hedges S.B. Molecular evidence for early colonization of land by fungi and plants. Science 2001, 293:1129-1133.
66. Hoffman P.F., Kaufman A.J., Halverson G.P., Schrag D.P. A Neoproterozoic snowball Earth. Science 1998, 281:1342-1346.
67. Holland H.D. The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans 1984, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
68. Holland H.D., Beukes M.J. A paleoweathering profile from Griqualand West, South Africa: evidence for a sudden rise in atmospheric oxygen between 2.2 and 1.6 bybp. Am. J. Sci. 1990, 290:1-34.
69. Holser W.T., Schönlaub H.P. The Permian-Triassic boundary in the Carbic Alps of Austria (Gartnerkofel region). Abh. Geol. Bund. Autriche Wien 1991, 45:1-232.
70. Horodyski R.J., Knauth L.P. Life on land in the Precambrian. Science 1994, 263:474-498.
71. Hutton J. (1795) Theory of the Earth, (with proofs and illustrations). J. W. Creech, Edinburgh.
72. Jahren A.H., Sternberg L.S.L. Eocene meridional weather patterns reflected in the oxygen isotopes of Arctic fossil wood. GSA Today 2002, 12(1):4-9.
73. Jahren A.H., Arens N.C., Sarmiento G., Guerro J., Armstrong R. Terrestrial record of methane hydrate degassing in the Early Cretaceous. Geology 2001, 29:159-162.
74. Janis C.M., Damuth J., Theodor J.M. The origins and evolution of the North American grassland biome: the story from hoofed mammals. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2002, 177:183-198.
75. Jenny H.J. Factors in Soil Formation 1941, McGraw-Hill, New York.
76. Jeram A.J., Selden P.A., Edwards D. Land animals in the Silurian: arachnids and myriapods from Shropshire, England. Science 1990, 250:658-661.
77. Joeckel R.M. Paleogeomorphic significance of two paleosols in the Dakota Formation (Cretaceous), southeastern Nebraska. Contrib. Geol. Univ. Wyoming 1987, 25:91-102.
78. Johnson E.W., Briggs D.E.G., Suthren R.J., Wright J.L., Tunnicliff J.P. Non-marine arthropod traces from subaerial Ordovician Borrowdale Volcanic Group, English Lake district. Geol. Mag. 1994, 131:395-406.
79. Kasting J.F. Proterozoic climates: the effects of changing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study 1992, 165-168. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J.W. Schopf, C. Klein (Eds.).
80. Keeling C.D., Bacastow R.B., Whorf T.P. Measurement of the concentration of carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. Carbon Dioxide Review 1982 1982, 377-385. Oxford University Press, New York. W.C. Clark (Ed.).
81. Kenrick P., Crane P.R. Early Evolution of Land Plants 1997, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
82. Kirschvink J. Late Proterozoic low latitude global glaciation. The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study 1992, 51-52. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J.W. Schopf, C. Klein (Eds.).
83. Knoll M.A., James W.C. Effect of the advent and diversification of vascular plants on mineral weathering through geologic time. Geology 1987, 15:1099-1102.
84. Koch P.L. Isotopic reconstruction of past continental environments. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1998, 26:573-613.
85. Krassilov V.A. Orestovia and the origin of vascular plants. Lethaia 1981, 14:235-250.
86. Krijgsman W., Hilgen F.J., Ruffi I., Sienro F.J., Wilson R.S. Chronology, causes and progression of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Nature 1999, 400:652-655.
87. Krull E.S. Permian palsamires as paleoenvironmental proxies. Palaios 1999, 14:530-544.
88. org depth profiles of paleosols across the Permian-Triassic boundary: evidence for methane release. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2000, 112:1459-1472.
89. org chemostratigraphy of the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Maitai Group, New Zealand: evidence for high latitude methane release. N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 2000, 43:21-73.
90. Larson R.L. Geological consequences of superplumes. Geology 1991, 19:963-966.
91. Lockley M. Tracking Dinosaurs 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
92. Ludvigsen G.A., Gonzaález L.A., Metzger R.A., Witzke B.J., Brenner R.L., Murillo A.P., White T.S. Meteoric sphaerosiderite lines and their use in paleohydrology and paleoclimatology. Geology 1998, 26:1039-1042.
93. MacFadden B.J. Origin and evolution of the grazing guild in Cenozoic New World mammals. Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Vertebrates 2000, 223-244. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. H.D. Sues (Ed.).
94. MacFadden B.J., Solounias N., Cerling T.E. Ancient diests, ecology and extinction of 5-million-year-old horses from Florida. Science 1999, 283:824-827.
95. Mack G.H. Paleosols as an indicator of climate change at the Early-Late Cretaceous boundary, southwestern New Mexico. J. Sedim. Petrol. 1992, 62:484-494.
96. Marbut C. F. (1935) Atlas of American Agriculture. Part III: Soils of the United States, US Department of Agriculture Advance Sheets. Government Printer, Washington, DC, vol. 8.
97. Marmo J.S. The lower Proterozoic Hokkalampi paleosol in North Karelia. Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Mineral and Energy Resources 1992, 41-66. Springer, Berlin. M. Schidlowski, S. Golubic, M.M. Kimberley, D.M. McKirdy, P.A. Trudinger (Eds.).
98. Maynard J.B. Chemistry of modern soils as a guide to interpreting Precambrian paleosols. J. Geol. 1992, 100:279-289.
99. McSween H. Y. (1997) Evidence for life in a martian meteorite? GSA Today 7(7), 1-7.
100. McSween H.Y. Meteorites and their Parent Planets 1999, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
101. Merino E., Nahon D., Wang Y.F. Kinetics and mass transfer of pseudomorphic replacement: application to replacement of parent minerals and kaolinite by Al, Fe and Mn oxides during weathering. Am. J. Sci. 1993, 293:135-155.
102. Meyer-Berthaud B., Scheckler S.E., Wendt J. Archaeopteris is earliest known tree. Nature 1999, 398:700-701.
103. Miller K.B., West R.R. Identification of sequence boundaries within cyclic strata of the Lower Permian of Kansas, USA: problems and alternatives. J. Geol. 1998, 106:119-132.
104. Mooney H.A., Vitousek P.M., Matson P.A. Exchange of materials between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Science 1987, 238:926-932.
105. Mora C. I. and Driese S. G. (1999) Palaeoenvironment, palaeoclimate and stable carbon isotopes of Palaeozoic red-bed palaeosols, Appalachian Basin, USA and Canada. In Palaeoweathering, Palaeosurfaces and Continental Deposits (eds. M. Thiry and R. Simon-Coincçon). Int. Assoc. Sedimentology Spec. Publ., vol. 27, pp. 61-84.
106. 2 from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science 1996, 271:1105-1107.
107. Mora C.I., Sheldon B.T., Elliott N.C., Driese S.G. An oxygen isotope study of illite and calcite in three Appalachian vertic paleosols. J. Sediment. Res. A 1998, 68:456-464.
108. Mossman D.J., Farrow C.E.G. Paleosol and ore-forming processes in the Elliot Lake district of Canada. Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Energy and Mineral Resources 1992, 67-76. Springer, Berlin. M. Schidlowski, S. Golubic, M.M. Kimberley, D.M. McKirdy, P.A. Trudinger (Eds.).
109. Muller R.A., MacDonald G.J. Ice Ages and Astronomical Causes: Data, Spectral Analyses and Mechanisms 2000, Springer, Berlin.
110. Nahon D.B. Introduction to the Petrology of Soils and Chemical Weathering 1991, Wiley, New York.
111. Nøhr-Hansen H., Koppelhus E.B. Ordovician spores with trilete rays from Washington Land, North Greenland. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 1988, 56:305-311.
112. O'Geen A.T., Busacca A.J. Faunal burrows as indicators of paleovegetation in eastern Washington. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2001, 169:23-37.
113. Ohmoto H. Evidence in pre-2.2 Ga paleosols for the early evolution of atmospheric oxygen and terrestrial biota. Geology 1996, 24:1135-1138.
114. Ohmoto H. Evidence in pre-2.2 Ga paleosols for the early evolution of atmospheric oxygen and terrestrial biota: reply. Geology 1997, 25:857-858.
115. Ollier C., Pain C. Regolith, Soils and Landforms 1996, Wiley, Chichester.
116. 2? Abstr. Prog. Geol. Soc. Am. 25(3), 71.
117. Paepe R., van Overloop E. River and soil cyclicities interfering with sea level changes. Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level Change and Drought 1990, 253-280. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht. R. Paepe, R. Fairbridge, S. Jelgersma (Eds.).
118. 4 in the atmosphere of early Earth and Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105:11981-11990.
119. Petit J.R., Jouzel J., Raynaud D., Barkov N.I., Barnola J.M., Basile I., Bender M., Chapellaz J., Davis M., Pelaygue G., Delmotte M., Kotylakov V.M., Legrand M., Lipankov V.Y., Lorius C., Pepin L., Ritz C., Saltzman E., Stlevenard M. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 1999, 399:429-436.
120. Pinto J.P., Holland H.D. Paleosols and the evolution of the atmosphere. Part II. Paleosols and Weathering through Geologic Time, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am 1988, vol. 216:21-34. Geological Society of America, Boulder.
121. Prashnowsky A.A., Schidlowski M. Investigation of a Precambrian thucolite. Nature 1967, 216:560-563.
122. Ramstein G., Fluteau F., Besse J., Joussame S. Effects of orogeny, plate motion and land-sea distribution on European climate change over the past 30 million years. Nature 1997, 386:788-795.
123. Rasbury E.T., Hanson G.N., Meyers W.J., Goldstein R.H., Saller A.H. U-Pb dates of paleosols: constraints on Late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology 1998, 26:403-406.
124. Raymo M.E., Ruddiman W.F. Tectonic forcing of Late Cenozoic climate. Nature 1992, 359:117-122.
125. Redecker D., Kodner R., Graham L.E. Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician. Science 2000, 289:1920-1921.
126. Retallack G.J. Triassic palaeosols in the upper Narrabeen Group of New South Wales: Part I. Features of the palaeosols. Geol. Soc. Australia J. 1976, 23:383-399.
127. Retallack G.J. Late Eocene and Oligocene paleosols from Badlands National Park, South Dakota. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 1983, 193:82.
128. Retallack G.J. Fossil soils as grounds for interpreting the advent of large plants and animals on land. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B 1985, 309:105-142.
129. Retallack G.J. Reappraisal of a 2,200-Ma-old paleosol from near Waterval Onder, South Africa. Precamb. Res. 1986, 32:195-232.
130. Retallack G.J. Untangling the effects of burial alteration and ancient soil formation. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1991, 19:183-206.
131. 2: Paleozoic Paleosols of Central Pennsylvania 1993, vol. 22:33-50. University of Tennessee Department of Geological Sciences Studies in Geology, Knoxville.
132. Retallack G.J. A pedotype approach to Latest Cretaceous and Early Paleocene paleosols in eastern Montana. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1994, 106:1377-1397.
133. Retallack G. J. (1994b) Were the Ediacaran fossils lichens? Paleobiology 20, 523-544.
134. Retallack G. J. (1994c) The environmental factor approach to the interpretation of paleosols. In Factors in Soil Formation: A Fiftieth Anniversary Retrospective (eds. R. Amundson, J. Harden, and M. Singer). Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ., Soil Society of America, Madison, vol. 33, pp. 31-64.
135. Retallack G. J. (1995) Pennsylvanian vegetation and soils. In: Predictive Stratigraphic Analysis (eds. B. Cecil and T. Edgar). US Geol. Surv. Bull., pp. 13-19.
136. Retallack G.J. A Colour Guide to Paleosols 1997, Wiley, Chichester.
137. Retallack G.J. Early forest soils and their role in Devonian global change. Science 1997, 276:583-585.
138. Retallack G.J. Dinosaurs and dirt. Dinofest 1997, 345-359. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. D. Wolberg, E. Stump (Eds.).
139. Retallack G.J. Neogene expansion of the North American prairie. Palaios 1997, 12:380-390.
140. Retallack G.J. Carboniferous fossil plants and soils of an early tundra ecosystem. Palaios 1999, 14:324-336.
141. Retallack G.J. Permafrost palaeoclimate of Permian palaeosols in the Gerringong volcanics of New South Wales. Austral. J. Earth Sci. 1999, 46:11-22.
142. Retallack G. J. (2000a) Ordovician life on land and Early Paleozoic global change. In Phanerozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (eds. R. A. Gastaldo and W. A. DiMichele) Paleont. Soc. Short Course Notes, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, vol. 6, pp. 21-45.
143. Retallack G.J. The Proserpina principle: a role for soil communities in regulating atmospheric composition on time scales ranging from ecological to geological. Abstr. Geol. Soc. Am. 2000, 32(7):A486.
144. Retallack G.J. Soils of the Past 2001, Blackwell, Oxford. 2nd edn.
145. 2 from fossil plant cuticles. Nature 2001, 411:287-290.
146. Retallack G.J. Scoyenia burrows from Ordovician paleosols of the Juniata Formation in Pennsylvania. Palaeontology 2001, 44:209-235.
147. Retallack G.J. Cenozoic expansion of grasslands and global cooling. J. Geol. 2001, 109:407-426.
148. Retallack G.J. Carbon dioxide and climate over the past 300 Myr. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A 2002, 360:659-674.
149. Retallack G.J., Dilcher D.L. A coastal hypothesis for the dispersal and rise to dominance of flowering plants. Paleobotany, Paleoecology and Evolution 1981, vol. 2:27-77. Praeger, New York.
150. Retallack G.J., Dilcher D.L. Cretaceous angiosperm invasion of North America. Cretaceous Res. 1986, 7:227-252.
151. Retallack G.J., Krinsley D.H. Metamorphic alteration of a Precambrian (2.2 Ga) paleosol from South Africa revealed by back-scatter imaging. Precamb. Res. 1993, 63:27-41.
152. Retallack G.J., Krull E.S. Ecosystem shift at the Permian-Triassic boundary in Antarctica. Austral. J. Earth Sci. 1999, 46:785-812.
153. Retallack G.J., Mindszenty A. Well preserved Late Precambrian paleosols from northwest Scotland. J. Sedim. Res. A 1994, 64:264-281.
154. Retallack G.J., Storaasli M. Problematic impressions from the Precambrian of Montana. Abstr. Geol. Soc. Am. 1999, 31(7):A362.
155. Retallack G.J., Bestland E.A., Fremd T. Eocene and Oligocene paleosols in central Oregon. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 2000, 344:192.
156. Retallack G.J., Krull E.S., Bockheim J.G. New grounds for reassessing the palaeoclimate of the Sirius Group, Antarctica. Geol. Soc. London J. 2001, 158:925-935.
157. Rice C.M., Ashcroft W.A., Batten D.J., Boyce A.J., Caulfield J.B.D., Fallick A.E., Hole M.J., Jones E., Pearson M.J., Rogers G., Saxton J.M., Stuart F.M., Trewin N.H., Turner G. A Devonian auriferous hot spring system, Rhynie, Scotland. Geol. Soc. London J. 1995, 152:229-250.
158. Rich T.H., Vickers-Rich P.T. Dinosaurs of Darkness 2000, University of Indiana Press, Bloomington.
159. Rye R., Holland H.D. Paleosols and the evolution of atmospheric oxygen: a critical review. Am. J. Sci. 1998, 298:621-672.
160. Rye R., Holland H.D. Life associated with a 2.76 Ga ephemeral pond? Evidence from Mount Roe #2 paleosol. Geology 2000, 28:483-486.
161. Rye R., Kuo P.H., Holland H.D. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations before 2.2 billion years ago. Nature 1995, 378:603-605.
162. Schidlowski M., Aharon P. Carbon cycle and carbon isotopic record: geochemical impact of life over 3.8 Ga of Earth history. Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Energy and Mineral Resources 1992, 147-175. Springer, Berlin. M. Schidlowski, S. Golubic, M.M. Kimberley, D.M. McKirdy, P.A. Trudinger (Eds.).
163. Schidlowski M., Hayes J.M., Kaplan I.R. Isotopic inferences of ancient biochemistries: carbon, sulfur, hydrogen and nitrogen. Earth's Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution 1983, 149-186. Princeton University Press, Princeton. J.W. Schopf (Ed.).
164. Schmidt P.W., Williams G.E. Palaeomagnetism of the Palaeoproterozoic hematitic breccia and paleosol at Ville-Marie, Quebec: further evidence for the low palaeolatitude of Huronian glaciation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 172:273-285.
165. 2 rich and in an anoxic palaeoatmosphere. In Palaeoweathering, Palaeosurfaces and Continental Deposits (eds. M. Thiry and R. Simon-Coincçon). Int. Assoc. Sedimentology Spec. Publ., Blackwell, Oxford, vol. 27, pp. 21-41.
166. Schumm S.A. The role of creep and rainwash on the retreat of badland slopes. Am. J. Sci. 1956, 254:693-706.
167. Schwartzmann D.W., Volk T. Biotic enhancement of weathering and surface temperatures of Earth since the origin of life. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1991, 90:357-371.
168. Schwarz T. Lateritic paleosols in central Germany and implications for Miocene paleoclimate. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1997, 129:37-50.
169. Serdyuchenko D. P. (1968) Metamorphosed weathering crusts of the Precambrian: their metallogenic and petrographic fabric. In Precambrian Geology (ed. B. Hejtman). Proc. 13th Int. Geol. Congr. Prague. Academia, Prague, vol. 4, pp. 37-42.
170. 2 paleobarometer or paleoproductivity index? Abstr. Geol. Soc. Am. Geol. Soc. London Global Meet. Edinburgh, 42.
171. Sheldon N.D., Retallack G.J., Tanaka S. Geochemical climofunctions from North American soils and application to paleosols across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary in Oregon. J. Geol. 2002, 110:687-696.
172. Sherwood-Pike M.A., Gray J. Silurian fungal remains: probable records of Ascomycetes. Lethaia 1985, 18:1-20.
173. Siegenthaler U., Sarmiento J.L. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean. Nature 1993, 365:119-125.
174. Snigirevskaya N.S., Popov L.E., Zdebsak D. Novie nakhodki ostatkov drevnishchikh vishchikh rastenii v srednem ordovike yuzhnogo kazachstana (New findings of the oldest higher plant remains in the Middle Ordovician of South Kazakhstan). Bot. Zh. 1992, 77(4):1-8.
175. Soil Survey Staff (1999) Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Pocahontas Press, Blacksburg, Virginia.
176. Stallard R.F. Terrestrial sedimentation and the carbon cycle: coupling weathering and erosion to carbon burial. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1998, 12:231-257.
177. Stanley S.M., Hardie L.A. Hypercalcification: paleontology links plate tectonics and geochemistry to sedimentology. GSA Today 1999, 9(2):1-7.
178. Steiner M., Reitner J. Evidence of organic structures in Ediacara-type fossils and associated microbial mats. Geology 2001, 29:1119-1122.
179. Strömberg C.A.E. The origin and spread of grass-dominated ecosystems in the Late Tertiary of North America: preliminary results concerning the evolution of hypsodonty. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2002, 177:59-75.
180. Strother P. (2000) Cryptospores: the origin and evolution of the terrestrial flora. In Phanerozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (eds. R. A. Gastaldo and W. A. DiMichele). Paleont, Soc. Short Course Notes, vol. 6, pp. 3-20.
181. Strother P.K., Al-Hatri S., Traverse A. New evidence for land plants from the lower Middle Ordovician of Saudi Arabia. Geology 1996, 24:55-58.
182. Sugden D.E., Marchant D.R., Potter N., Souchez R.A., Denton G.H., Swisher C.C., Tison J.L. Preservation of Miocene glacier ice in East Antarctica. Nature 1995, 376:412-414.
183. Taylor F., Eggleton R.A., Holzhauer C.C., Maconachie L.A., Gordon M., Brown M.C., McQueen K.G. Cool climate lateritic and bauxitic weathering. J. Geol. 1992, 100:669-677.
184. Taylor T.N., Taylor E.L. The Rhynie Chert ecosystem: a model for understanding fungal interactions. Microbial Endophytes 2000, 31-47. Dekker, New York. C.W. Bacon, J.F. White (Eds.).
185. Thaer, A. D. (1857) The Principles of Practical Agriculture (translated by W. Shaw and C. W. Johnson). Saxton, New York.
186. Thorp J. and Reed E. C. (1949) Is there laterite in rocks of the Dakota Group? Science 109, 69.
187. Trewin N.H., McNamara K.J. Arthropods invade the land: trace fossils and palaeoenvironments of the Tumblagooda Sandstone (?Late Silurian) of Kalbarri, Western Australia. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Earth Sci. Trans. 1995, 85:117-210.
188. Truswell E.M. The initial radiation and rise to dominance of angiosperms. Rates of Evolution 1987, 101-128. Allen and Unwin, London. K.S.W. Campbell, M.F. Day (Eds.).
189. 2 and global climate during the Phanerozoic. Nature 2000, 408:698-701.
190. Veverka J., Thomas P., Harch A., Clark B., Bell J.F., Carcich B., Joseph J., Chapman C., Merline W., Robinson M., Malin M., McFaddem L.A., Murchie S., Hawkins S.E., Farquahar R., Isenberg N., Cheng A. NEAR's flyby of 253 Mathilde: images of a C asteroid. Science 1997, 278:2109-2114.
191. Vitousek P.M., Chadwick O.A., Crews T.E., Fownes J.H., Hendricks D.M., Herbert D. Soil and ecosystem development across the Hawaiian Islands. GSA Today 1997, 7(9):1-8.
192. Vitousek P.M., Mooney H.A., Lubchenko J., Melillo J.M. Human domination of Earth's ecosystems. Science 1997, 277:494-499.
193. Wang H., Liu C.L., Follmer L.R. Climatic trend and habitat variation based on oxygen and carbon isotopes in paleosols from Liujiapo, Shaanxi, China. Quat. Int. 1998, 51/52:52-54.
194. Watanabe Y., Martini J.E.J., Ohmoto H. Geochemical evidence for terrestrial ecosystems 2.6 billion years ago. Nature 2000, 408:574-578.
195. Webster T. Observations on the Purbeck and Portland Beds. Geol. Soc. London Trans. 1826, 2:37-44.
196. Williams G.E. Precambrian permafrost horizons as indicators of paleoclimate. Precamb. Res. 1986, 32:233-242.
197. Williams G.E., Schmidt P.W. Palaeomagnetic dating of the sub-Torridonian weathering profiles, NW Scotland: verification of Neoproterozoic palaeosols. Geol. Soc. London J. 1997, 154:987-997.
198. Wing S.L., Boucher L.D. Ecological aspects of the Cretaceous flowering plant radiation. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1998, 26:379-421.
199. Yang W. and Holland H. D. (2003) The Hekpoort paleosol at Strata 1 Gaborone, Botswana: soil formation during the Great Oxidation Event. Am. J. Sci. 303.
200. 3)OH content of goethite. Nature 1994, 368:49-51.
201. Young G.M., Long D.G.F. Ice wedge casts from the Huronian, Ramsay Lake Formation (2300 m.y. old), near Espanola, northern Canada. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecololo. 1976, 19:191-200.
202. Zachos J., Pagani M., Sloan L., Thomas E., Billups K. Trends, rhythms and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science 2001, 292:689-693.