Quantification of the energy efficiency gap in the Swedish residential sector

Energy Efficiency

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 975-993

  Ó Broin, Eoin ^a   Mata, Érika ^a   Nässén, Jonas ^a   Johnsson, Filip ^a  

^a CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Bottom up; Energy efficiency gap; Ex ante; Heating; Residential; Top down

Indexed keywords

COMMERCE; COSTS; ECONOMIC ANALYSIS; ENERGY CONSERVATION; ENERGY MANAGEMENT; ENERGY UTILIZATION; HEATING; HOUSING;

BOTTOM UP; ENERGY-EFFICIENCY GAPS; EX ANTES; RESIDENTIAL; TOPDOWN;

ENERGY EFFICIENCY;

BOTTOM-UP APPROACH; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; ENERGY USE; HEATING; PRICE DETERMINATION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RESIDENTIAL ENERGY; TOP-DOWN APPROACH;

SWEDEN;

EID: 84942374044     PISSN: 1570646X     EISSN: 15706478     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12053-015-9323-9     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Allcott, H., & Greenstone, M. (2012). Is there an energy efficiency gap? Journal of Economic Perspectives. doi:10.1257/jep.26.1.3.
2. Axelsson E., & Harvey, S. (2010). Scenarios for assessing profitability and carbon balances of energy investments in industry, Göteborg: Chalmers University of Technology, ISBN: 978-91-978585-0-2.- 42 s.
3. Backlund, S., Thollander, P., Palm, J., & Ottosson, M. (2012). Extending the energy efficiency gap. Energy Policy. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.042.
4. BAFA, (2010a). Aufkommen und Export von Erdgas [Supply and export of Natural Gas]. Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle Available from: http://www.bafa.de/bafa/de/energie/erdgas/index.htmlIn German.
5. BAFA, (2010b). Drittlandskohlepreis [Third party country coal prices]. Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle. Available from: http://www.bafa.de/bafa/de/energie/steinkohle/drittlandskohlepreis/index.htmlIn German.
6. BFR, (1996). Energieffektivisering. Sparmöjligheter och investeringar för el- och värmeåtgarder i bostäder och lokaler. [Energy Efficiency. Savings and investment opportunities for electricity and heating in dwellings and buildings] Anslagsrapport A1:1996, BFR Byggforskningsrådet, Stockholm, Sweden. In Swedish.
7. Booth, A. T., Choudhary, R., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2012). Handling uncertainty in housing stock models. Building and Environment. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.08.016.
8. Dalenbäck J. O., Görasson A., Lennart J., Nilson A., Olsson D., & Pettersson B. (2005). Åtgärder för ökad energieffektivisering i bebyggelse [Measures for increased energy efficiency in buildings]. Report CEC 2005:1,Chalmers EnergiCentrum–CEC, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. In Swedish.
9. EC, (2006). Action plan for energy efficiency: realising the potential. COM(2006)545. European Commission.
10. EC, (2008). European energy and transport trends to 2030 update 2007. European Commission Directorate–General for Energy and Transport. European Commission, ISBN 978-92-79-07620-6; 2008.
11. EC, (2014). Energy prices and costs in Europe, COM(2014) 21 /2. European Commission.
12. Gerarden, T.D., Newell, R.G., Stavins, R.N., & Stowe, R.C. (2014). An assessment of the energy-efficiency gap and its implications for climate-change policy. Discussion Paper ES 2014-3, Harvard Project on Climate Agreements. Cambridge, Mass. Available at: http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/es-03_gerarden-etal2.pdf
13. Gillingham, K., & Palmer, K. (2014). Bridging the energy efficiency gap: policy insights from economic theory and empirical evidence. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. doi:10.1093/reep/ret021.
14. Giraudet, L.-G., Guivarch, C., & Quirion, P. (2012). Exploring the potential for energy conservation in French households through hybrid modeling. Energy Economics. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2011.07.010.
15. Gujarati, D. N. (2006). Essentials of econometrics. Boston: Mc Graw-Hill.
16. Göransson, A., & Pettersson. B. (2008). Energieffektiviseringspotential i bostäder och lokaler. Med fokus på effektiviseringsåtgärder 2005–2016. [Energy efficiency potential in dwellings and buildings. With focus on efficiency measures]. Report - CEC 2008:3, Chalmers EnergiCentrum–CEC, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. In Swedish.
17. Haas, R., & Schipper, L. (1998). Residential energy demand in OECD-countries and the role of irreversible efficiency improvements. Energy Economics. doi:10.1016/S0140-9883(98)00003-6.
18. Hjortsberg, M. (2011). Description of the Swedish building stock using material Swedish statistical survey of 1800 buildings. Report. Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning. Available at: http://www.boverket.se/Global/Om_Boverket/Dokument/about_boverket/betsi_study/building_stock.pdf.
19. IEA. (1997). Indicators of energy use and efficiency—understanding the link between energy and human activity. Paris: International Energy Agency.
20. IEA. (2007). Mind the gap, quantifying principal-agent problems in energy efficiency. Paris: International Energy Agency.
21. IEA. (2008). Energy prices and taxes statistics. OECD iLibrary. doi:10.1787/eneprice-data-en.
22. IEA, (2009). World energy outlook 2009. Paris, France: OECD/IEA: ISBN: 978-92-64-06130-9.
23. IEA. (2010). Energy technology perspectives 2010. Paris: International Energy Agency.
24. IIASA, (2010). GAINS online database. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. Available at: http://gains.iiasa.ac.at/index.php/home-page/241-online-access-to-gains
25. ISIS, (2012). MURE II Database on energy efficiency policies and measures. Rome: ISIS. Available at: http://www.muredatabase.org/
26. Jaccard, M. (2004). Greenhouse gas abatement: controversies in cost assessment. Encyclopaedia of Energy, 3, doi:10.1016/B0-12-176480-X/00530-1
27. Jaccard, M. (2009). Combining top-down and bottom-up in energy economy models. In International Handbook on the Economics of Energy (Chapter 13). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: Cheltenham.
28. Jacobsen, H. K. (1998). Integrating the bottom-up and top-down approach to energy–economy modeling: the case of Denmark. Energy Economics. doi:10.1016/S0140-9883(98)00002-4.
29. Jaffe, A. B., & Stavins, R. N. (1994). The energy efficiency gap—what does it mean? Energy Policy. doi:10.1016/0301-4215(94)90138-4.
30. Jaffe, A., Newell, R., & Stavins, R. (2004). Economics of energy efficiency. Encyclopaedia of Energy, 2, doi:10.1016/B0-12-176480-X/00228-X.
31. Joskow, P. L. (1995). Utility-subsidized energy-efficiency programs. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. doi:10.1146/annurev.eg.20.110195.002522.
32. Karlsson, C. (2013). Energy efficiency, Swedish Energy Agency. Presentation given to the 6th Passive House Conference in the Nordic Countries (Passivhushorden), Gothenburg, Sweden.
33. Kavgic, M., Mavrogianni, A., Mumovic, D., Summerfield, A., Stevanovic, Z., & Djurovic-Petrovic, M. (2010). A review of bottom-up building stock models for energy consumption in the residential sector. Building and Environment. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.01.021.
34. Koomey, J. G. (2000). Avoiding ‘the big mistake’in forecasting technology adoption. Conference paper for Energex Conference. Available at: http://enduse.lbl.gov/Info/LBNL-45383.pdf.
35. Koopmans, C. C., & te Velde, D. W. (2001). Bridging the energy efficiency gap: using bottom-up information in a top-down energy demand model. Energy Economics. doi:10.1016/S0140-9883(00)00054-2.
36. Levine, M., Ürge-Vorsatz, D., Blok, K., Geng, L., Harvey, D., Lang, S., Levermore, G., Mongameli Mehlwana, A., Mirasgedis, S., Novikova, A., Rilling, J., & Yoshino, H. (2007). Residential and commercial buildings. In B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds.), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
37. Mata, É., Sasic Kalagasidis, A., & Johnsson, F. (2013a). A modelling strategy for energy, carbon, and cost assessments of building stocks. Energy and Buildings. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.09.037.
38. Mata, E., Sasic Kalagasidis, A., & Johnsson, F. (2013b). Energy usage and potential for energy saving measures in Swedish households. Energy Policy. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.023.
39. Mata, E., Sasic Kalagasidis, A., & Johnsson, F. (2014). Cost-effective retrofitting of Swedish residential buildings: effects of energy price developments and discount rates. Energy Efficiency, doi: 10.1007/s12053-014-9287-1.
40. Mattsson, B. (2011). Costs for reducing the energy demand in the Swedish building stock according to national energy targets. Report. Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning. Available at: http://www.boverket.se/Global/Om_Boverket/Dokument/about_boverket/betsi_study/energy.pdf.
41. Mundaca, L., Neij, L., Worrell, E., & McNeil, M. (2010). Evaluating energy efficiency policies with energy-economy models. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-052810-164840.
42. Nadel, S., & Keating, K., (1991). Engineering estimates vs. impact evaluation results: how do they compare and why? Research Report U915. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy: Washington, D.C. Available from: http://www.aceee.org/research-report/u915.
43. NBHBP, (2009). Så mår våra hus [This is how our house feels. Report of government task on buildings physical charachteristics]. Redovisning av regeringsuppdrag beträffande byggnaders tekniska utformning m.m. Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (NBHBP, Boverket in Swedish), Karlskrona, Sweden. In Swedish.
44. NBHBP, (2010). Energi i bebyggelsen—tekniska egenskaper och beräkningar [Energy in buildings—technical features and calculations]. Resultat från projektet BETSI. Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (NBHBP, Boverket in Swedish), Karlskrona, Sweden. In Swedish.
45. NBHBP, (2013). Optimala kostnader för energieffektivisering—underlag enligt Europaparlamentets och rådets direktiv 2010/31/EU ombyggnaders energiprestanda, Slutrapport Rapport 2013:2 [Cost-optimality for energy efficiency, report carried out for EPBD recast], REGERINGSUPPDRAG N2012/2823/E. Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (NBHBP, Boverket in Swedish), Karlskrona, Sweden. In Swedish.
46. Nordhaus, W. D. (1991). The cost of slowing climate change: a survey. The Energy Journal. doi:10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol12-No1-4.
47. Nyboer J. (1997). Simulating evolution of technology: an aid to energy policy analysis. Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Simon Frasier University, Canada. Available at: http://www.emrg.sfu.ca/media/publications/1997/Thesis.pdf
48. Nässén, J., Sprei, F., & Holmberg, J. (2008). Stagnating energy efficiency in the Swedish building sector—economic and organisational explanations. Energy Policy. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.07.018.
49. Ó Broin, E., Mata, E., Göransson, A., & Johnsson, F. (2013). The effect of improved efficiency on energy savings in EU-27 buildings. Energy. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.016.
50. Ó Broin E., Nässén, J., Johnsson F. (2015). The influence of price and non-price effects on demand for heating in the EU residential sector. Energy, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.003
51. Odyssee Database, (2009). Odyssee Database. Enerdata, Grenoble, France. Available from: http://www.odyssee-indicators.org/
52. OPEC, (2010). Opec Monthly Oil Report. Available from: http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/publications/338.htm.
53. Persson, A., Göransson, A., Gudbjerg, E. (2008). Bridge over troubled water—spanning the energy efficiency gap, ECEEE Summer Study Proceedings. Available from: http://www.eceee.org/library/conference_proceedings/eceee_Summer_Studies
54. Profu, (2013). Beräkningar av nettovärme i redovisningsverktyget HEFTIG [Calculations of Useful Energy Demand using the HEFTIG auditing tool]. Profu Consultancy, Mölndal, 43134 Sweden. In Swedish.
55. Rivers, N., & Jaccard, M. (2005). Combining top-down and bottom-up approaches to energy-economy modeling using discrete choice methods. The Energy Journal. doi:10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol26-No1-4.
56. Sanstad, A. H., & Greening, L. A. (1998). Economic models for climate policy analysis: a critical discussion. Environmental Modeling & Assessment. doi:10.1023/A:1019002620369.
57. Schipper, L. (2010). Personal correspondence with author.
58. Sorrell, S., O'Malley, E., Schleich, J., & Scott, S. (2004). The economics of energy efficiency: barriers to cost-effective investments. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
59. SOU 2008:110, (2008). Vägen till ett energieffektivare Sverige [The road to a more energy efficient Sweden], Statens Offentliga Utredningar [Public enquiry]. In Swedish.
60. Summerfield, A. J., & Lowe, R. (2012). Challenges and future directions for energy and buildings research. Building Research & Information. doi:10.1080/09613218.2012.693839.
61. Swedish Energy Agency, (2009). Mätning av kall-och varmvattenanvändning i 44 hushåll [Measurement of cold and warm water use in 44 households] - Delrapport i Swedish Energy Agencyens projekt Förbättrad energistatistik i bebyggelsen och industrin, ER 2009:26. Eskilstuna, Sweden. In Swedish.
62. Swedish Energy Agency, (2011). Facts and figures—energy in Sweden 2011. Report. Swedish Energy Agency. Available at: http://www.energimyndigheten.se/Global/Engelska/Facts%20and%20figures/Energy%20in%20Sweden%20facts%20and%20figures%202011%20updated%2020120514.pdf.
63. Thunman, H. (2014). Personal correspondence with author.
64. Train, K. (1985). Discount rates in consumers’ energy-related decisions: a review of the literature. Energy. doi:10.1016/0360-5442(85)90135-5.
65. Tsvetanov, T., & Segerson, K. (2013). Re-evaluating the role of energy efficiency standards: a behavioral economics approach. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2013.04.006.
66. SVEP (2013). Värmepumpförsäljningen i Sverige 1981-2012 [Sales of Heat-pumps in Sweden 1981-2012]. SVEP Information & Service AB, 11853 Stockholm, Sweden. In Swedish.
67. Swan, L. G., & Ugursal, V. I. (2009). Modeling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: a review of modeling techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2008.09.033.
68. Wilson, D., & Swisher, J. (1993). Exploring the gap. Top-down versus bottom-up analyses of the cost of mitigating global warming. Energy Policy. doi:10.1016/0301-4215(93)90247-D.
69. Ürge-Vorsatz, D., & Novikova, A. (2008). Potentials and costs of carbon dioxide mitigation in the world’s buildings. Energy Policy. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.009.
70. Weber, L. (1997). Some reflections on barriers to the efficient use of energy. Energy Policy. doi:10.1016/S0301-4215(97)00084-0.
71. Wilk, R. R., & Wilhite, H. L. (1985). Why don’t people weatherize their homes? An ethnographic solution. Energy. doi:10.1016/0360-5442(85)90093-3.
72. Yang, W., & Kohler, N. (2008). Simulation of the evolution of the Chinese building and infrastructure stock. Building Research & Information. doi:10.1080/09613210701702883.