The role of attachment in recovery after a school-shooting trauma

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

Volumn 5, Issue SUPPL, 2014, Pages

  Turunen, Tuija ^a,b   Haravuori, Henna ^c,d   Punamäk, Raija Leena ^b   Suomalainen, Laura ^c,d   Marttunen, Mauri ^c,d  

^a South Ostrobothnia Hospital District   (Finland)

^b TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Finland)

^c NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^d HELSINKI UNIVERSITY CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

Attachment style; Dissociation; Posttraumatic growth; Posttraumatic stress symptoms; School violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 84942298229     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20008066     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v5.22728     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate.
2. Armstrong, J. R., Putnam, F. W., Carlson, E. B., Libero, D. Z., & Smith, S. R. (1997). Development and validation of a measure of adolescent dissociation: The Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 491-497.
3. Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 727-735.
4. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss (Vol. 1). Attachment (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books (Original work published 1969).
5. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss. (Vol. 3). Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
6. Boxer, P., & Sloan-Power, E. (2013). Coping with violence: A comprehensive framework and implications for understanding resilience. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 14, 209-221.
7. Calamari, E., & Pini, M. (2003). Dissociative experiences and anger proneness in late adolescent females with different attachment styles. Adolescence, 38, 287-303.
8. Crittenden, P. (1997). Toward an integrative theory of trauma: A dynamic-maturational approach. In D. C. S. Toth (Ed.), The Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 10. Risk, Trauma, and Mental Processes (pp. 34-84). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
9. Crittenden, P. (2000). Attachment and psychopathology. In R. M. S. Goldberg, & J. Kerr (Eds.), Attachment theory: Social, developmental, and clinical perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
10. Feeney, J., Noller, P., & Hanharan, M. (1994). Assessing adult attachment. In M. Sperling, & H. Berrnan (Eds.), Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives (pp. 128-152). New York, NY: Guilford.
11. Fraley, R. C., Fazzari, D. A., Bonnano, G. A., & Dekel, S. (2006). Attachment and psychological adaptation in high exposure survivors of the September 11th attack on the World Trade Center. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 538-551.
12. Horowitz, M. J., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of event scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.
13. Hughes, M., Brymer, M., Chiu, W. T., Fairbank, J. A., Jones, R. T., Pynoos, R. S., et al. (2011). Posttraumatic stress among students after the shootings at Virginia Tech. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3, 403-411.
14. Kanninen, K., Punamäki, R-L., & Qouta, S. (2003a). Personality and trauma: Adult attachment and posttraumatic distress among former political prisoners. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 9, 97-126.
15. Kanninen, K., Qouta, S., & Punamäki, R-L. (2003b). Adult attachment and emotional responses to traumatic memories among Palestinian former political prisoners. Traumatology, 9, 15-26.
16. Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Van der Hart, O., Van Ochten, J. M., Van Son, M. J., Steele, K., & Breeman, L. (2008). Relations among peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1138-1151.
17. Littleton, H., Grills-Taquechel, A., & Axsom, D. (2009). Resource loss as a predictor of posttrauma symptoms among college women following the mass shooting in Virginia Tech. Violence and Victims, 24, 669-686.
18. Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Weller, A. (1993). Attachment styles, coping strategies, and post- traumatic psychological distress: The impact of the GulfWar in Israel. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 817-826.
19. Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Hores, N. (2006). Attachment bases on emotion regulation and posttraumatic adjustment. In D. K. Snyder, J. A. Simpson, & J. N. Hughes (Eds.), Emotion regulation in families: Pathways to dysfunction and health (pp. 77-99).Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
20. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2010). Attachment in adulthood. Structure, Dynamics, and Change. New York, NY: Guildford press.
21. Nilsson, D., Holmqvist, R., & Johnsson, M. (2011). Self-reported attachment style, trauma exposure and dissociative symptoms among adolescents. Attachment & Human Development, 13, 579-595.
22. O'Connor, M., & Elklit, A. (2008). Attachment styles, traumatic events, and PTSD: A cross-sectional investigation of adult attachment and trauma. Attachment & Human Development, 10, 59-71.
23. Salo, J. A., Qouta, S., & Punamäki, R-L. (2005). Adult attachment, posttraumatic growth and negative emotions among former political prisoners. Anxiety, Stress, Coping, 18, 361-378.
24. Solomon, Z., Dekel, R., & Mikulincer, M. (2008). Complex trauma of war captivity: A prospective study of attachment and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1427-1434.
25. Sroufe, L. A., Carlson, E. A., Levy, A. K., & Egeland, B. (1999). Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 1-13.
26. Suomalainen, L., Haravuori, H., Berg, N., Kiviruusu, O., & Marttunen, M. (2010). A controlled follow-up study of adolescents exposed to school shooting psychological consequences after 4 months. European Psychiatry, doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.07.007
27. Taku, K., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2008). A factor structure of the posttraumatic growth inventory: A comparison of five models using confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 158-164.
28. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455-471.
29. Tolmunen, T., Maaranen, P., Hintikka, J., Kylmää, J., Rissanen, M. L., Honkalampi, K., et al. (2007). Dissociation in general population of Finnish adolescents. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 195, 614-617.
30. Van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E., & Steele, K. (2006). The haunted self: Structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic traumatisation. New York: Norton & Company Inc.