Slave codes and judicial practice in new orleans, 1718–1807

Law and History Review

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 1995, Pages 23-62

  Ingersoll, Thomas N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84942092538     PISSN: 07382480     EISSN: 19399022     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/743955     Document Type: Article

References (226)

1. The Law of Slaves: A Comparative Study of the Roman and Louisiana Systems, Tulane Law Review, 1940, 14, 384-406, Published works on the legal condition of slaves in early Louisiana include Leonard Oppenheim
2. G.T. Joe, Gray Taylor, Negro Slavery In Louisiana, 1963, New York
3. The Tannenbaum Thesis Reconsidered: Slavery and Race Relations in Antebellum Louisiana, C.R. David, C. Rankin, 1979, 18, 5-31, Southern Studies Spring
4. Slave Policies in French Louisiana, M. Allain, Mathe, Louisiana History, 21-1980, 127–137
5. The Administration of Slave Regulations in French Louisiana, 1724-1766, A.B. Carl, A. Brasseaux, Louisiana History, 1980, 21, 139–158
6. The Law of Slavery in Spanish Luisiana, W.B. Hans, W. Baade, Louisiana's Legal Heritage, 1983, 43-86, ed. Edward F. Haas and Robert R. Macdonald (Pensacola, Fla.
7. The Long Arm of the Law: Slave Criminals and the Supreme Court in Antebellum Louisiana, K.S. Judith, Kelleher Schafer, Tulane Law Review, 1986, 60, 1247–1268
8. Free Blacks in a Slave Society: New Orleans, 1718-1812, N.I. Thomas, N. Ingersoll, William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 1991, 48, 173–200
9. A History of French Louisiana, M. Giraud, Marcel, The Company of the Indies, 1723–1731, 1991, 5, 318-329, Baton Rouge, La.
10. The Tannenbaum Thesis Reconsidered, Rankin, 14
11. P. Emilien, Petit, Traite sur le Gouvernement des Esclaves, 1777, 2-1, 1-9, see Paris
12. Slavery in Virginia, 1619-1660: A Reexamination, M. Robert, McColley, New Perspectives on Race and Slavery in America: Essays in Honor of Kenneth M. Stampp, 1986, See also ed. Robert H. Abzug and Stephen E. Maizlish
13. Las Siete Purtidas, trans, P.S. Samuel, P. Scott, 1931, Chicago
14. Recopilacion de Leyes de Los Reynos de Las Indias, 2, 360-370, 4th ed. (Madrid
15. Slave and Citizen, Tannenbaum, 62–65
16. Patterns of Race in the Americas, H. Marvin, Harris, 1964, 70-96, Critics include New York
17. Interpretations of Slavery: The Slave Status in the Americas, A.S. Arnold, A. Sio, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 1965, 7, 289–308
18. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture, D.B. Davis, David B., 1966, 223-288, Ithaca, N.Y.
19. Social Control in Slave Plantation Societies: A Comparison of St. Domingue and Cuba, G. Midlo Hall, Gwendolyn, 1971, Baltimore
20. Whither the Comparative History of Slavery?, D.W. Darold, D. Wax, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 80-1972, 89-93, several writers in Robert B. Toplin, ed., Slavery and Race Relations in Latin America (Westport, Ct., 1974)
21. The Manumission of Slaves in Colonial Brazil: Bahia, 1684-1745, B.S. Stuart, B. Schwartz, Hispanic American Historical Review, 1974, 54, 603–635
22. The Rise and Fall of Black Slavery, C. Duncan Rice, 1976, 63-101, Baton Rouge, La. 266–87
23. The Tannenbaum Thesis Reconsidered, Rankin
24. Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America, B.N. Gary, B. Nash, 1982, 152-163, 2d ed. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.
25. Villeinage. as it existed in England, reflects but little light on our subject’: The Problem of the Sources’ of the Slave Law, T.D. Morris, Thomas D. The American Journal of Legal History, 1988, 32, 95-137, For the most recent attempt to pursue the Roman remnants in New World slave law, see Alan Watson, Slave Law in the Americas (Athens, Ga., 1989). For an argument that the slave law of the United States owes little to Roman or civil law, see
26. Free to Enslave: The Foundations of Colonial American Slave Law, J.A. Bush, Jonathan A. Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities, 1993, 5, 417-470, For a fine essay demonstrating that the origin of Anglo-American slave law lies in the peculiar constitutional status of the British colonies, see
27. the wholesale reception of Roman slave law, 425, Nonetheless, the analysis adopts the mistaken assumption that the slave laws of other colonies resulted from
28. system of slavery, was intermediate between the two extremes represented by the most severe (the Dutch) and the least severe (the Portuguese); see Slave and Citizen, 65, In a footnote, he suggests that the French
29. Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen, trans. Anne Carter, G. Pierre, Goubert, 1972, 79-172, For the context of the times, see New York
30. Louis XIV, J.B. Wolf, John B., 1968, 182-425, New York
31. Loix et Constitutions des Colonies Francoises de TAmerique sous le Vent, M. Moreau, Mederic, 6, 1-13, de Saint éry see Paris
32. L'Esclavage aux Antilles Francaises avant 1789 d'apres des Documents Inedits des Archives Coloniales, L. Peytraud, Lucien, 1897, 150-157, Paris Peytraud grants that the code could claim to be a humane milestone of sorts, regardless of its authors’ intentions
33. Histoire de la Louisiane Francaise, M. Giraud, Marcel, L'Epoque de John Law, 1966, 3, 1717-1720, Paris
34. J.M. Price, Jacob M. France and the Chesapeake: A History of the French Tobacco Monopoly, 1674–1791, and of Its Relationship to the British and American Tobacco Trades, 1973, 2-1, 196-220, Ann Arbor, Mich 302–28
35. trans. and comp, G.R. Conrad, Glenn R. The First Families of Louisiana, 1970, 1, 57-64, Baton Rouge, La. The community of New Orleans was coextensive with the parish surrounding Saint Louis Church in the eighteenth century, encompassing the major plantation region of lower Louisiana
36. Memoir on the Condition of Louisiana, Archives Nationales, Archives des Colonies, C13A, 256, c. 30 for a census of Louisiana in which “New Orleans” is defined as the region lying between German Coast and the mouth of the Mississippi River. None of the many other population estimates for this community are based on this, its members’ own contemporary definition. The village denoted by cartographers as “Nouvelle Orleans” was the hub of a system of closely integrated plantation neighborhoods, none of which had institutional autonomy.
37. Traite sur le Gouvernement des Esclaves, Petit, 1, 99-104, Recueils de Reglemens 2:111-28; see also for the nine articles he believed to be significantly different from the code of 1685
38. History of Louisiana, G. Charles, Gayarre, 1965, 4, Gretna, La. 2:appendix
39. W. Lee Rose, Willie, A Documentary History of Slavery in North America, 1976, 178-196, see New York
40. Histoire de l'Esclavage dans les Colonies Francaises, G. Martin, Gaston, 1948, 27-29, Paris
41. As for the sabbatarian clause, in 1686 the crown rescinded the restriction in Articles 6 and 7 of the 1685 code, in response to planters’ protest on this point, in order to permit them to send slaves to market on Sundays and holidays; see Petit, Traite sur le Gouvernement des Esclaves, 1, 30-31, The 1724 code takes the responsibility for Christianizing slaves out of the hands of officials and puts it in the hands of the planters (Article 2 in both codes), which would give planters greater power to decide whether or not to permit or engage in an activity many of them regarded as dangerous.
42. Slave Law in the Americas, 86, Watson's assertion that the slaves in French colonies lacked this right in contrast to those under Spanish law is incorrect; see
43. masters, whereas Article 38 of the 1724 code has “our subjects of any status,” which would appear to be a technical improvement in favor of slaves., In the code of 1685 the corresponding clause on corporal discipline (Article 42) specifies If so, it is the only one and a minor one.
44. P. Garmon, Pierre, 29-1737, June Louisiana Historical Collection, Louisiana State Museum, Old Mint, New Orleans, concerning his imprisonment of the runaway Jeanneton; see also Declaration by Garmon, August 23, 1736, in which he nullifies his provisional emancipation of Jeanneton, presumably explaining her behavior the following summer, when she threatened to declare that she was pregnant by him and ran away.
45. The Influence of the Roman Catholic Church on Slavery in Colonial Louisiana under French Domination, 1718-1763, 1979, 1725, 65-96, Archives des Colonies, C13A, c. 8, fols. 402-3v. Sister Mary Veronica Miceli Ph.D. diss., Tulane University
46. Archives des Colonies, Justin Girod-Chantrans, Voyage d'un Suisse dans Differentes Colonies d'Amerique pendant la Dernibre Guerre, 1785, 264-1736, 195-201, Cl 4, c. 16 Neuchatel
47. Les Esclaves aux Antilles Francoises, XVIIe-XVIIIe Sitcles, G. Debien, Gabriel, 1974, 268, 249-260, Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe and Fort de France, Martinique
48. L'Esclavage aux Antilles Francoises, Peytraud, 190-94; Arlette Gautier, Les Soeurs de Solitude: La Condition Feminine dans L'Esclavage aux Antilles du XVIIe au XIXe Sitcle, 1985, 138-142, Paris
49. Saint-Domingue: La Societe et la Vie Creoles sous l'Ancien Regime, 1629–1789, P., de Vaissiere, Pierre, 1909, 205-212, Paris
50. Archives des Colonies, 331-352, see Cl 3A, c. 43, fols
51. 24, The corresponding article in the code of 1685 is number
52. L.V. Geula, Lange v., 1737, For representative examples, see January 4 and 10
53. Histoire de I'Esclavage, Martin, 29
54. Traite sur le Gouvernement des Esclaves, Petit, see
55. The Administration of Slave Regulations in French Louisiana, M.V. Gaullas, Merveilleux V., 1727, 149-150, Louisiana Historical Collection. Brasseaux presents this case as an instance of enforcement of the Code Noir in but the judges sought merely to protect the interests of the slaveowner from harm and did not punish Gaullas for inhumanity to the slave. For examples of judicial mutilation
56. Louisiana Historical Collection, 1764, sentence of August 31 for torture
57. trans. Laura Porteous, Louisiana Historical Quarterly, L.V. Temba, Lebreton V., 1925, 8, 5-22, June 1 sentence of June 9
58. Louisiana Historical Collection, J. Maison, Joseph, 1765, see the Petition of December 6
59. Louisiana Historical Collection, C.-M. Dela-lande, Charles-Marie, 1765, December 16 that he has obtained permission from his female slave to exchange her son for a little boy belonging to another master;
60. Louisiana Historical Collection, J. LePage, Joseph, 1769, December 11 that he is freeing a prepubescent boy because he separated him from his mother by purchase. In all three cases the master took the unusual step of citing the Code Noir as the reason for his action
61. Les Soeurs de Solitude, Gautier, 142–145
62. The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925, H.G. Gutman, Herbert G., 1977, 347-351, On marriage in the English colonies, see New York
63. Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800, A. Kulikoff, Allan, 1986, 352-380, Chapel Hill, N.C.
64. Ar'n't IA Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South, D. Gray White, Deborah, 1987, 97–110, 142-160, New York
65. Louisiana Historical Collection, R. Bernard, Raphael, V. Cadot, 1724, For the travails of a literate free black immigrant from France, see May 9
66. Louisiana Historical Collection, B.V. Du-manoir, Bernard V., 1724, July 26 and September 20
67. Louisiana Historical Collection, 1747, State v. Jeannette [Connard?], April 8 the indictment included a vague charge of theft. For a unique and neglected comparative legal study of free blacks
68. A. Lebeau, Auguste, De la Condition des Gens de Couleur Libres sous l'Ancien Regime d'aprts des Documents des Archives Coloniales, 1903, see Paris
69. Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South, I. Berlin, Ira, 1974, 110, New York
70. A.J.T. Bonnemain, Le Code Noir, 207, in 1792, cited in Sala-Molins
71. Voyage, Girod-Chantrans, 130-136, For discussions of physical treatment of slaves in other French colonies, see
72. L'Esclavage aux Antilles Francaises, Peytraud, 213–288
73. Saint-Domingue, Vaissiere, 165–205
74. Les Esclaves aux Antilles Franqaises, Debien, 75–248
75. L'Esclavage aux Antilles Franqaises, XVIIe-XIXe Siècle, A. Gisler, Antoine, 1981, 77-127, Paris
76. Histoire de la Martinique depuis la Colonisation jusqu'en 1815, S. Daney, Sidney, 1963, 3-1846, 90-93, Fort-Royal, Mart.
77. The Administration of Slave Regulations in French Louisiana, Brasseaux, 153, For a different view, see
78. Archives des Colonies, 1683, 9, see census of April 12 C8B, c. 17
79. Les Soeurs de Solitude, Gautier, 72-73, see also
80. L'Esclavage aux Antilles Francises, Peytraud, 196–208
81. Les Affranchissements aux Antilles Francises aux XVIIe et XVIIIe Sifccles, G. Debien, Gabriel, Anuario de Estudios Americanos, 1967, 24, 1177–1181
82. Les Soeurs de Solitude, Gautier, 151–181
83. Archives des Colonies, 1741, 187-87, see Father Panier to Secretary of State Maurepas, September 25 Cl 4, c. 18
84. Voyage, Girod-Chantrans, 180-186, For other French colonies see
85. De la Condition des Gens de Couleur Libres, Lebeau, 90–95
86. Description Topographique, Physique, Civile, Politique, et Historique de la Partie Franqaise de I'Isle Saint-Domingue, M., de Saint-Mery, Moreau, 3
87. B. Maurel, Blanche, E. Taillemite, Etienne, 1958, 1-1797, 83-85, Paris 103–11
88. L'Esclavage aux Antilles Francoises, Pieytraud, 406–420
89. Saint-Domingue, Vaissiére, 63-65, 75–77
90. Les Gens de Couleur Libres du Fort-Royal, 1679-1823, E. Hayot, Revue Franqaise dWstoire d'Outre-Mer, 1969, 56, 77–81
91. Les Soeurs de Solitude, Gautier, 157
92. Slavery, War, and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793–1798, D.P. Geggus, David P., 1982, 19-22, Oxford
93. Spain in the Mississippi Valley, L. Kinnaird, Lawrence, 1946, 1765–1794, 196, Washington, D.C. pt. 1
94. G. Midlo Hall, Gwendolyn, Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century, 1992, 239, see Baton Rouge, La.
95. Africans in Colonial Louisiana, Hall, 239-242, For a different view, see
96. The Free People of Color in Louisiana and St. Domingue: A Comparative Portrait of Two Three-Caste Slave Societies, L. Foner, Laura, Journal of Social History, 1970, 3-414, 410–411
97. Slaves Without Masters, Berlin, 108–110
98. Slave and Citizen, 55–56, 74–79
99. The Law of Slavery in Spanish Lu-isiana, Baade, 50, 53
100. The Implementation of Slave Legislation in Eighteenth-Century New Grenada, N.A. Meiklejohn, Norman A. Toplin, Slavery and Race Relations in Latin America, 185-186, For a rejoinder to Tannenbaum on this point, see
101. Slave Law in the Americas, Watson, 89
102. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made, E.D. Genovese, Eugene D., 1974, 29–31, 535-540, New York
103. An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States of America, T.R.R. Cobb, Thomas R. R., 1858, 2-1, 235-239, For a good short discussion, see Philadelphia
104. The African Slave in Colonial Peru, F. Bowser, Frederick, 1974, 1524–1650, 278-282, shows that although slaves in Spanish colonies were permitted to possess property with the objective of purchasing freedom, they had no absolute right to peculium. Bowser Stanford
105. Louisiana Historical Quarterly, 1921, 4-1727, 222, Will of Francois Desherbois, July 13
106. Louisiana Historical Collection, 1738, Will of Calixte Descairac, September 7
107. Louisiana Historical Collection, 1739, Will of Louise Fellerin, August 8
108. De la Condition des Gens de Couleur Litres, Lebeau, 114–120
109. Free Persons of Color in Colonial Louisiana, D.E. Everett, Donald E. Louisiana History, 1966, 7, 21-50, At this and several other points in this article the analysis is at odds with that of in which the author presents French slave law in a much more favorable light
110. J. Darby, Jonathas, J. Mingo, John, 1727, For the most striking case, in which a unique slave who escaped overland from South Carolina to New Orleans was declared to be free and permitted to purchase a slave to be his wife, on the payment of installments of tobacco, see Contract of November 28
111. Louisiana Historical Collection, Chavannes, Mingo, 1729, Contract of October 21
112. Louisiana Historical Collection, M.V. Darby, Mingo V., 1730, November 21 and 25
113. Louisiana Historical Collection, 1738, Will of Jacques Coustilhas, August 26
114. Archives des Colonies, 1751, 39, 52, Regulations of Police for the Province of Louisiana, February 18 C13A, c. 35
115. History of Louisiana, 2, 361-367, Gayarre provides a partial and frequently unreliable paraphrase of the code in English in his
116. Archivo General de Indias, Audiencia de Santo Domingo, 1, 26, This population Jigure is based on the Census by Governors Ulloa and Aubry, May leg. 2585
117. Revolt in Louisiana: The Spanish Occupation, J.P. Moore, John P., 1976, 1766–1770, Baton Rouge, La
118. Alejandro O'Reilly and the New Orleans Rebels, D.K. Texada, David K., 1970, Lafayette, La.
119. Archives des Colonies, 69, C13A, c. 49 which was published as a broadside. It was the first decree by O'Reilly after he finished securing an oath of fidelity from the inhabitants;
120. Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, Manuscritos, see Proclamations of August 21, 23, and 27 leg. 19246, “Luisiana.”
121. The Implementation of Slave Legislation in Eighteenth-Century New Grenada, Meiklejohn, Toplin, Slavery and Race Relations in Latin America, 176-203, For the best introductions to the Recopilacion de Leyes de Los Reynos de Las Indias, see
122. Negro Slavery in Latin America, trans. J. W. S. Judge, R. Mellafe, Rolando, 1975, 100-106, Berkeley
123. The Rise and Fall of Black Slavery, Rice, 66-67, See also where he notes that research into the application of these laws is practically nonexistent
124. Courts and Law in Colonial Louisiana, H.P. Dart, Henry P., 1921, 35ff, New Orleans especially
125. The Place of the Civil Law in Louisiana, Tulane Law Review, 4, 163-177, idem
126. History of Louisiana, Gayarre, 3, 8-19, On the history of the publication and dissemination of the Recopilacion between 1680 and 1791
127. Historia de las Recopilaciones de Indias, J. Manzano, Juan, 1991, 2-2, 357-418, Manzano 3d ed. (Madrid
128. Alejandro OReilly en las Indias, B. Torres-Ramirez, Bibiano, 1969, 203-225, For O'Reilly's code, see Seville
129. The Law of Slavery in Spanish Luisiana, Baade, 53, See, for example
130. Free Blacks in a Slave Society, 183-184, Ingersoll
131. Avenues to Freedom Open to New Orleans’ Black Population, 1769-1779, K.S. Hanger, Kimberly S. Louisiana History, 1990, 31, 237-264, see also Publication of the policy would have been an open and dangerous invitation to all slaves to seek emancipation
132. Alejandro O'Reilly en las Indias, Torres-Ramirez, 18–88
133. Myne One Ground, T.H. Breen, S. Innes, Stephen, Race and Freedom on Virginia's Eastern Shore, 1980, 72-79, See, for example New York
134. Barbados, J.S. Handler, Jerome S. A.A. Sio, Arnold A. Neither Slave Nor Free: The Freedmen of African Descent in the Slave Societies of the New World, 1972, 225-226, ed. David W. Cohen and Jack P. Greene Baltimore
135. Louisiana Historical Collection, 24-1787, Petition of Diana, January
136. The Gradual Integration of the Black in Cuba: Under the Colony, the Republic, and the Revolution, M. Masferrer, Marianne, C. Mesa-Lago, Carmelo, Toplin, Slavery and Race Relations in Latin America, 356, Slaves and free blacks constituted 23.7 and 19.9 percent, respectively, of the population of Cuba in 1791; see
137. Alejandro O'Reilly en las Indias, Torres-Ramirez, 22–23
138. Louisiana Historical Collection, Catherine, 1773, Petition of June 25
139. Louisiana Historical Collection, M.-L. Saly, Marie-Louise, 1781, Petition of January 23
140. Louisiana Historical Collection, Petition of Isidore, 1788, March 15
141. The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 110, 278–82, 301-325, Particularly concise on anti-black attitudes and the insecure position of free blacks in Spanish America are Bowser
142. Rout, The African Experience in Spanish America, 87–93
143. Alejandro O'Reilly en las Indias, Torres-Ramirez, 138–41, 145-146, The policy was new only in its formality, for French administrators had employed armed free blacks in a military capacity in the past
144. Negro Troops of Antebellum Louisiana: A History of the Battalion of Free Men of Color, R.C. McConnell, Roland C., 1968, 5-32, see Baton Rouge
145. Slave and Citizen, Tannenbaum, 73, 49–52
146. Louisiana Historical Collection, 1779, For a rare exception, see Manuel de Lanzos v. Pierre Santilly, December 11
147. Code Noir ou Loi Municipale Servant de Reglement pour le Gouvernement, 1779, New Orleans Debates of February 19, 26, and March 1
148. Copia Fiel de las Actas Originales del Cabildo, 1769–1803, 4-1, 266-269, transcriptions by the Works Progress Administration deposited in New Orleans Public Library
149. Alejandro O'Reilly en las Indias, Torres-Ramirez, 187-202, The New Orleans cabildo was even less powerful than those of older Spanish-American colonies
150. The Spanish Empire in America, C.H. Haring, 1947, 147-165, see New York
151. Code Noir ou Loi Municipale, 2
152. Louisiana Historical Collection, 15-1774, Charles-Joseph Loppinot v. Jean Villeneuve, April
153. Rout, The African Experience in Spanish America, 140–45, 156-159, Local studies bear out Rout's conclusion that marriages between blacks and whites were unusual because of white prejudice
154. Marriage Patterns of Persons of African Descent in a Colonial Mexico City Parish, E.F. Love, Edgar F. Hispanic American Historical Review, 1971, 51, 79-91, See
155. Modeling Social Interaction: Marital Miscegenation in Colonial Spanish America, R. McCaa, Robert, Historical Methods, 1982, 15, 45-66, Investigations of the limpieza de sangre of prospective white spouses are found scattered throughout the Louisiana archives in this period, showing the prejudice against anyone whose “blood” was tainted by ancestry from “Moors, Jews, Mulattoes, or Indians.”
156. Louisiana Historical Collection, W. Marguerite, Wiltz, 1776, February 7 About 200 of the 1,330 freedom purchases recorded between 1769 and 1810 were paid for by white men who were probably related to the manumitttee by parental or affectionate ties
157. Free Blacks in a Slave Society, Ingersoll, 188
158. Madeleine, see Canelle V. Louis Beaurepos, January 20
159. Code Noir ou Loi Municipale, 3
160. Slave and Citizen, Tannenbaum, 49
161. Slavery in the Americas, Klein, 62, Only two rare appeals can be found in New Orleans, both dating from the early tenure of a Spanish governor who had acquired an unwarranted reputation for favoring the supposed rights of slaves
162. Louisiana Historical Collection, 1793, See Petition of Charlotte, February 27
163. Louisiana Historical Collection, 1793, Petition of Philippe, June 7
164. The Law of Slavery in Spanish Luisiana, Baade, 65–66
165. Cimarrones and the San Malo Band, Din, 255, 243–244
166. 2, 365-370, or Book VII, Title 5, for the whole array of laws on maroons
167. microfilm copy in The Historic New Orleans Collection, 1189, 1197, 3, 643-652, New Orleans; see also Konetzke, Colleccion de Doc-umentos para la Historia de la Formacidn Social de Hispanoamerica On the background, including the influence of the French Code Noir, and the trial version of the code written for Santo Domingo in 1784
168. Javier Malagon Barcelo, Codigo Negro Carolino, 1784, 1974, see Santo Domingo, Dom. Rep.
169. L'Afrique aux Ameriques: Le Code Noir espagnol, L. Sala-Molins, Louis, 1992, Paris which includes a French translation of the code of 1784
170. The C6digo Negrero of 1789: Its Background and its Reverberations, H.-J. Konig, Hans-Joachim, Slavery in the Americas, 1993, 141-150, See also ed. Wolfgang Binder (Wurzburg
171. Slavery in the Americas, Klein, 79
172. Les Esclaves aux Antilles Francises, Debien, 471-495, see
173. White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812, W.D. Jordan, Winthrop D., 1968, 346, 348, 365-372, Chapel Hill
174. Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation: Black Slaves and the British Empire, A Thematic Documentary, M. Craton, Michael, J. Walvin, James, D. Wright, David, 1976, 181, 186-190, London
175. Slavery in the Americas, Klein, 78–79
176. Los Negros Esclavos, F. Ortiz, Fernando, 1975, 329-330, 1916; reprint Havana
177. The African Experience in Spanish America, Rout, 84
178. The Spanish Empire in America, Haring, 203-205, The first act in a series that would establish free trade in African slaves was declared on February 28, 1789, and the Codigo Negro followed on May 31
179. Los Negros Esclavos, Ortiz, 329–35, 408–415
180. Actas Originates del Cabildo, 1790, 3-2, 90-91, Cabildo Minutes, February 26
181. Luisiana, 1790, 167-74v, Appeal by the Cabildo, July 23 Biblioteca Nacional, leg. 19248
182. Audiencia de Santo Do-mingo, 1790, 116-116v, Endorsement by the Governor, July 23 leg. 2554
183. Negro Slavery in Latin America, 106-111, Mellafe
184. Slave Society in Cuba during the Nineteenth Century, F.W. Knight, Franklin W., 1970, 11, 125-126, Madison
185. Slavery in the Americas, Klein, 84–85
186. Having received the most exact orders from the Court, 892, 893, 1792, Archivo General de Indias, Papeles Procedentes de Cuba, Microfilm copy in The Historic New Orleans Collection, leg. 18 This directive comprised a mere six articles
187. Creation of a Slave Society: Louisiana Plantations in the Eighteenth Century, J.T. McGowan, James T., 1976, 296-311, Ph.D. diss., University of Rochester for a different view
188. Slave Law in the Americas, Watson, 57-58, The importance of local conditions elsewhere is stressed or implied in discussions by
189. Social Control in Slave Plantation Societies, Hall, 89–107
190. The African Experience in Spanish America, Rout, 81–87
191. 1795, Cabildo Minutes, April 25
192. Actas Originales del Cabildo, 4-1, 2-42, passim
193. Africans in Colonial Louisiana, Hall, 343–374
194. Movimientos Rebeldes de los Esclavos Negros durante el Domino Espahol en Luisiana, J. Juan, Jose, O. Andreu, Ocariz, 1977, 117-138, Spain
195. Coleccion de varios documentos para la historia de la Florida y tierras adyacentes, II, 1795, 1-17, Biblioteca Nacional, leg. 19509 for a reliable English translation
196. A Decree for Louisiana, Louisiana Historical Quarterly, 1937, 30-1795, 590-605, see June 1
197. J.A. Padgett, James A., 129, 133, 179-220, see also Andreu Ocariz, Movimientos Rebeldes For Carondelefs further instructions for “neighborhood commissioners” of January 1, 1796, see Papeles Proce-dentes de Cuba, leg. 212b
198. Regulation of the general police, 1
199. Coleccion de varios documentos para la historia de la Florida y tierras adyacentes, I, 414, 419, 1796, Carondelet to Eugenio de Llaguno y Amirola, May 31 Biblioteca Nacional, leg. 19508
200. Louisiana Historical Collection, 1787, December 21
201. State v. Vincent Lesassier, 1793, September 27
202. Louisiana Historical Collection; State v. Guy Dreux, 1796, November 2
203. Louisiana Historical Collection. On Dreux's reputation, 1796, see Joseph-Xavier Pontalba to Jeanne-Louise Pontalba, November 4 Pontalba Family Papers, Tulane University Special Collections
204. The African Presence in Colonial Louisiana: An Essay on the Continuity of Caribbean Society, T.M. Fiehrer, Thomas M. Louisiana's Black Heritage, 1979, 18–19, 29-30, ed. Robert R. McDonald et al. (New Orleans
205. Impressions Respecting New Orleans: Diary and Letters, B.H. Latrobe, Benjamin H., 1951, 53-58, For descriptions of generally harsh treatment of slaves by Louisiana slaveowners, see ed., Samuel Wilson, Jr. (New York
206. Memoirs of My Life, trans. Sister Agnes-Josephine Pastwa, P.-C., de Laussat, Pierre-CléMent, 1978, 54-55, ed. Robert D. Bush (Baton Rouge, La.
207. Cabildo Minutes, various dates, Actas Originales del Cabildo, 4-1, 40-41, see 95–98, 128, 135-38; 4, no. 3:206-22; and 4, no. 4:13–28
208. The Persistent Specter Slave Rebellion in Territorial Louisiana, J.H. Dormon, James H. Louisiana History, 1977, 18, 389-404, See
209. H. Aptheker, Herbert, American Negro Slave Revolts, 1969, 249-251, 1943, reprint New York 254–55
210. Papeles Procedentes de Cuba, leg. 618, 1414—18, 1795, Regulation of June 15
211. Decree of September 15, 1179-1795, leg. 22
212. Actas Originales del Cabildo, 1800, 4-4, 13-22, Casa Calvo to the Cabildo, October 24
213. Records of the Sates of the United States of America, 1678-1810, Louisiana, B. l, Reel 1
214. W.S. Jenkins, William S. The Laussat Papers, The Historic New Orleans Collection, 1949, 332, New Orleans o.s. On the pressure, see Laussat, Memoirs of My Life, 87
215. Projet de Reglement pour le Gouvemement et l'administration. de la Louisiane, The Laussat Papers, 330, n. d., signed by Mayor P[ierre] Derbigny o.s. This is a group of twenty-eight articles
216. Acts Passed at the Second Session of the First Legislature of the Territory of Orleans, 1807, 82, Article 1, Act of March 9 New Orleans
217. Black Code”: 150-90; and “Criminal Code for Slaves, 1806, 190-212, Acts Passed at the First Session of the First Legislature of the Territory of Orleans (New Orleans
218. Slaves Without Masters, Berlin, 122-123, For the argument that Americans made important changes, see
219. The Early Sources of Louisiana Law: Critical Appraisal of a Controversy, A.N. Yiannopoulos, Haas and McDonald, Louisiana's Legal Heritage, 87-106, see On the attempt to introduce the common law into Louisiana after 1803
220. Jefferson's Louisiana: Politics and the Clash of Legal Traditions, G. Dargo, George, 1975, Cambridge, Ma. On the effect of the common law on Louisiana slaves
221. The Long Arm of the Law, Schafer, see
222. The American Slave Code in Theory and Practice, W. Goodell, William, 1968, 90, 31, 1853; repr. New York 161–63, 241–44, 293–94, 300–301, 322, 343–44
223. An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery, Cobb, 1, 226-234, 240–59, 278–317
224. The Law of Freedom and Bondage: A Casebook, P. Finkelman, Paul, 1986, For representative cases and interesting commentary, see New York
225. The American Law of Slavery, M.V. Tushnet, Mark V., 1810-1860: Considerations of Humanity and Interest, 1981, see Princeton
226. Toward a Solution of the Slave Law Dilemma: A Critique of Tushnet's The American Law of Slavery, A. Fede, Andrew, Law and History Review, 1984, 2, 301–320