Physiotherapy for functional motor disorders: A consensus recommendation

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry

Volumn 86, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 1113-1119

  Nielsen, Glenn ^a,b   Stone, Jon ^c   Matthews, Audrey ^d   Brown, Melanie ^d   Sparkes, Chris ^e   Farmer, Ross ^f   Masterton, Lindsay ^g   Duncan, Linsey ^g   Winters, Alisa ^c   Daniell, Laura ^c   Lumsden, Carrie ^g   Carson, Alan ^h   David, Anthony S ^f,i   Edwards, Mark ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL HOSPITAL FOR NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY   (United Kingdom)

^c WESTERN GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d SOUTHERN GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^e IPSWICH HOSPITAL NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^f SOUTH LONDON AND MAUDSLEY NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^g Community Rehabilitation and Brain Injury Service ^*  (United Kingdom)

^h UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLODYNIA; ARTICLE; AUTOMUTILATION; BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL FRAMEWORK; CLINICAL GLOBAL IMPRESSION SCALE; COMORBIDITY; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY FEEDBACK; ELECTROSTIMULATION THERAPY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EXERCISE; FALLING; FATIGUE; FOLLOW UP; FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION; FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE MEASURE; FUNCTIONAL MOTOR DISORDER; GRADED SENSORY STIMULATION; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMAGERY; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NEUROLOGIST; NEUROPSYCHIATRIST; OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAIN; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PATIENT REFERRAL; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSIOTHERAPIST; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PLASTER CAST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHIATRIST; PSYCHOGENIC MOVEMENT DISORDERS RATING SCALE; REHABILITATION CARE; SHORT FORM 36; SOCIAL ASPECT; SPEECH THERAPY; SPLINT; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TRANSCUTANEOUS NERVE STIMULATION; WEIGHT BEARING; COMPLICATION; CONSENSUS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; MENTAL DISEASE; MOVEMENT DISORDERS; PHYSICAL EDUCATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; SELF CARE;

CONSENSUS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; MOVEMENT DISORDERS; PATIENT DISCHARGE; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING; PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES; REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION; SELF CARE;

EID: 84942080405     PISSN: 00223050     EISSN: 1468330X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309255     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Jordbru AA, Smedstad LM, Klungsøyr O, et al. Psychogenic gait disorder: a randomized controlled trial of physical rehabilitation with one-year follow-up. J Rehabil Med 2014;46:181-7.
2. Czarnecki K, Thompson JM, Seime R, et al. Functional movement disorders: successful treatment with a physical therapy rehabilitation protocol. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012;18:247-51.
3. Nielsen G, Stone J, Edwards MJ. Physiotherapy for functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res 2013;75:93-102.
4. Stone J, Carson A, Duncan R, et al. Who is referred to neurology clinics? The diagnoses made in 3781 new patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010;112:747-51.
5. Carson A, Stone J, Hibberd C, et al. Disability, distress and unemployment in neurology outpatients with symptoms 'unexplained by organic disease'. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011;82:810-13.
6. Gelauff J, Stone J, Edwards M, et al. The prognosis of functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014;85:220-6.
7. Bermingham SL, Cohen A, Hague J, et al. The cost of somatisation among the working-age population in England for the year 2008-2009. Ment Health Fam Med 2010;7:71.
8. Edwards MJ, Stone J, Nielsen G. Physiotherapists and patients with functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms: a survey of attitudes and interest. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;83:655-8.
9. Edwards MJ, Adams RA, Brown H, et al. A Bayesian account of 'hysteria'. Brain 2012;135:3495-512.
10. Pareés I, Kojovic M, Pires C, et al. Physical precipitating factors in functional movement disorders. J Neurol Sci 2014;338:174-7.
11. Stone J, Warlow C, Sharpe M. Functional weakness: clues to mechanism from the nature of onset. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;83:67-9.
12. Stone J, LaFrance WC Jr, Brown R, et al. Conversion disorder: current problems and potential solutions for DSM-5. J Psychosom Res 2011;71:369-76.
13. Stone J, Carson A. Functional and dissociative (psychogenic) neurological symptoms. In: Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, Mazziotta J. eds. Bradley's neurology in clinical practice. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2012. pp. 2147-62.
14. Edwards MJ, Bhatia KP. Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders: merging mind and brain. Lancet Neurol 2012;11:250-60.
15. Stone J. The bare essentials: functional symptoms in neurology. Pract Neurol 2009;9:179-89.
16. Duncan R, Razvi S, Mulhern S. Newly presenting psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: incidence, population characteristics, and early outcome from a prospective audit of a first seizure clinic. Epilepsy Behav 2011;20:308-11.
17. Espay AJ, Goldenhar LM, Voon V, et al. Opinions and clinical practices related to diagnosing and managing patients with psychogenic movement disorders: an international survey of movement disorder society members. Mov Disord 2009;24:1366-74.
18. McKenzie P, Oto M, Russell A, et al. Early outcomes and predictors in 260 patients with psychogenic nonepileptic attacks. Neurology 2010;74:64-9.
19. Edwards MJ, Stone J, Lang AE. From psychogenic movement disorder to functional movement disorder: it's time to change the name. Mov Disord 2013;29:849-52.
20. Stone J, Edwards M. Trick or treat? Showing patients with functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms their physical signs. Neurology 2012;79:282-4.
21. Dallocchio C, Arbasino C, Klersy C, et al. The effects of physical activity on psychogenic movement disorders. Mov Disord 2010;25:421-5.
22. White P, Goldsmith K, Johnson A, et al. Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial. Lancet 2011;377:823-36.
23. Stone J, Gelauff J, Carson A. A "twist in the tale": altered perception of ankle position in psychogenic dystonia. Mov Disord 2012;27:585-6.
24. Butler DS, Moseley GL. Explain pain. Adelaide: Noigroup Publications, 2003.
25. Nijs J, Paul van Wilgen C, Van Oosterwijck J, et al. How to explain central sensitization to patients with 'unexplained'chronic musculoskeletal pain: practice guidelines. Man Ther 2011;16:413-18.
26. Schrag A, Trimble M, Quinn N, et al. The syndrome of fixed dystonia: an evaluation of 103 patients. Brain 2004;127:2360-72.
27. Adrian E, Yealland LR. The treatment of some common war neuroses. Lancet 1917;189:867-72.
28. Tatu L, Bogousslavsky J, Moulin T, et al. The "torpillage" neurologists of World War I electric therapy to send hysterics back to the front. Neurology 2010;75:279-83.
29. Khalil T, Abdel-Moty E, Asfour S, et al. Functional electric stimulation in the reversal of conversion disorder paralysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988;69:545-7.
30. Fishbain D, Goldberg M, Khalil T, et al. The utility of electromyographic biofeedback in the treatment of conversion paralysis. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:1572.
31. Pollak TA, Nicholson TR, Edwards MJ, et al. A systematic review of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of functional (conversion) neurological symptoms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014;85:191-7.
32. Moene FC, Spinhoven P, Hoogduin KA, et al. A randomized controlled clinical trial of a hypnosis-based treatment for patients with conversion disorder, motor type. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2003;51:29-50.
33. Stone J, Hoeritzauer I, Brown K, et al. Therapeutic sedation for functional (psychogenic) neurological symptoms. J Psychosom Res 2014;76:165-8.
34. Garcin B, Roze E, Mesrati F, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation as an efficient treatment for psychogenic movement disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013;84:1043-6.
35. Ferrara J, Stamey W, Strutt AM, et al. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) for psychogenic movement disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011;23:141-8.
36. Shapiro AP, Teasell RW. Behavioural interventions in the rehabilitation of acute v. chronic non-organic (conversion/factitious) motor disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2004;185:140-6.
37. Trieschmann R, Stolov W, Montgomery E. An approach to the treatment of abnormal ambulation resulting from conversion reaction. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1970;51:198-206.
38. Edwards MJ, Alonso-Canovas A, Schrag A, et al. Limb amputations in fixed dystonia: a form of body integrity identity disorder? Mov Disord 2011;26:1410-14.
39. Health Improvement Scotland. Stepped care for functional neurological symptoms. Edinburgh, 2012. http://www.healthcareimprovementscotland.org/our-work/long-term-conditions/neurological-health-services/neurological-symptoms-report.aspx(accessed 17 Jul 2014).
40. Deaton AV. Treating conversion disorders: Is a pediatric rehabilitation hospital the place? Rehabil Psychol 1998;43:56.
41. Ness D. Physical therapy management for conversion disorder: case series. J Neurol Phys Ther 2007;31:30-9.
42. Speed J. Behavioral management of conversion disorder: retrospective study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77:147-54.
43. Watanabe TK, O'Dell MW, Togliatti TJ. Diagnosis and rehabilitation strategies for patients with hysterical hemiparesis: a report of four cases. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79:709-14.
44. Sharpe M, Walker J, Williams C, et al. Guided self-help for functional (psychogenic) symptoms: a randomized controlled efficacy trial. Neurology 2011;77:564-72.
45. Hinson VK, Cubo E, Comella CL, et al. Rating scale for psychogenic movement disorders: scale development and clinimetric testing. Mov Disord 2005;20:1592-7.