Zygosity differences in height and body mass index of twins from infancy to old age: A study of the CODATwins project

Twin Research and Human Genetics

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 557-570

  Jelenkovic, Aline ^a,b   Yokoyama, Yoshie ^c   Sund, Reijo ^a   Honda, Chika ^d   Bogl, Leonie H ^a   Aaltonen, Sari ^a   Ji, Fuling ^e   Ning, Feng ^e   Pang, Zengchang ^e   Ordoñana, Juan R ^f,g   Sánchez Romera, Juan F ^f,g   Colodro Conde, Lucia ^f,h   Burt, S Alexandra ⁱ   Klump, Kelly L ⁱ   Medland, Sarah E ^h   Montgomery, Grant W ^h   Kandler, Christian ^j   McAdams, Tom A ^k   Eley, Thalia C ^k   Gregory, Alice M ^l   Saudino, Kimberly J ^m   Dubois, Lise ⁿ   Boivin, Michel ^o,p   Tarnoki, Adam D ^q   Tarnoki, David L ^q   Haworth, Claire M A ^r   Plomin, Robert ^k   Öncel, Sevgi Y ^s   Aliev, Fazil ^t,u   Stazi, Maria A ^v   Fagnani, Corrado ^v   D'Ippolito, Cristina ^v   Craig, Jeffrey M ^w,x   Saffery, Richard ^w,x   Siribaddana, Sisira H ^y,z   Hotopf, Matthew ^aa   Sumathipala, Athula ^y,ab   Rijsdijk, Fruhling ^k   Spector, Timothy ^aa   Mangino, Massimo ^aa   Lachance, Genevieve ^aa   Gatz, Margaret ^ac,ad   Butler, David A ^ae   Bayasgalan, Gombojav ^af   Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol ^af,ag   Freita, Duarte L ^ah   Maia, Jose Antonio ^ai   Harden, K Paige ^aj   Tucker Drob, Elliot M ^aj   Kim, Bia ^ak   Chong, Youngsook ^ak   Hong, Changhee ^ak   Shin, Hyun Jung ^ak   Christensen, Kaare ^al,am   Skytthe, Axel ^al   Kyvik, Kirsten O ^al,am   Derom, Catherine A ^an   Vlietinck, Robert F ^an   Loos, Ruth J F ^ao   Cozen, Wendy ^ap,aq   Hwang, Amie E ^ap   Mack, Thomas M ^ap,aq   He, Mingguang ^x,ar   Ding, Xiaohu ^ar   Chang, Billy ^ar   Silberg, Judy L ^t   Eaves, Lindon J ^t   Maes, Hermine H ^as   Cutler, Tessa L ^x   Hopper, John L ^x,at   Aujard, Kelly ^x   Magnusson, Patrik K E ^ad   Pedersen, Nancy L ^ad   Dahl Aslan, Anna K ^ad,au   Song, Yun Mi ^av   Yang, Sarah ^at   Lee, Kayoung ^aw   Baker, Laura A ^ac   Tuvblad, Catherine ^ac,ax   Bjerregaard Andersen, Morten ^am,ay,az   Beck Nielsen, Henning ^am   Sodemann, Morten ^am   Heikkilä, Kauko ^a   Tan, Qihua ^al   Zhang, Dongfeng ^ba   Swan, Gary E ^bb   Krasnow, Ruth ^bc   Jang, Kerry L ^bd   Knafo Noam, Ariel ^be   Mankuta, David ^bf   Abramson, Lior ^be   Lichtenstein, Paul ^ad   Krueger, Robert F ^bg   McGue, Matt ^bg   Pahlen, Shandell ^bg   Tynelius, Per ^ad   Duncan, Glen E ^bh   Buchwald, Dedra ^bh   Corley, Robin P ^bi   Huibregtse, Brooke M ^bi   Nelson, Tracy L ^bj   Whitfield, Keith E ^bk   Franz, Carol E ^bl   Kremen, William S ^bl,bm   Lyons, Michael J ^m   Ooki, Syuichi ^bn   Brandt, Ingunn ^bo   Nilsen, Thomas Sevenius ^bo   Inui, Fujio ^d,bp   Watanabe, Mikio ^d   Bartels, Meike ^bq   Van Beijsterveldt, Toos C E M ^bq   Wardle, Jane ^br   Llewellyn, Clare H ^br   Fisher, Abigail ^br   Rebato, Esther ^b   Martin, Nicholas G ^h   Iwatani, Yoshinori ^d   Hayakawa, Kazuo ^d   Sung, Joohon ^at   Harris, Jennifer R ^bo   Willemsen, Gonneke ^bq   Busjahn, Andreas ^bs   Goldberg, Jack H ^bh   Rasmussen, Finn ^ad   Hur, Yoon Mi ^bt   Boomsma, Dorret I ^bq   SØrensen, Thorkild I A ^r,bu,bv   Kaprio, Jaakko ^a,bw   Silventoinen, Karri ^a,d   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY UPV EHU   (Spain)

^c Osaka Prefecture University   (Japan)

^d OSAKA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^e Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention   (China)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MURCIA   (Spain)

^g IMIB Arrixaca   (Spain)

^h QIMR BERGHOFER MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

ⁱ MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^j BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^k MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

^l UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^m BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^o UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^p TOMSK STATE UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

^q SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

^r UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^s Klrlkkale University   (Turkey)

^t VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^u KARABUK UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^v ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^w ROYAL CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^x UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^y Institute of Research and Development   (Sri Lanka)

^z UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBO   (Sri Lanka)

^aa KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^ab KEELE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^ac UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^ad KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^ae Institute of Medicine National Academy of Sciences   (United States)

^af Healthy Twin Association of Mongolia   (Mongolia)

^ag HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^ah UNIVERSITY OF MADEIRA   (Portugal)

^ai UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

^aj UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^ak Pusan National University   (South Korea)

^al UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

^am ODENSE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^an UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^ao MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^ap UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^aq UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^ar SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^as VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^at Seoul National University   (South Korea)

^au JÖNKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^av Sungkyunkwan University   (South Korea)

^aw Inje University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

^ax Örebro University   (Sweden)

^ay Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems   (Guinea-Bissau)

^az STATENS SERUM INSTITUT   (Denmark)

^ba QINGDAO UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (China)

^bb STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^bc SRI INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

^bd UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^be HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^bf HEBREW UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^bg UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^bh UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^bi UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^bj Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^bk DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^bl UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^bm VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^bn ISHIKAWA PREFECTURAL NURSING UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^bo NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Norway)

^bp KIO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^bq VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^br UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^bs HealthTwist GmbH   (Germany)

^bt Mokpo National University   (South Korea)

^bu Capital Region   (Denmark)

^bv The Capital Region   (Denmark)

^bw NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

more..

Author keywords

BMI; height; twins; zygosity differences

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; ANTHROPOMETRY; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS; BODY SIZE; CHILD; COHORT ANALYSIS; DIZYGOTIC TWINS; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANCY; INFANT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MONOZYGOTIC TWINS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHOOL CHILD; SENESCENCE; SEX DIFFERENCE; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT; FACTUAL DATABASE; STATISTICAL MODEL; TWINS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS INDEX; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COHORT STUDIES; DATABASES, FACTUAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; TWINS, DIZYGOTIC; TWINS, MONOZYGOTIC; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84941873893     PISSN: 18324274     EISSN: 18392628     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/thg.2015.57     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Antoniades, L., MacGregor, A. J., Andrew, T., & Spector, T. D. (2003). Association of birth weight with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis in adult twins. Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 42, 791-796.
2. Basso, O., Nohr, E. A., Christensen, K., & Olsen, J (2004). Risk of twinning as a function ofmaternal height and bodymass index. JAMA. 291, 1564-1566.
3. Benyamin, B., Sørensen, T. I., Schousboe, K., Fenger, M., Visscher, P. M., & Kyvik, K. O. (2007). Are there common genetic and environmental factors behind the endophenotypes associated with the metabolic syndrome?. Diabetologia. 50, 1880-1888.
4. Blickstein, I., Keith, L. G., & Keith, D. M. (Eds.). (2005). Multiple pregnancy (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Taylor and Francis
5. Bogin, B. (2001). The growth of humanity. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss
6. Boomsma, D., Willemsen, G., Geus, E., Kupper, N., Posthuma, D., Ijzerman, R., Dolan, C. (2005). Twins and the fetal origins hypothesis: An application to growth data. In Claude Kordon, Rolf-Christian Gaillard, & Yves Christen (Eds.), Hormones and the brain (pp. 29-46). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag
7. Buckler, J M., & Green, M. (2004). A comparison of the early growth of twins and singletons. Annals of Human Biology. 31, 311-332.
8. Bulmer, M. G. (1970). The biology of twinning in man. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press
9. Burt, S. A., & Klump, K. L. (2012). How does the inclusion of twins conceived via fertility treatments influence the results of twin studies?. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 15, 746-752.
10. Campbell, D. M. (2005). Natural factors influencing multiple gestation: Perspectives from long-Term observations in Scotland. In I. Blickstein, L. G. Keith, & D.M. Keith (Eds.), Multiple pregnancy (2nd ed., pp. 87-93). New York, NY: Taylor and Francis
11. Corney, G., Seedburgh, D., Thompson, B., Campbell, D. M., MacGillivray, I., & Timlin, D. (1979). Maternal height and twinning. Annals of Human Genetics. 43, 55-59.
12. Corney, G., Thompson, B., Campbell, D. M., MacGillivray, I., Seedburgh, D., & Timlin, D. (1979). The effect of zygosity on the birth weight of twins in Aberdeen and Northeast Scotland. Acta GeneticaeMedicae Et Gemellologiae. 28, 353-360.
13. Davies, M. J., Moore, V.M., Willson, K. J., VanEssen, P., Priest, K., Scott, H., Chan, A. (2012). Reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects. New England Journal of Medicine. 366, 1803-1813.
14. Dube, J., Dodds, L., & Armson, B. A. (2002). Does chorionicity or zygosity predict adverse perinatal outcomes in twins?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 186, 579-583.
15. Eriksen, W., Sundet, J M., & Tambs, K. (2013). Adult body height of twins comparedwith that of singletons:Aregisterbased birth cohort study of Norwegian males. American Journal of Epidemiology. 177, 1015-1019.
16. Estourgie-van Burk, G. F., Bartels, M., Boomsma, D. I., & Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A. (2010). Body size of twins compared with siblings and the general population: From birth to late adolescence. The Journal of Pediatrics. 156, 586-591.
17. Estourgie-van Burk, G. F., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, T. C., Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A., & Boomsma, D. I. (2006). Body size in five-year-old twins: Heritability and comparison to singleton standards. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 9, 646-655.
18. Falkner, F., & Matheny, A. (1995). The long-Term development of twins: Anthropometric factors and cognition. In L. G. Keith, E. Papiernik, D. M. Keith, & B. Luke (Eds.), Multiple pregnancy (pp. 613-624). New York, NY: Parthenon
19. Fauser, B. C., Devroey, P., & Macklon, N. S. (2005). Multiple birth resulting from ovarian stimulation for subfertility treatment. Lancet. 365, 1807-1816.
20. Helle, S., Lummaa, V., & Jokela, J (2004). Selection for increased brood size in historical human populations. Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution. 58, 430-436.
21. Hjelmborg, J B., Scheike, T., Holst, K., Skytthe, A., Penney, K. L., Graff, R. E., Mucci, L. A. (2014). The heritability of prostate cancer in theNordic twin study of cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 23, 2303-2310.
22. Hoekstra, C., Willemsen, G., van Beijsterveldt, C. E., Lambalk, C. B., Montgomery, G.W., & Boomsma, D. I. (2010). Body composition, smoking, and spontaneous dizygotic twinning. Fertility and Sterility. 93, 885-893.
23. Hoekstra, C., Zhao, Z. Z., Lambalk, C. B., Willemsen, G., Martin, N. G., Boomsma, D. I., Montgomery, G.W. (2008). Dizygotic twinning. Human Reproduction Update. 14, 37-47.
24. Hur, Y. M., Kaprio, J., Iacono, W. G., Boomsma, D. I., McGue, M., Silventoinen, K., Mitchell, K. (2008). Genetic influences on the difference in variability of height, weight and bodymass index between Caucasian and East Asian adolescent twins. International Journal of Obesity. 32, 1455-1467.
25. Hur, Y. M., & Song, T. B. (2009). A recent rise in twin birth rates anddemographic changes in mothers of twins in South Korea: 2003-2007. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 12, 118-122.
26. Iachine, I., Petersen, H. C., & Kyvik, K. O. (2010). Robust tests for the equality of variances for clustered data. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation. 80, 365-377.
27. Imaizumi, Y. (2005). Demographic trends in Japan and Asia. In I. Blickstein, L. G. Keith, & D. M. Keith (Eds.), Multiple pregnancy (2nd ed., pp. 33-38). New York, NY: Taylor and Francis
28. Jelenkovic, A., Ortega-Alonso, A., Rose, R. J., Kaprio, J., Rebato, E., & Silventoinen, K. (2011). Genetic and environmental influences on growth from late childhood to adulthood: A longitudinal study of two Finnish twin cohorts. American Journal of Human Biology. 23, 764-773.
29. Johansson, S., Iliadou, A., Bergvall, N., de Faire, U., Kramer, M. S., Pawitan, Y., Cnattingius, S. (2008). The association between low birth weight and type 2 diabetes: Contribution of genetic factors. Epidemiology. 19, 659-665.
30. Johansson, M., & Rasmussen, F. (2001). Birthweight and body mass index in young adulthood: The Swedish young male twins study. Twin Research. 4, 400-405.
31. Kaprio, J., Tuomilehto, J., Koskenvuo, M., Romanov, K., Reunanen, A., Eriksson, J., Kesäniemi, Y. A. (1992). Concordance for type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a populationbased cohort of twins in Finland. Diabetologia. 35, 1060-1067.
32. Lajunen, H. R., Kaprio, J., Keski-Rahkonen, A., Rose, R. J., Pulkkinen, L., Rissanen, A., Silventoinen, K. (2009). Genetic and environmental effects on body mass index during adolescence: A prospective study among Finnish twins. International Journal of Obesity. 33, 559-567.
33. Lash, M. M., & Armstrong, A. (2009). Impact of obesity on women's health. Fertility and Sterility. 91, 1712-1716.
34. Lehtovirta, M., Kaprio, J., Forsblom, C., Eriksson, J., Tuomilehto, J., & Groop, L. (2000). Insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Diabetologia. 43, 285-293.
35. Lehtovirta, M., Pietiläinen, K. H., Levalahti, E., Heikkila, K., Groop, L., Silventoinen, K., Kaprio, J (2010). Evidence that BMI and type 2 diabetes share only a minor fraction of genetic variance: A follow-up study of 23, 585 monozygotic and dizygotic twins from the Finnish twin cohort study. Diabetologia. 53, 1314-1321.
36. Loos, R. J., Beunen, G., Fagard, R., Derom, C., & Vlietinck, R. (2001). The influence of zygosity and chorion type on fat distribution in young adult twins consequences for twin studies. Twin Research. 4, 356-364.
37. Lummaa, V., Haukioja, E., Lemmetyinen, R., & Pikkola, M. (1998). Natural selection on human twinning. Nature. 394, 533-534.
38. Macfarlane, A., & Blondel, B. (2005). Demographic trends in Western European countries. In I. Blickstein, L. G. Keith & D. M. Keith (Eds.), Multiple pregnancy (2nd ed., pp. 11-21). New York, NY: Taylor and Francis
39. Martin, J A., Hamilton, B. E., Osterman, M. J., Curtin, S. C., & Matthews, T. J (2015). Births: Final data for 2013. National Vital Statistics Reports. 64, 1-68.
40. McLaren, L. (2007). Socio-economic status and obesity. Epidemiologic Reviews. 29, 29-48.
41. Nylander, P. (1981). The factors that influence twinning rates. Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae (Roma), 30, 189-202.
42. Oberg, S., Cnattingius, S., Sandin, S., Lichtenstein, P., Morley, R., & Iliadou, A. N. (2012). Twinship influence on morbidity and mortality across the lifespan. International Journal of Epidemiology. 41, 1002-1009.
43. Petersen, I., Nielsen, M. M., Beck-Nielsen, H., & Christensen, K. (2011). No evidence of a higher 10-year period prevalence of diabetes among 77, 885 twins compared with 215, 264 singletons from the Danish birth cohorts. 1910-1989. Diabetologia. 54, 2016-2024.
44. Pietiläinen, K. H., Kaprio, J., Rissanen, A., Winter, T., Rimpelä, A., Viken, R. J., Rose, R. J (1999). Distribution and heritability of BMI in Finnish adolescents aged 16 y and 17 y: A study of 4884 twins and 2509 singletons. International Journal of Obesity and RelatedMetabolic Disorders. 23, 107-115.
45. Pietiläinen, K. H., Kaprio, J., Rasanen, M., Winter, T., Rissanen, A., & Rose, R. J (2001). Tracking of body size from birth to late adolescence: Contributions of birth length, birth weight, duration of gestation, parents' body size, and twinship. American Journal of Epidemiology. 154, 21-29.
46. Poulsen, P., Levin, K., Beck-Nielsen, H., & Vaag, A. (2002). Age-dependent impact of zygosity and birth weight on insulin secretion and insulin action in twins.Diabetologia. 45, 1649-1657.
47. Poulsen, P., & Vaag, A. (2006). The intrauterine environment as reflected by birth size and twin and zygosity status influences insulin action and intracellular glucose metabolism in an age- or time-dependent manner. Diabetes. 55, 1819-1825.
48. Rahman, I., Bennet, A. M., Pedersen, N. L., de Faire, U., Svensson, P., & Magnusson, P. K. (2009). Genetic dominance influences blood biomarker levels in a sample of 12, 000 Swedish elderly twins. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 12, 286-294.
49. Ramlau-Hansen, C. H., Thulstrup, A. M., Nohr, E. A., Bonde, J P., Sørensen, T. I., & Olsen, J (2007). Sub-fecundity in overweight and obese couples. Human Reproduction. 22, 1634-1637.
50. Ramos-Arroyo, M. A., Ulbright, T. M., Yu, P. L., & Christian, J C. (1988). Twin study: Relationship between birth weight, zygosity, placentation, and pathologic placental changes. Acta Geneticae Medicae Et Gemellologiae. 37, 229-238.
51. Reddy, U. M., Branum, A. M., & Klebanoff, M. A. (2005). Relationship of maternal bodymass index and height to twinning. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 105, 593-597.
52. Rietveld, M. J., Posthuma, I. D., Dolan, C. V., & Boomsma, D. I. (2003). ADHD: Sibling interaction or dominance: An evaluation of statistical power. Behavior Genetics. 33, 247-55.
53. Schousboe, K., Willemsen, G., Kyvik, K. O., Mortensen, J., Boomsma, D. I., Cornes, B. K., Harris, J R. (2003). Sex differences in heritability of BMI: A comparative study of results from twin studies in eight countries. Twin Research. 6, 409-421.
54. Silventoinen, K., Bartels, M., Posthuma, D., Estourgie-van Burk, G. F., Willemsen, G., van Beijsterveldt, T. C., Boomsma, D. I. (2007). Genetic regulation of growth in height and weight from 3 to 12 years of age: A longitudinal study of Dutch twin children. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 10, 354-363.
55. Silventoinen, K., Jelenkovic, A., Sund, R., Honda, C., Aaltonen, S., Yokoyama, Y., Kaprio, J (2015). The CODATwins project: The cohort description of Collaborative Project of Development of Anthropometrical Measures in Twins to study macro-environmental variation in genetic and environmental effects on anthropometric traits. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 27, 1-13.
56. Silventoinen, K., Magnusson, P.K., Tynelius, P., Kaprio, J., & Rasmussen, F. (2008). Heritability of body size and muscle strength in young adulthood: A study of onemillion Swedish men. Genetic Epidemiology. 32, 341-349.
57. Silventoinen, K., Pietiläinen, K. H., Tynelius, P., Sørensen, T. I., Kaprio, J., & Rasmussen, F. (2007). Genetic and environmental factors in relative weight from birth to age 18: The Swedish young male twins study. International Journal of Obesity. 31, 615-621.
58. Silventoinen, K., Pietiläinen, K. H., Tynelius, P., Sørensen, T. I., Kaprio, J., & Rasmussen, F. (2008). Genetic regulation of growth from birth to 18 years of age: The Swedish young male twins study. American Journal of Human Biology. 20, 292-298.
59. Silventoinen, K., Sammalisto, S., Perola, M., Boomsma, D.I., Cornes, B. K., Davis, C., Kaprio, J (2003). Heritability of adult body height: A comparative study of twin cohorts in eight countries. Twin Research. 6, 399-408.
60. Smits, J., & Monden, C. (2011). Twinning across the developing world. PloS One. 6, e25239.
61. Souren, N. Y., Paulussen, A. D., Loos, R. J., Gielen, M., Beunen, G., Fagard, R., Zeegers, M. P. (2007). Anthropometry, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the East Flanders prospective twin survey: Heritabilities. Diabetologia. 50, 2107-2116.
62. Swerdlow, A. J., De Stavola, B. L., Swanwick, M. A., & Maconochie, N. E. (1997). Risks of breast and testicular cancers in young adult twins in England and Wales: Evidence on prenatal and genetic aetiology. Lancet. 350, 1723-1728.
63. Tandberg, A., Bjorge, T., Bordahl, P. E., & Skjaerven, R. (2007). Increasing twinning rates inNorway. 1967-2004: The influence of maternal age and assisted reproductive technology (ART). Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 86, 833-839.
64. Verkasalo, P. K., Kaprio, J., Pukkala, E., & Koskenvuo, M. (1999). Breast cancer risk in monozygotic and dizygotic female twins: A 20-year population-based cohort study in Finland from 1976 to 1995. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 8, 271-274.
65. Vitthala, S., Gelbaya, T. A., Brison, D. R., Fitzgerald, C. T., & Nardo, L. G. (2009). The risk of monozygotic twins after assisted reproductive technology: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Human Reproduction Update. 15, 45-55.