Obesity and public health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Reviews on Environmental Health

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 191-205

  DeNicola, Erica ^a   Aburizaiza, Omar S ^b   Siddique, Azhar ^b   Khwaja, Haider ^c,d   Carpenter, David O ^a,d  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^c WADSWORTH CENTER   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY AT ALBANY   (United States)

Author keywords

diabetes; diet; non communicable disease; obesity; physical inactivity; public health; Saudi Arabia

Indexed keywords

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPLICATION; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIET; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MOTOR ACTIVITY; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; SAUDI ARABIA;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CULTURE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIET; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MOTOR ACTIVITY; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; SAUDI ARABIA;

EID: 84941098010     PISSN: 00487554     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2015-0008     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Nagarajan R. Obese people outnumber the hungry globally. The Times of India. Jan 16, 2014. Available at: Http://articles. timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-16/science/46263373-1- obese-population-oxfam.
2. Al-Rethaiaa AS, Fahmy A-EA, Al-Shwaiyat NM. Obesity and eating habits among college students in Saudi Arabia: A cross sectional study. Nutr J 2010;9:39-48.
3. Al-Nuaim AR. Population-based epidemiological study of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi Arabia, regional variation. Ann Saudi Med 1997;17:195-9.
4. Al-Rukban MO. Obesity among Saudi male adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2002;24:27-33.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overweight and obesity. Available at: Http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/.
6. Ce nters for Disease Control and Prevention. About BMI for children and teens. Available at: Http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens-bmi/about-childrens-bmi.html.
7. World Health Organization. Obesi ty and overweight. Fact sheet N°311. Available at: Http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/.
8. Abdul Rahim HF, Sibai A, Khader Y, Hwalla N, Fadhil I, et al. Health in the Arab world : A view from within 2 non-communicable diseases in the Arab world. Lancet 2014;383:356-67.
9. Ng SW Zaghloul S Ali HI Harrison G Popkin BM. The prevalence and trends of overweight, obes ity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases in the Arabian Gulf States.Obes Rev. 2011. 12. 1-13.
10. Swinburn BS, Sacks G, Hall KD, McPherson K, Finegood DT, et al. The global obes ity pandemic: Shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet 2011;378:804-14.
11. Montiero CA, Moubarac JC, Cannon G, Ng SW, Popkin B. Ultraprocessed products are becoming dominant in the global food system. Obes Rev 2013;14:21-8.
12. Balbo L. Saudi Arabia's fast food boom is finger lickin' awful. Green Prophet. April 19, 2012. Available at: Www.greenprophet. com/2012/04/saudi-arabia-fast-food/.
13. Al-Haqwi A, Al-Nasir M, Ahmad N, Masaudi E, Alotaibi S, et al. Obesity and overweight in a major family practice center, central region, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J O bes 2015;3:12.
14. World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Overweight and obesity by country. Available at: Http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk-factors/overweight/en/.
15. Staff writer. Bayer HealthCare supports educational plan on diabetes. Arab News. March 22, 2014. Available at: Http://www. arabnews.com/news/543901.
16. Oxfam. The food index, 201 4. Available at: Http://www.oxfam. org.uk/what-we-do/good-enough-to-eat.
17. Al-Hazzaa HM. Prevalence of physical inactivity in Saudi Arabia: A brief review. E Mediter Health J 2004;10:663-70.
18. Bakhotmah BA. Nutritional knowledge and desire to change of food preferences among Saudi women in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Ecol Food Nutr 2012;51:313-28.
19. Sedgwick R. Education i n Saudi Arabia. World Education News and Reviews 2001;16. Available at: Http://wenr.wes. org/2001/11/wenr-nov-dec-2001-education-in-saudi-arabia/.
20. Al-Nozha MM, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Maatouq MA, Arafah MR, Khalil MZ, et al. Obesity in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2005;26:824-9.
21. Al Shehri A, Al Fattani A, Al Alwan I. Obesity among Saudi children. Saudi J Obesity 2013;1(1):3-9.
22. Al-Othaimeen AI, Al-Nozha M, Osman AK. Obesity: An emerging problem in Saudi Arabia. Analysis of data from the national nutrition survey. E Mediter Health J 2007;13(2):441-8 .
23. Naeem Z. Increasing trend of junk food use in Saudi Arabia and health implications. Int J Health Sci 2012;6(1):V-VI.
24. Broomhall E. Saudi fast food market to hit $4.5bn by 2015. Ar abian Business [20 Feb 2012]. Available at: Http://www.google. com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1& ved=0CB4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness. com%2Fsaudi-fast-food-market-hit-4-5bn-by-2015 -446129.html &ei=9rVLVbi6Bc7lsASV4IHYCA&usg=AFQjCNFFvMriIp-tDa7EnBs-W2LTCzx39w&sig2=avvUavwkCGmRjIk0gbxfpg.
25. Amin TT, Al-Sultan AI, Ali A. Overweight and obesity and their relation to dietary habits and soc io-demographic characteristics among male primary school children in Al-Hassa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Eur J Nutr 2008;47:310-8.
26. Rahal M. What are Saudi consumers hungry for? A look at search trends in the K ingdom [infographic]. Wamda [30 Oct 2013]. Available at: Http://www.wamda.com/2013/10/saudi-consumers-hungry-search-trends-kingdom-infographic.
27. Jeeran. Insights on Saudi consumers. Available at: Http://www. wamda.com/2013/10/saudi-consumers-hungry-search-trendskingdom-infographic.
28. FAOSTAT. Country profile: Saudi Arabia. Available at: Http://faostat.fao.org/CountryProfiles/Country-Profile/Direct. aspx?lang=en&area=194.
29. Halverson N. What California can learn from Saudi Arabia's water mystery. Reveal News. [22 April 2015]. https://www. revealnews.org/article/what-california-can-learn-from-saudiarabias-water-mystery/.
30. Drewes J.E. Garduño CPR Amy GL. Water reuse in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia-status prospects and research needs. Wat Sci Tech Wat Supply 2012 12 6 926-36.
31. DeNicola E, Aburizaiza OS, Siddique A, Khwaja H, Carpenter DO. Climate change and water scarcity: The case of Saudi Arabia. Ann Global Health 2015. In press.
32. Chatham House. Energy, environment and resources summary: Global food insecurity and implications for Saudi Arabia. Available at: Http://www. chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Energy,%20Environment%20and%20 Development/290413summary.pdf.
33. AlQuaiz AM, Kazi A, Tayel S, Shaikh SA, Al-Sharif A, et al. Prevalence and factors a ssociated with low bone mineral density in Saudi women: A community based survey. BMC Musculoskeletal Dis 2014;15:5.
34. Rasheed P. Overweight status: Body image and weight control beliefs and practices among female college students. Ann Saudi Med 1999;19(4):365-9.
35. Midhet FM, Sharaf FK. Impact of health education on lifestyles in central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2011;31(1):71-6.
36. Alqout O, Reynolds F. Experiences of obesity among Saudi Arabian women contemplating bariatric surgery: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. J Health Psychol 2014;19(5):664-77.
37. Rasheed P. Perception of body weight and self-reported eating and exercise behaviour among obese and non-obese women in Saudi Arabia. Public Health 1998;112:409-14.
38. Bakhotmah BA. Th e puzzle of self-reported weight gain in a month of fasting (Ramadan) among a cohort of Saudi families in Jeddah, Western Saudi Arabia. Nutrition J 2011;10:84.
39. El-Hazmi MAF, Warsy AS. A comparative study of prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in different provinces of Saudi Arabia. J Tropical Pediatr 2002;48:172-7.
40. Al-Mohaimeed A, Ismail MS, Dandash K, Ahmed SM, Al-Harbi M. Progressive changes in overweight and obesity during the early years of schooling among children in a central region of Saudi Arabia. Food Public Health 2012;2(5):159-67.
41. Al-Nuaim AA, Al-Nakeeb Y, Lyons M , Al-Hazzaa HM, Nevill A, et al. The prevalence of physical activity and sedentary behaviors relative to obesity among adolescents from Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia: Rural versus urban variations. J Nutr Metabol 2012;2012:9 .
42. Al-Hazzaa HM, Abahussain NA, Al-Sobayel HI, Qahwaji DM, Musaiger AO. L ifestyle factors associated with overweight and obesity among Saudi adolescents. BMC Public Health 2012;12:354-64.
43. Mahfouz AA, Shatoor AS, Khan MY, Daffalla AA, Mostafa OA, et al. Nu trition, physical activity, and gender risks for adolescent obesity in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2011;17(5):318-22.
44. El Mouzan MI, Foster PJ, Al Herbish AS, Al Salloum AA, Al Omer AA, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi children and adolescents. Ann Saudi Med 2010;30(3):203-9.
45. Wang SS. As world's kids get fatter, doctors turn to the knife. Sochi2014 Middle East News [14 Feb 2014]. Available at: Http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014240527023048511045793609 92538215578.
46. Ka tz DL. Childhood obesity: Just cut it out. U.S. News [18 Feb 2014]. Available at: Http://health.usnews.com/health-news/blogs/eat-run/2014/02/18/childhood-obesity-just-cut-it-out.
47. Farooqi S, O'Rahilly S. Genetic s of obesity in humans. Endocr Rev 2006;27(7):710-8.
48. El-Hazmi MAF, Al-Swailem AR, Warsy AS, Al-Swailem AM, Sulaimani R, et al. Consanguinity among the Saudi Arabian population. J Med Genet 1995;32:623-6.
49. World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) country profiles, 2014. Available at: Http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/sau-en.pdf.
50. World Health Organization. Saudi Arabia: WHO statistical profile. Country statistics and global health estimates by WHO and UN partners. Available at: Http://www.who.int/gho/countries/sau.pdf?ua=1.
51. Ku mosani TA, Alama MN, Iyer A. Cardiovascular diseases in Saudi Arabia. PROM 2011;1:1-6.
52. Sabra AA Taha AZ Al-Sebiany AM Al-Kurashi NY Zubier AG. Coronary heart disease ris k factors: Prevalence and behavior among male university students in Dammam City, Saudi Arabia. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2007. 82. 1-.2.21-42.
53. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. High blood pressure. Available at: Http://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/.
54. Saeed AA, Al-Hamdan NA, Bahnassy AA, Abdalla AM, Abbas MAF, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertensio n among Saudi adult population: A national survey. Int J Hypertens 2011;2011:8.
55. Al-Nozha MM, Abdullah M, Arafah MR, Khalil MZ, Khan NB, et al. Hypertension in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2007;28(1):77-84.
56. Al-Baghli NA, Al-Ghamdi AJ, Al-Turki KA, Al Elq AH, El-Zubaier AG, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose levels in t he eastern province of Saudi Arabia: Results of a screening campaign. Singapore Med J 2010;51(12):923-30.
57. Fatani HH, Mira SA, El-Zubier AG. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural Saudi Arabia. Diabetes Care 1987;10(2):180-3.
58. Bayer News Channel. Bayer healthcare supports educational program on diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Available at: Http://www. bnc.bayer.com/bayer/bnci.nsf/id/Ba yer-HealthCare-Supports-Education-Program-on-Diabetes-in-Saudi-Arabia.
59. Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Alkharfy KM, Yousef M, et al. Diabetes mellitus type 2 and other chronic non-communicable dise ases in the central region, Saudi Arabia (Riyadh cohort 2): A decade of an epidemic. BMC Med 2011;9:76-81.
60. Alqurashi KA, Aljabri KS, Bokhari SA. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community. Ann Saudi Med 2011;31(1):19-23.
61. Khan AR, Wiseberg JA, Lateef ZAA, Khan SA. Prevalence and determinants of diabetic retinopathy in Al Hasa region of Saudi Arabia: Primary health care centre based cross-sectional survey, 2007 -2009. Middle E Afr J Ophthalmol 2010;17(3):257-63.
62. McGill A-T, Stewart JM, Lithander FE, Strik CM, Poppitt SD. Relationships of low serum vitamin D3 with anthropometry and markers of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in overweight and obesity. Nutr J 2008;7:4.
63. Thomas J. As the heat begins to rise, so too do rates of depression. The National [23 Mar 201 4]. Available at: Http://www. thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/as-the-heatbegins-to-rise-so-too-do-rates-of-depression.
64. Vanlint S. Vitamin D and obesity. Nutrients 2013;5:949-56.
65. Luong KVQ, Nguyen LTH. Vitamin D and obesity. Med Chem 2012;2:1.
66. Al Frayh AR, Skakoor Z, Gad El Rab MO, Hasnain SM. Increased prevalence of asthma in Saudi Arabia. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001;86:292-6.
67. Al-Ghobain MO, Al-Hajjaj MS, Al Moamary MS. Asthma prevalence among 16-to 18-year-old adolescents in Saudi Arabia using the ISAAC questionnaire. BMC Public Health 2012;12:239.
68. Hijazi N, Abalkhail B, Seaton A. Diet and childhood asthma in a society in transition: A study in urban and rural Saudi Arabia. Thorax 2000;55:775-9.
69. Delgado J, Barranco P, Quirce S. Obesity and asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2008;18(6):420-5.
70. CIA World Factbook. Saudi Arabia median age. Available at: Http://www.indexmundi.com/saudi-arabia/median-age.html.
71. Al-Mukhtar RA. 'Weighty ' bomb ticking for 50% of women. Arab News [12 Mar 2014]. Available at: Http://www.arabnews.com/print/538881.
72. Memish ZA, Abdullah AS, Saeedi MY, Salloum RM, Almadani AJ, et al. Brief communication: Methods and status of a comprehensive comm unity-based intervention focusing on non-communicable diseases and the major risk factors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Crown Health Project. Saudi Med J 2013;34(2):202-3.
73. Mobaraki AEH Söderfeldt B. Gender inequity in Saudi Arabia and its role in public health. E Mediter Health J 2010 16 1 113-8.
74. Memish ZA, Saeedi MY, Al Madani AJ, Junod B, Jamo A, et al. Factors a ssociated with public health awareness of the Crown Health Program in the Al-Jouf Region. J Family Community Med 2015;22(1):31-8.
75. Seidell JC, Halberstadt J. The global burden of obesity and the challenges of prevention. Ann Nutr Metab 2015;66(Suppl 2): 7-12.
76. Rasooldeen MD. WHO hails health project in Al-Jouf. Arab News [23 May 2015]. Available at: Http://www.arabnews.com/saudiarabia/news/750781.
77. Ministry of Health Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. WHO commends the Health Crown Preventive Program. Ministry News [20 May 2015]. Available at: Http://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/MediaCenter/News/Pages/News-2015- 05-20-002.aspx.
78. Ministry of Health. National campaign against overweight and obesity-about the campaign. Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: 2012. Available at: Http://www.moh.gv.sa/en/HealthAwarenes s/Campaigns/badana/Pages/default.aspx.
79. Burguera B, Tur JJ, Escudero AJ, Alos M, Pagán A, et al. An intensive lifestyle intervention is an effective treatment of morbid obesity: The TRAMOMTANA study-a two- year randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Endocrinol 2015;2015:11p.
80. Staff writer. Innovative, safe technology for weight loss unveiled in Kingdom. The Saudi Gazette [20 Mar 2014]. Available at: Http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.reg con&contentid=20140320199242.
81. Staff Writer. Fatwa prohibits 'all you can eat ' offers. Al Arabiya News [13 Mar 2014]. Available at: Http://english.al arabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/03/13/Saudi-cleric-declares-openbuffets-as-un-Islamic-.html.
82. The Economist. Segregation in Saudi Arabia: No men allowed! The Economist [28 Feb 2015]. Available at: Http://www.economist. com/node/21645231/print.
83. AL Dhaifallah A, Mwanri L, Aljoudi A. Childhood obesity in Saudi Arabia: Opportunities and challenges. Saudi J Obesity 2015;3(1):2-7.
84. Bourke M, Whittaker PJ, Verma A. Are dietary intervent ions effective at increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among overweight children? A systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health 2014;68:485-90.
85. Al-Almaie S. Knowledge of healthy diets among adolescents in eastern Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2005;25(4):294-8.