Tornado damage mitigation: Benefit-cost analysis of enhanced building codes in Oklahoma

Weather, Climate, and Society

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 169-178

  Simmons, Kevin M ^a   Kovacs, Paul ^b   Kopp, Gregory A ^c  

^a AUSTIN COLLEGE   (United States)

^b Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUILDING; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DAMAGE; DISCOUNT RATE; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; TORNADO;

OKLAHOMA [UNITED STATES]; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84940657358     PISSN: 19488327     EISSN: 19488335     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/WCAS-D-14-00032.1     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. ASCE, 2006: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. ASCE, 388 pp.
2. Bouwer, L., 2011: Have disaster losses increased due to anthropogenic climate change? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92, 39-46, doi:10.1175/2010BAMS3092.1.
3. Brooks, H. E., and C. A. Doswell, 2001: Normalized damage from major tornadoes in the United States: 1890-1999. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 168-176, doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2001)016〈0168:NDFMTI〉2.0.CO;2.
4. Cannon, J., 2014: Moore city council takes historic step in bolstering homes. NewsOK, 17 March. [Available online at http://newsok.com/moore-city-council-takes-historic-step-in-bolstering-homes/article/3944338/?page=2.]
5. Census, 2012: Selected housing characteristics (Table DP04), American Community Survey 2012, 5 year estimates. American Fact Finder, U.S. Census Bureau. [Available online at http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS-12-5YR-DP04&prodType=table.]
6. -, 2014: Median and average square feet of floor area in new single-family houses completed by location. U.S. Census Bureau. [Available online at www.census.gov/const/C25Ann/sftotalmedavgsqft.pdf.]
7. City of Moore, 2014: Ordinance No. 768 (14). [Available online at www.cityofmoore.com/sites/default/files/main-site/high-winds-codes-passed.pdf.]
8. Fricker, T., J. B. Elsner, P. Camp, and T. H. Jagger, 2014: Empirical estimates of kinetic energy from some recent U.S. tornadoes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 4340-4346, doi:10.1002/2014GL060441.
9. Fronstin, P., and A. G. Holtman, 1994: The determinants of residential property damages from Hurricane Andrew. South. Econ. J., 61, 387-397, doi:10.2307/1059986.
10. Gurley, K., and F. Masters, 2011: Post-2004 hurricane field survey of residential building performance. Nat. Hazards Rev., 12, 177-183, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000044.
11. Haan, F. L., K. Balaramudu, and P. P. Sarkar, 2010: Tornado-induced wind loads on a low-rise building. J. Struct. Eng., 136, 106-116, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000093.
12. Hampton, J., 2014: Moore city council considers storm-resistant building code upgrades. Norman Transcript, 17 March. [Available online at www.normantranscript.com/headlines/x1387868847/Moore-City-council-considers-storm-resistant-building-code-upgrades?zc-p=0.]
13. Hartwig, R. P., 2014: Tornadoes and severe convective events: Insurance trends and challenges in an era of climate volatility. Insurance Information Institute. [Available online at www.iii.org/presentation/tornadoes-and-severe-convective-events-insurance-trends-and-challenges-in-an-era-of-climate.]
14. IBHS, 2004: Hurricane Charley: Nature's force vs. structural strength. Institute for Business and Home Safety. [Available online at http://www.disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/hurricane-charley.pdf.]
15. Iwan, W. D., and Coauthors, 1999: Mitigation emerges as major strategy for reducing losses caused by natural disasters. Science, 284, 1943-1947, doi:10.1126/science.284.5422.1943.
16. Kuligowski, E. D., F. T. Lombardo, L. T. Phan, M. L. Levitan, and D. P. Jorgensen, 2014: Technical investigation of the May 22, 2011, tornado in Joplin, Missouri, final report. NIST/National Construction Safety Team Act Rep. 3, 490 pp.
17. Kunreuther, H. C., and E. O. Michel-Kerjan, 2009: At War with the Weather: Managing Large-Scale Risks in a New Era of Catastrophes. MIT Press, 416 pp.
18. Lombardo, F. T., D. B. Roueche, and D. O. Prevatt, 2015: Comparison of two methods of near-surface wind speed estimation in the 22 May, 2011 Joplin, Missouri tornado. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 138, 87-97, doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2014.12.007.
19. Malik, F., R. Brown, and W. York, 2012: IBHS fortified home hurricane; bronze, silver and gold: An incremental, holistic approach to reducing residential property losses in hurricane prone areas. Proc. Advances in Hurricane Engineering: Learning from Our Past, C. P. Jones and L. G. Griffis, Eds., ASCE, 212-228, doi:10.1061/9780784412626.020.
20. th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Nashville, TN, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 6.1. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/26SLS/webprogram/Paper211662.html.]
21. Masters, F. J., K. R. Gurley, N. Shah, and G. Fernandez, 2010: The vulnerability of residential window glass to lightweight windborne debris. Eng. Struct., 32, 911-921, doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.12.016.
22. Mehta, K., 2013: Development of the EF-scale for tornado intensity. J. Disaster Res., 8, 1034-1041.
23. Morrison, M. J., G. A. Kopp, E. Gavanski, C. Miller, and A. Ashton, 2014: Assessment of damage to residential construction from the tornadoes in Vaughan, Ontario, on 20 August 2009. Can. J. Civ. Eng., 41, 550-558, doi:10.1139/cjce-2013-0570.
24. Multihazard Mitigation Council, 2005: Findings Conclusions and Recommendations. Vol. 1, Natural Hazard Mitigation Saves: An Independent Study to Assess Future Savings from Mitigation Activities, National Institute of Building Sciences, 11 pp.
25. National Climatic Data Center, 2014: Billion-dollar weather and climate disasters: Table of events. National Climatic Data Center. [Available online at www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events.]
26. Ramsdell, J. V., and J. P. Rishel, 2007: Tornado climatology of the contiguous United States. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Tech. Rep. NUREG/CR-4461, 260 pp.
27. Ramseyer, C., R. Floyd, L. Holliday, and S. Roswurm, 2014: Influence of lateral load bracing systems on damage and survivability of residential structures impacted by the Moore, Oklahoma, tornado of May 20, 2013. Proc. Structures Congress 2014, Boston, MA, ASCE, 1484-1507, doi:10.1061/9780784413357.131.
28. Roueche, D. B., and D. O. Prevatt, 2013: Residential damage patterns following the 2011 Tuscaloosa, AL and Joplin, MO tornadoes. J. Disaster Res., 8 (6), 1061-1067.
29. Simmons, K. M., and D. Sutter, 2011: Economic and Societal Impacts of Tornadoes, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 282 pp.
30. -, and -, 2012: Deadly Season: Analysis of the 2011 Tornado Outbreaks. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 103 pp.
31. -, -, and R. Pielke, 2013: Normalized tornado damage in the United States, 1950-2010. Environ. Hazards, 12, 132-147, doi:10.1080/17477891.2012.738642.
32. Storm Prediction Center, 2014: Storm Prediction Center WCM page. NOAA. [Available online at www.spc.noaa.gov/wcm.]
33. Sutter, D., D. DaSilva, and J. Kruse, 2009: An economic analysis of wind resistant construction. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 97, 113-119, doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2009.01.002.
34. Swiss RE, 2014: Natural catastrophes and man-made disasters in 2013: Large losses from floods and hail; Haiyan hits the Philippines. Sigma, No. 1/2014, 49 pp.
35. Torkian, B. B., J. P. Pinelli, J. Gurley, and S. Hamid, 2014: Cost-and-benefit evaluation of windstorm damage mitigation techniques in Florida. Nat. Hazards Rev., 15, 150-157, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000122.
36. Tsikoudakis, J., 2012: Hurricane Andrew prompted better building code requirements. Business Insurance, 19 August. [Available online at www.businessinsurance.com/article/20120819/NEWS06/308199985.]
37. Vickery, P. J., P. F. Skerlj, J. Lin, L. A. Twisdale Jr., M. A. Young, and F. M. Lavelle, 2006: HAZUS-MH hurricane model methodology. II: Damage and loss estimation. Nat. Hazards Rev., 7, 94-103, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2006)7:2(94).
38. WSEC, 2006: A recommendation for an enhanced Fujita scale (EF-scale). WSEC Texas Tech University Rep., 95 pp.
39. Zillow, 2014: Oklahoma home prices and values. Zillow. [Available online at www.zillow.com/ok/home-values/.]