Exhumational history of the north central Pamir

Tectonics

Volumn 29, Issue 5, 2010, Pages

  Amidon, William H ^a   Hynek, Scott A ^b  

^a MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PHOSPHATE MINERALS; SILICATE MINERALS; TECTONICS;

BAROMETRY; BULK-ROCK GEOCHEMISTRIES; CENOZOIC; CENOZOIC TECTONICS; COOLING AGE; EARLY MIOCENE; GRANITIC ROCKS; INDIAN PLATE; KARAKORAM FAULT; LATE TRIASSIC; MESOZOIC; NEW RESULTS; NORMAL FAULTS; PLATEAU UPLIFT; RIFT BASIN; TECTONIC UPLIFT; THERMAL EVENTS;

GEOCHRONOLOGY;

APATITE; BAROMETRY; CENOZOIC; COLLISION ZONE; EXHUMATION; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; GEOCHEMISTRY; GEOCHRONOLOGY; GRABEN; INDIAN PLATE; NORMAL FAULT; TECTONIC SETTING; TRIASSIC; UPLIFT; ZIRCON;

KARAKORAM FAULT ZONE; PAMIRS;

EID: 84940600443     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2009TC002589     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Arnaud, N. (1992), Apport de la Thermochronologie 40Ar/39Ar sur Feldspath Potassique a laConnaissance de la Tectonique Cenozoique d'Asie, Univ.BlaisePascal, Clermont-Ferrand II, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
2. Arrowsmith, J. R., and M. R. Strecker (1999), Seismotectonic range-front segmentation and mountainbelt growth in the Pamir-Alai region, Kyrgyzstan (India-Eurasia collision zone), Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 111(11), 1665-1683, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1999) 111<1665:SRFSAM>2.3.CO;2.
3. Beloussov, V. V., et al. (1980), Structure of the lithosphere along the deep seismic-sounding profile-Tien Shan-Pamirs-Karakorum-Himalayas, Tectonophysics, 70(3-4), 193-221, doi:10.1016/0040-1951 (80)90279-6.
4. Blisniuk, P. M., and M. R. Strecker (1996), Kinematics of Holocene normal faulting in the northern Pamir, Eos Trans. AGU, 77(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T21B-14.
5. Blisniuk, P. M., and M. R. Strecker (1997), Quaternary oblique normal faulting in the Lake Karakul area, northern Pamir (Tajikistan): Transfer of lateral escape along the Karakorum and Altyn Tagh faults?, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 29(6), 470.
6. Brunel, M., N. Arnaud, P. Tapponnier, Y. Pan, and Y. Wang (1994), Kongur Shan normal fault: Type example of mountain building assisted by extension (Karakoram fault, eastern Pamir), Geology, 22(8), 707-710, doi:10.1130/0091- 7613(1994)022<0707: KSNFTE>2.3.CO;2.
7. Burtman, V. S. (2000), Cenozoic crustal shortening between the Pamir and Tien Shan and a reconstruction of the Pamir-Tien Shan transition zone for the Cretaceous and Palaeogene, Tectonophysics, 319(2), 69-92, doi:10.1016/S0040- 1951(00)00022-6.
8. Burtman, V. S., and P. Molnar (1993), Geological and geophysical evidence for deep subduction beneath the Pamir, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 281, 1-76.
9. Clark, M. K., and L. H. Royden (2000), Topographic ooze: Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow, Geology, 28(8), 703-706, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(2000)28<703:TOBTEM>2.0.CO;2.
10. Coutand, I., M. R. Strecker, J. R. Arrowsmith, G. Hilley, R. C. Thiede, A. Korjenkov, and M. Omuraliev (2002), Late Cenozoic tectonic development of the intramontane Alai Valley, (Pamir-Tien Shan region, central Asia): An example of intracontinental deformation due to the Indo-Eurasia collision, Tectonics, 21(6), 1053, doi:10.1029/2002TC001358.
11. Cowgill, E. (2010), Cenozoic right-slip faulting along the eastern margin of the Pamir salient, northwestern China, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 122(1-2), 145-161, doi:10.1130/B26520.1.
12. Dayem, K. E., P. Molnar, M. K. Clark, and G. A. Houseman (2009), Far-field lithospheric deformation in Tibet during continental collision, Tectonics, 28, TC6005, doi:10.1029/2008TC002344.
13. Ehlers, T. A., and K. A. Farley (2003), Apatite (U-Th)/ He thermochronometry: Methods and applications to problems in tectonic and surface processes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 206(1-2), 1-14, doi:10.1016/ S0012-821X(02)01069-5.
14. England, P., and G. Houseman (1986), Finite strain calculations of continental deformation: 2. Comparison with the India-Asia collision zone, J. Geophys. Res. , 91(B3) , 3664-3676, d o i : 10.1029 / JB091iB03p03664.
15. Farley, K. A. (2000), Helium diffusion from apatite: General behavior as illustrated by Durango fluorapatite, J. Geophys. Res., 105(B2), 2903-2914, doi:10.1029/1999JB900348.
16. Farley, K. A. (2002), (U-Th)/He dating: Techniques, calibrations, and applications, in Noble Gases in Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, edited by D. Porcelli, C. J. Ballentine, and R. Wieler, pp. 819-844, Geochem. Soc., Columbus, Ohio.
17. Farley, K. A., et al. (1996), The effects of long alphastopping distances on (U-Th)/He ages, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60(21), 4223-4229.
18. Gurov, E. P., H. P. Gurova, R. B. Rakitskaya, and A. Y. Yamnichenko (1993), The Karakul depression in Pamirs: The first impact structure in central Asia, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXIV, 591-592.
19. Hamburger, M. W., D. R. Sarewitz, T. L. Pavlis, and G. A. Popandopulo (1992), Structural and seismic evidence for intracontinental subduction in the Peter the First Range, central Asia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 104(4), 397-408, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1992) 104<0397:SASEFI>2.3.CO;2.
20. Hammarstrom, J. M., and E. Zen (1986), Aluminum in hornblende: An empirical igneous geobarometer, Am. Mineral., 71, 1297-1313.
21. Hollister, L. S., G. C. Grissom, E. K. Peters, H. H. Stowell, and V. B. Sisson (1987), Confirmation of the empirical correlation of Al in hornblende with pressure of solidification of calc-alkaline plutons, Am. Mineral., 72, 231-239.
22. House, M. A., K. A. Farley, and D. Stockli (2000), Helium chronometry of apatite and titanite using Nd-YAG laser heating, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 183(3-4), 365-368, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00) 00286-7.
23. Hubbard, M. S., E. S. Grew, K. V. Hodges, M. G. Yates, and N. N. Pertsev (1999), Neogene cooling and exhumation of upper-amphibolite-facies 'whiteschists' in the southwest Pamir Mountains, Tajikistan, Tectonophysics, 305(1-3), 325-337, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00012-8.
24. Jolivet, M., M. Brunel, D. Seward, Z. Xu, J. Yang, F. Roger, P. Tapponnier, J. Malavieille, N. Arnaud, and C. Wu (2001), Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of the northern edge of the Tibetan plateau: Fissiontrack constraints, Tectonophysics, 343(1-2), 111-134, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00196-2.
25. Ketcham, R. A. (2005), Forward and inverse modeling of low-temperature thermochronometry data, in Low-Temperature Thermochronology: Techniques, Interpretations, and Applications, edited by P. W. Reiners and T. A. Ehlers, pp. 275-314, Mineral. Soc. of Am., Chantilly, Va.
26. Kohn, M. J., and F. Spear (2000), Retrograde net transfer reaction insurance for pressure-temperature estimates, Geology, 28(12), 1127-1130, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(2000)28<1127:RNTRIF>2.0.CO;2.
27. Komatsu, T., T. Watanabe, and K. Hirakawa (2010), A framework for Late Quaternary lake-level fluctuations in Lake Karakul, eastern Pamir, focusing on lake-glacier landform interaction, Geomorphology, 119, 198-211, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph. 2010. 03.025.
28. Lacassin, R., et al. (2004), Large-scale geometry, offset and kinematic evolution of the Karakorum fault, Tibet, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 219(3-4), 255-269, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00006-8.
29. Leith, W. (1985), A Mid-Mesozoic extension across central Asia, Nature, 313(6003), 567-570, doi:10.1038/313567a0.
30. Lukens, C. E., B. Carrapa, L. M. Schoenbohm, B. S. Singer, and B. Jicha (2009), Tectono-thermal evolution of the western Pamir Mountains, using 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology on modern river sands, Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T43C-2099.
31. Mahéo, G., S. Guillot, J. Blichert-Toft, Y. Rolland, and A. Pêcher (2002), A slab breakoff model for the Neogene thermal evolution of South Karakorum and South Tibet, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 195(1-2), 45-58, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00578-7.
32. Mahéo, G., J. Blichert-Toft, C. Pin, S. Guillot, and A. Pêcher (2009), Partial melting of mantle and crustal sources beneath South Karakorum, Pakistan: Implications for the Miocene geodynamic evolution of the India-Asia Convergence Zone, J. Petrol., 50(3), 427-449, doi:10.1093/petrology/ egp006.
33. Matte, P., et al. (1996), Tectonics of western Tibet, between the Tarim and the Indus, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 142(3-4), 311-330.
34. Murphy, M. A., A. Yin, P. Kapp, T. M. Harrison, D. Lin, and J. H. Guo (2000), Southward propagation of the Karakoram fault system, southwest Tibet: Timing and magnitude of slip, Geology, 28(5), 451-454, doi:10.1130/0091- 7613(2000)28<451: SPOTKF>2.0.CO;2.
35. Noth, L. (1932), Geologische Untersuchungen im Nordwestlichen Pamir-Gebiet und Mittleren Trans-Alai, 204 pp., Reimer-Vohsen, Berlin.
36. Peltzer, G., and P. Tapponnier (1988), Formation and evolution of strike-slip faults, rifts, and basins during the India-Asia collision: An experimental approach, J. Geophys. Res., 93(B12), 15,085-15,117, doi:10.1029/JB093iB12p15085.
37. Phillips, R. J., R. R. Parrish, and M. P. Searle (2004), Age constraints on ductile deformation and longterm slip rates along the Karakoram fault zone, Ladakh, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 226(3-4), 305-319, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.07. 037.
38. Raterman, N. S., et al. (2007), Variable structural style along the Karakoram fault explained using triplejunction analysis of intersecting faults, Geosphere, 3, 71-85.
39. Reigber, C., G. W. Michel, R. Galas, D. Angermann, J. Klotz, J. Y. Chen, A. Papschev, R. Arslanov, V. E. Tzurkov, and M. C. Ishanov (2001), New space geodetic constraints on the distribution of deformation in central Asia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 191(1-2), 157-165, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00414-9.
40. Reiners, P. W. (2007), Thermochronologic approaches to paleotopography, in Paleoaltimetry: Geochemical and Thermodynamic Approaches, edited by M. J. Kohn, pp. 243-267, Mineral. Soc. of Am., Chantilly, Va.
41. Reiners, P. W., K. A. Farley, and H. J. Hickes (2002), He diffusion and (U-Th)/He thermochronometry of zircon: Initial results from Fish Canyon Tuff and Gold Butte, Tectonophysics, 349(1-4), 297-308, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00058- 6.
42. Reiners, P. W., T. L. Spell, S. Nicolescu, and K. A. Zanetti (2004), Zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometry: He diffusion and comparisons with 40Ar/39Ar dating, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68(8), 1857-1887, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2003.10. 021.
43. Renne, P. R., A. L. Deino, R. C. Walter, B. D. Turrin, C. C. Swisher III, T. A. Becker, G. H. Curtis, W. D. Sharp, and A.-R. Jaouni (1994), Intercalibration of astronomical and radioisotopic time, Geology, 22 (9), 783-786, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994) 022<0783:IOAART>2.3.CO;2.
44. Robinson, A. C. (2009), Geologic offsets across the northern Karakorum fault: Implications for its role and terrane correlations in the western Himalayan-Tibetan orogen, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 279(1-2), 123-130, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.039.
45. Robinson, A. C., A. Yin, C. E. Manning, T. M. Harrison, S.-H. Zhang, and X.-F. Wang (2004), Tectonic evolution of the northeastern Pamir: Constraints from the northern portion of the Cenozoic Kongur Shan extensional system, western China, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 116(7-8), 953-973, doi:10.1130/B25375.1.
46. Robinson, A. C., A. Yin, C. E. Manning, T. M. Harrison, S.-H. Zhang, and X.-F. Wang (2007), Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Pamir: Implications for strain-accommodation mechanisms at the western end of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 119(7-8), 882-896, doi:10.1130/B25981.1.
47. Romanko, E. (1968), Geological map of the Tadjik SSR, sheet J-43-XIII, scale 1:200,000, Russ. Geol. Minist., St. Petersburg, Russia.
48. Schmalholz, M. (2004), The Amalgamation of the Pamirs and Their Subsequent Evolution in the Far Field of the India-Asia Collision, 185 pp., Univ. of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
49. Schwab, M., L. Ratschbacher, and W. Frisch (1999), Cenozoic to recent thermodynamic evolution of STien Shan, NE-and central Pamirs: Evidences from U/Pb, 40Ar/39Ar and fission-track dating methods combined with structural analyses, J. Conf. Abstr., 4(1), 54.
50. Schwab, M., et al. (2004), Assembly of the Pamirs: Age and origin of magmatic belts from the southern Tien Shan to the southern Pamirs and their relation to Tibet, Tectonics, 23, TC4002, doi:10.1029/ 2003TC001583.
51. Searle, M. P. (1996), Geological evidence against largescale pre-Holocene offsets along the Karakoram Fault: Implications for the limited extrusion of the Tibetan plateau, Tectonics, 15(1), 171-186.
52. Shuster, D. L., and K. A. Farley (2004), 4He/3He thermochronometry, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 217(1-2), 1-17, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00595-8.
53. Sobel, E. R., and T. A. Dumitru (1997), Thrusting and exhumation around the margins of the western Tarim basin during the India-Asia collision, J. Geophys. Res., 102(B3), 5043-5063, doi:10.1029/ 96JB03267.
54. Sobel, E. R., J. Chen, and R. V. Heermance (2006), Late Oligocene-Early Miocene initiation of shortening in the southwestern Chinese Tian Shan: Implications for Neogene shortening rate variations, Earth Planet. Sci. Let t ., 247(1-2), 70-81, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.048.
55. Stockli, D. F., T. A. Dumitru, M. O. McWilliams, and K. A. Farley (2003), Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the White Mountains, California and Nevada, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 115(7), 788-816, doi:10.1130/ 0016-7606(2003)115<0788: CTEOTW>2.0.CO;2.
56. Strecker, M. R., W. Frisch, M. W. Hamburger, L. Ratschbacher, S. Semiletkin, A. Samoruyev, and N. Sturchio (1995), Quaternary deformation in the Eastern Pamirs, Tadzhikistan and Kyrgyzstan, Tectonics, 14(5), 1061-1079, doi:10.1029/ 95TC00927.
57. Strecker, M. R., G. E. Hilley, J. R. Arrowsmith, and I. Coutand (2003), Differential structural and geomorphic mountain-front evolution in an active continental collision zone: The northwest Pamir, southern Kyrgyzstan, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 115(2), 166-181, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0166: DSAGMF>2.0.CO;2.
58. Tapponnier, P., J. L. Mercier, R. Armijo, T. L. Han, and J. Zhou (1981), Field evidence for active normal faulting in Tibet, Nature, 294(5840), 410-414, doi:10.1038/294410a0.
59. Tapponnier, P., Z. Q. Xu, F. Roger, B. Meyer, N. Arnaud, G. Wittlinger, and J. S. Yang (2001), Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau, Science, 294(5547), 1671-1677, doi:10.1126/ science.105978.
60. Tindle, A., and P. Webb (1994), PROBE-AMPH-A spreadsheet program to classify microprobe-derived amphibole analyses, Comput. Geosci., 20(7-8), 1201-1228, doi:10.1016/0098-3004(94)90071-X.
61. Valli, F., et al. (2008), New U-Th/Pb constraints on timing of shearing and long-term slip-rate on the Karakorum fault, Tectonics, 27, TC5007, doi:10.1029/ 2007TC002184.
62. Wang, E., F.-Y. Xu, J.-X. Zhou, J. Wan, and B. C. Burchfiel (2006), Eastward migration of the Qaidam basin and its implications for Cenozoic evolution of the Altyn Tagh fault and associated river systems, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. , 118(3-4), 349-365, doi:10.1130/B25778.1.
63. Yin, A., and T. M. Harrison (2000), Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 28, 211-280, doi:10.1146/annurev. earth.28.1.211.
64. Yin, A., A. Robinson, and C. E. Manning (2001), Oroclinal bending and slaB-break-off causing coeval east-west extension and east-west contraction in the Pamir-Nanga Parbat syntaxis in the past 10 m.y., Eos Trans. AGU, 82(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T12F-03.
65. Yin, A., et al. (2002), Tectonic history of the Altyn Tagh fault system in northern Tibet inferred from Cenozoic sedimentation, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 114(10), 1257-1295, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2002) 114<1257:THOTAT>2.0.CO;2.
66. Yin, A., Y.-Q. Dang, M. Zhang, X.-H. Chen, and M. W. McRivette (2008), Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam basin and its surrounding regions (part 3): Structural geology, sedimentation, and regional tectonic reconstruction, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 120(7-8), 847-876, doi:10.1130/B26232.1.
67. Young, E., A. Myers, E. Munson, and N. Conklin (1969), Mineralogy and geochemistry of fluorapatite from Cerro de Mercado, Durango, Mexico, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 650-D, 84-93.
68. Yuan, C., M. Sun, M. Zhou, H. Zhou, W. Xiao, and J. Li (2002), Tectonic evolution of the West Kunlun: Geochronologic and geochemical constraints from Kudi granitoids, Int. Geol. Rev., 44, 653-669, doi:10.2747/0020-6814.44.7.653.
69. Yuquan, Z., X. Yingwen, X. Ronghua, P. Vidal, and N. Arnaud (1996), Geochemistry of granitoid rocks, in Geological Evolution of the Karakorum and Kunlun Mountains, edited by P. Yusheng, pp. 132-168, Seismol. Press, Beijing.
70. Zhou, J. X., F. Y. Xu, T. C. Wang, A. F. Cao, and C. M. Yin (2006), Cenozoic deformation history of the Qaidam Basin, NW China: Results from cross-section restoration and implications for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau tectonics, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 243(1-2), 195-210, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.033.
71. Zhu, L. D., C. S. Wang, H. B. Zheng, F. Xiang, H. S. Yi, and D. Z. Liu (2006), Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of basins in the northeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their implication for the northward growth of the plateau, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 241(1), 49-60, doi:10.1016/ j.palaeo.2006.06.019.