How to Effectively Use Bismuth Quadruple Therapy: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 537-563

  Graham, David Y ^a   Lee, Sun Young ^b  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Konkuk University School of Medicine   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Adherence; Bismuth; Helicobacter pylori; Metronidazole; Proton pump inhibitors; Side effects; Tetracycline; Therapy

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; BISMUTH CITRATE; BISMUTH CITRATE PLUS METRONIDAZOLE PLUS TETRACYCLINE; BISMUTH SALICYLATE; BISMUTH SALT; CIMETIDINE; CLARITHROMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; ESOMEPRAZOLE; HELIDAC; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; LANSOPRAZOLE; METRONIDAZOLE; OMEPRAZOLE; PANTOPRAZOLE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RABEPRAZOLE; RANITIDINE; RANITIDINE BISMUTH CITRATE; TETRACYCLINE; TINIDAZOLE; ANTACID AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BISMUTH;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DOSAGE SCHEDULE COMPARISON; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DUODENUM ULCER; ERADICATION THERAPY; EVENING DOSAGE; GASTRITIS; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMAN; MEAL; MORNING DOSAGE; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT COUNSELING; PATIENT EDUCATION; PEPTIC ULCER; PHARMACODYNAMICS; REVIEW; THERAPY RESISTANCE; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ULCER HEALING; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; COMBINATION DRUG THERAPY; DRUG ADMINISTRATION; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; MEDICATION COMPLIANCE;

ANTACIDS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BISMUTH; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMANS; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; METRONIDAZOLE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS; TETRACYCLINE;

EID: 84940447270     PISSN: 08898553     EISSN: 15581942     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2015.05.003     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Eberle J. A treatise of the materia medica and therapeutics 1834, Crigg & Elliot, Philadelphia. 4th edition.
2. Brinton W. Ulcer of the stomach successfully treated. Assoc Med J 1855, 3:1125-1126.
3. Salvador J.A., Figueiredo S.A., Pinto R.M., et al. Bismuth compounds in medicinal chemistry. Future Med Chem 2012, 4:1495-1523.
4. DuPont H.L. Bismuth subsalicylate in the treatment and prevention of diarrheal disease. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1987, 21:687-693.
5. Graham D.Y., Estes M.K., Gentry L.O. Double-blind comparison of bismuth subsalicylate and placebo in the prevention and treatment of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea in volunteers. Gastroenterology 1983, 85:1017-1022.
6. Graham D.Y., Klein P.D., Opekun A.R., et al. In vivo susceptibility of Campylobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol 1989, 84:233-238.
7. Graham D.Y., Evans D.G. Prevention of diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: lessons learned with volunteers. Rev Infect Dis 1990, 12(Suppl 1):S68-S72.
8. Hall D.W. Review of the modes of action of colloidal bismuth subcitrate. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1989, 157:3-6.
9. Koo J., Ho J., Lam S.K., et al. Selective coating of gastric ulcer by tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate in the rat. Gastroenterology 1982, 82:864-870.
10. Sandha G.S., LeBlanc R., van Zanten S.J., et al. Chemical structure of bismuth compounds determines their gastric ulcer healing efficacy and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. Dig Dis Sci 1998, 43:2727-2732.
11. Wieriks J., Hespe W., Jaitly K.D., et al. Pharmacological properties of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS, DE-NOL). Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1982, 80:11-16.
12. Borsch G.M., Graham D.Y. Helicobacter pylori. Pharmacology of peptic ulcer disease 1991, vol. 99:107-148. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
13. Lambert J.R. Pharmacology of bismuth-containing compounds. Rev Infect Dis 1991, 13(Suppl 8):S691-S695.
14. Coghlan J.G., Gilligan D., Humphries H., et al. Campylobacter pylori and recurrence of duodenal ulcers-a 12-month follow-up study. Lancet 1987, 2:1109-1111.
15. Martin D.F., Hollanders D., May S.J., et al. Difference in relapse rates of duodenal ulcer after healing with cimetidine or tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate. Lancet 1981, 1:7-10.
16. Vantrappen G., Schuurmans P., Rutgeerts P., et al. A comparative study of colloidal bismuth subcitrate and cimetidine on the healing and recurrence of duodenal ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1982, 80:23-30.
17. Miller J.P., Hollanders D., Ravenscroft M.M., et al. Likelihood of relapse of duodenal ulcer after initial treatment with cimetidine or colloidal bismuth subcitrate. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1982, 80:39-42.
18. Kang J.Y., Piper D.W. Cimetidine and colloidal bismuth in treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer. Comparison of initial healing and recurrence after healing. Digestion 1982, 23:73-79.
19. Shreeve D.R., Klass H.J., Jones P.E. Comparison of cimetidine and tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate in healing and relapse of duodenal ulcers. Digestion 1983, 28:96-101.
20. Bianchi P.G., Lazzaroni M., Petrillo M., et al. Relapse rates in duodenal ulcer patients formerly treated with bismuth subcitrate or maintained with cimetidine. Lancet 1984, 2:698.
21. Hamilton I., O'Connor H.J., Wood N.C., et al. Healing and recurrence of duodenal ulcer after treatment with tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (TDB) tablets or cimetidine. Gut 1986, 27:106-110.
22. Bianchi P.B., Lazzaroni M., Parente F., et al. The influence of colloidal bismuth subcitrate on duodenal ulcer relapse. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1986, 122:35-38.
23. Graham D.Y., Lew G.M., Klein P.D., et al. Effect of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection on the long-term recurrence of gastric or duodenal ulcer. A randomized, controlled study. Ann Intern Med 1992, 116:705-708.
24. Borody T.J., Cole P., Noonan S., et al. Recurrence of duodenal ulcer and Campylobacter pylori infection after eradication. Med J Aust 1989, 151:431-435.
25. George L.L., Borody T.J., Andrews P., et al. Cure of duodenal ulcer after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Med J Aust 1990, 153:145-149.
26. Borody T.J., Andrews P., Fracchia G., et al. Omeprazole enhances efficacy of triple therapy in eradicating Helicobacter pylori. Gut 1995, 37:477-481.
27. de Boer W., Driessen W., Jansz A., et al. Effect of acid suppression on efficacy of treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection. Lancet 1995, 345:817-820.
28. Al-Assi M.T., Genta R.M., Graham D.Y. Short report: omeprazole-tetracycline combinations are inadequate as therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994, 8:259-262.
29. Graham D.Y., Osato M.S., Hoffman J., et al. Metronidazole containing quadruple therapy for infection with metronidazole resistant Helicobacter pylori: a prospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000, 14:745-750.
30. Lee B.H., Kim N., Hwang T.J., et al. Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy as second-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection: effect of treatment duration and antibiotic resistance on the eradication rate in Korea. Helicobacter 2010, 15:38-45.
31. Fischbach L.A., Goodman K.J., Feldman M., et al. Sources of variation of Helicobacter pylori treatment success in adults worldwide: a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2002, 31:128-139.
32. Fischbach L.A., van Z.S., Dickason J. Meta-analysis: the efficacy, adverse events, and adherence related to first-line anti-Helicobacter pylori quadruple therapies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004, 20:1071-1082.
33. van der Wouden E.J., Thijs J.C., van Zwet A.A., et al. The influence of in vitro nitroimidazole resistance on the efficacy of nitroimidazole-containing anti-Helicobacter pylori regimens: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999, 94:1751-1759.
34. Bardhan K., Bayerdorffer E., Veldhuyzen van Zanten S.J., et al. The HOMER study: the effect of increasing the dose of metronidazole when given with omeprazole and amoxicillin to cure Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2000, 5:196-201.
35. Miehlke S., Kirsch C., Schneider-Brachert W., et al. A prospective, randomized study of quadruple therapy and high-dose dual therapy for treatment of Helicobacter pylori resistant to both metronidazole and clarithromycin. Helicobacter 2003, 8:310-319.
36. Liang X., Xu X., Zheng Q., et al. Efficacy of bismuth-containing quadruple therapies for clarithromycin-, metronidazole-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant Helicobacter pylori infections in a prospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013, 11:802-807.
37. Fischbach L., Evans E.L. Meta-analysis: the effect of antibiotic resistance status on the efficacy of triple and quadruple first-line therapies for Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007, 26:343-357.
38. Graham D.Y., Lee Y.C., Wu M.S. Rational Helicobacter pylori therapy: evidence-based medicine rather than medicine-based evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014, 12:177-186.
39. Wu J.Y., Liou J.M., Graham D.Y. Evidence-based recommendations for successful Helicobacter pylori treatment. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014, 8:21-28.
40. Graham D.Y., Belson G., Abudayyeh S., et al. Twice daily (mid-day and evening) quadruple therapy for H. pylori infection in the United States. Dig Liver Dis 2004, 36:384-387.
41. Osato M.S., Reddy R., Reddy S.G., et al. Comparison of the Etest and the NCCLS-approved agar dilution method to detect metronidazole and clarithromycin resistant Helicobacter pylori. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001, 17:39-44.
42. Malfertheiner P., Bazzoli F., Delchier J.C., et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication with a capsule containing bismuth subcitrate potassium, metronidazole, and tetracycline given with omeprazole versus clarithromycin-based triple therapy: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011, 377:905-913.
43. Salazar C.O., Cardenas V.M., Reddy R.K., et al. Greater than 95% success with 14-day bismuth quadruple anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy: a pilot study in US Hispanics. Helicobacter 2012, 17:382-389.
44. Borody T.J., Brandl S., Andrews P., et al. Use of high efficacy, lower dose triple therapy to reduce side effects of eradicating Helicobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol 1994, 89:33-38.
45. de Boer W.A. How to achieve a near 100% cure rate for H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer patients. A personal viewpoint. J Clin Gastroenterol 1996, 22:313-316.
46. Al-Eidan F.A., McElnay J.C., Scott M.G., et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori eradication-the influence of structured counselling and follow-up. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002, 53:163-171.
47. Ford A.C., Malfertheiner P., Giguere M., et al. Adverse events with bismuth salts for Helicobacter pylori eradication: systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2008, 14:7361-7370.
48. Gene E., Calvet X., Azagra R., et al. Triple vs quadruple therapy for treating Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003, 17:1137-1143.
49. Hojo M., Miwa H., Nagahara A., et al. Pooled analysis on the efficacy of the second-line treatment regimens for Helicobacter pylori infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001, 36:690-700.
50. Delchier J.C., Malfertheiner P., Thieroff-Ekerdt R. Use of a combination formulation of bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline with omeprazole as a rescue therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014, 40:171-177.
51. Graham D.Y., Dore M.P. Variability in the outcome of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: a critical analysis. Helicobacter pylori basic mechanisms to clinical cure 1998 1998, 426-440. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (Netherlands). R.H. Hunt, G.N.J. Tytgat (Eds.).
52. Dore M.P., Graham D.Y., Mele R., et al. Colloidal bismuth subcitrate-based twice-a-day quadruple therapy as primary or salvage therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2002, 97:857-860.
53. Dore M.P., Marras L., Maragkoudakis E., et al. Salvage therapy after two or more prior Helicobacter pylori treatment failures: the super salvage regimen. Helicobacter 2003, 8:307-309.
54. Dore M.P., Farina V., Cuccu M., et al. Twice-a-day bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized trial of 10 and 14 days. Helicobacter 2011, 16:295-300.
55. Dore M.P., Maragkoudakis E., Pironti A., et al. Twice-a-day quadruple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in the elderly. Helicobacter 2006, 11:52-55.
56. Graham D.Y., Hoffman J., El-Zimaity H.M., et al. Twice a day quadruple therapy (bismuth subsalicylate, tetracycline, metronidazole plus lansoprazole) for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997, 11:935-938.
57. Zheng Q., Dai J., Li X., et al. Comparison of the efficacy of pantoprazole-based triple therapy versus quadruple therapy in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections: a single-center, randomized, open and parallel-controlled study. Chin J Gastroenterol 2009, 14:8-11.
58. Zheng Q., Chen W.J., Lu H., et al. Comparison of the efficacy of triple versus quadruple therapy on the eradication of Helicobacter pylori and antibiotic resistance. J Dig Dis 2010, 11:313-318.
59. Garcia N., Calvet X., Gene E., et al. Limited usefulness of a seven-day twice-a-day quadruple therapy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000, 12:1315-1318.
60. Borody T.J., George L.L., Brandl S., et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication with doxycycline-metronidazole-bismuth subcitrate triple therapy. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992, 27:281-284.
61. Cammarota G., Martino A., Pirozzi G., et al. High efficacy of 1-week doxycycline- and amoxicillin-based quadruple regimen in a culture-guided, third-line treatment approach for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004, 19:789-795.
62. Wang Z., Wu S. Doxycycline-based quadruple regimen versus routine quadruple regimen for rescue eradication of Helicobacter pylori: an open-label control study in Chinese patients. Singapore Med J 2012, 53:273-276.
63. Ciccaglione A., Cellini L., Grossi L., et al. A triple and quadruple therapy with doxycycline and bismuth for first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: a pilot study. Helicobacter 2015, [Epub ahead of print].
64. Kohanteb J., Bazargani A., Saberi-Firoozi M., et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Helicobacter pylori to selected agents by agar dilution method in Shiraz-Iran. Indian J Med Microbiol 2007, 25:374-377.
65. Gumurdulu Y., Serin E., Ozer B., et al. Low eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori with triple 7-14 days and quadruple therapy in Turkey. World J Gastroenterol 2004, 10:668-671.
66. Altintas E., Ulu O., Sezgin O., et al. Comparison of ranitidine bismuth citrate, tetracycline and metronidazole with ranitidine bismuth citrate and azithromycin for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients resistant to PPI based triple therapy. Turk J Gastroenterol 2004, 15:90-93.
67. Uygun A., Kadayifci A., Safali M., et al. The efficacy of bismuth containing quadruple therapy as a first-line treatment option for Helicobacter pylori. J Dig Dis 2007, 8:211-215.
68. Songur Y., Senol A., Balkarli A., et al. Triple or quadruple tetracycline-based therapies versus standard triple treatment for Helicobacter pylori treatment. Am J Med Sci 2009, 338:50-53.
69. Demir M., Gokturk S., Ozturk N.A., et al. Bismuth-based first-line therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Digestion 2010, 82:47-53.
70. Uygun A., Kadayifci A., Yesilova Z., et al. Comparison of sequential and standard triple-drug regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a 14-day, open-label, randomized, prospective, parallel-arm study in adult patients with nonulcer dyspepsia. Clin Ther 2008, 30:528-534.
71. Onal I.K., Gokcan H., Benzer E., et al. What is the impact of Helicobacter pylori density on the success of eradication therapy: a clinico-histopathological study. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2013, 37:642-646.
72. Sapmaz F., Kalkan I.H., Guliter S., et al. Comparison of Helicobacter pylori eradication rates of standard 14-day quadruple treatment and novel modified 10-day, 12-day and 14-day sequential treatments. Eur J Intern Med 2014, 25:224-229.
73. Hosseini S.M., Sharifipoor F., Nazemian F., et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication in renal recipient: triple or quadruple therapy?. Acta Med Iran 2014, 52:271-274.
74. Talaie R. Efficacy of standard triple therapy versus bismuth-based quadruple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Paramedical Sci 2014, 5:9-14.
75. Goral V., Zeyrek F.Y., Gul K. Antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori infection. T Klin J Gastroenterohepatol 2000, 11:87-92.
76. Abadi A.T., Taghvaei T., Mobarez A.M., et al. Frequency of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from the northern population of Iran. J Microbiol 2011, 49:987-993.
77. Fallahi G.H., Maleknejad S. Helicobacter pylori culture and antimicrobial resistance in Iran. Indian J Pediatr 2007, 74:127-130.
78. Farshad S., Alborzi A., Japoni A., et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from patients in Shiraz, Southern Iran. World J Gastroenterol 2010, 16:5746-5751.
79. Khademi F., Faghri J., Poursina F., et al. Resistance pattern of Helicobacter pylori strains to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and amoxicillin in Isfahan, Iran. J Res Med Sci 2013, 18:1056-1060.
80. Milani M., Ghotaslou R., Akhi M.T., et al. The status of antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran: comparative study according to demographics. J Infect Chemother 2012, 18:848-852.
81. Mohammadi M., Doroud D., Mohajerani N., et al. Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in Iran. World J Gastroenterol 2005, 11:6009-6013.
82. Shokrzadeh L., Jafari F., Dabiri H., et al. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of Helicobacter pylori isolated from the dyspepsia patients in Tehran, Iran. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2011, 17:261-264.
83. Siavoshi F., Safari F., Doratotaj D., et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori isolates from Iranian adults and children. Arch Iran Med 2006, 9:308-314.
84. Siavoshi F., Saniee P., Latifi-Navid S., et al. Increase in resistance rates of H. pylori isolates to metronidazole and tetracycline-comparison of three 3-year studies. Arch Iran Med 2010, 13:177-187.
85. Talebi Bezmin A.A., Ghasemzadeh A., Taghvaei T., et al. Primary resistance of Helicobacter pylori to levofloxacin and moxifloxacine in Iran. Intern Emerg Med 2012, 7:447-452.
86. Zendedel A., Moradimoghadam F., Almasi V., et al. Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Mashhad, Iran. J Pak Med Assoc 2013, 63:336-339.
87. van der Hulst R.W., Keller J.J., Rauws E.A., et al. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: a review of the world literature. Helicobacter 1996, 1:6-19.
88. Chi C.H., Lin C.Y., Sheu B.S., et al. Quadruple therapy containing amoxicillin and tetracycline is an effective regimen to rescue failed triple therapy by overcoming the antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003, 18:347-353.
89. Cheon J.H., Kim S.G., Kim J.M., et al. Combinations containing amoxicillin-clavulanate and tetracycline are inappropriate for Helicobacter pylori eradication despite high in vitro susceptibility. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006, 21:1590-1595.
90. Kadayifci A., Uygun A., Polat Z., et al. Comparison of bismuth-containing quadruple and concomitant therapies as a first-line treatment option for Helicobacter pylori. Turk J Gastroenterol 2012, 23:8-13.
91. Logan R.P., Gummett P.A., Misiewicz J.J., et al. One week's anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment for duodenal ulcer. Gut 1994, 35:15-18.
92. Tzivras M., Balatsos V., Souyioultzis S., et al. High eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori using a four-drug regimen in patients previously treated unsuccessfully. Clin Ther 1997, 19:906-912.
93. Uygun A., Ozel A.M., Sivri B., et al. Efficacy of a modified sequential therapy including bismuth subcitrate as first-line therapy to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in a Turkish population. Helicobacter 2012, 17:486-490.
94. Chung J.W., Lee J.H., Jung H.Y., et al. Second-line Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized comparison of 1-week or 2-week bismuth-containing quadruple therapy. Helicobacter 2011, 16:289-294.
95. Chung J.W., Lee G.H., Han J.H., et al. The trends of one-week first-line and second-line eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in Korea. Hepatogastroenterology 2011, 58:246-250.
96. Jang H.J., Choi M.H., Kim Y.S., et al. Effectiveness of triple therapy and quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Korean J Gastroenterol 2005, 46:368-372.
97. Lee S.K., Lee S.W., Park J.Y., et al. Effectiveness and safety of repeated quadruple therapy in Helicobacter pylori infection after failure of second-line quadruple therapy: repeated quadruple therapy as a third-line therapy. Helicobacter 2011, 16:410-414.
98. Park S.C., Chun H.J., Jung S.W., et al. Efficacy of 14 day OBMT therapy as a second-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection. Korean J Gastroenterol 2004, 44:136-141.
99. Cheon J.H., Kim N., Lee D.H., et al. Long-term outcomes after Helicobacter pylori eradication with second-line, bismuth-containing quadruple therapy in Korea. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006, 18:515-519.
100. Yoon J.H., Baik G.H., Kim Y.S., et al. Comparison of the eradication rate between 1- and 2-week bismuth-containing quadruple rescue therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gut Liver 2012, 6:434-439.
101. Yoon J.H., Baik G.H., Sohn K.M., et al. Trends in the eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori infection for eleven years. World J Gastroenterol 2012, 18:6628-6634.
102. Chung S.J., Lee D.H., Kim N., et al. Eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori infection with second-line treatment: non-ulcer dyspepsia compared to peptic ulcer disease. Hepatogastroenterology 2007, 54:1293-1296.
103. Lee S.T., Lee D.H., Lim J.H., et al. Efficacy of 7-day and 14-day bismuth-containing quadruple therapy and 7-day and 14-day moxifloxacin-based triple therapy as second-line eradication for Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut Liver 2015.
104. Kimura K., Ido K., Saifuku K., et al. A 1-h topical therapy for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 1995, 90:60-63.
105. Atherton J.C., Hudson N., Kirk G.E., et al. Amoxycillin capsules with omeprazole for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Assessment of the importance of antibiotic dose timing in relation to meals. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994, 8:495-498.
106. Atherton J.C., Cullen D.J., Kirk G.E., et al. Enhanced eradication of Helicobacter pylori by pre- versus post- prandial amoxycillin suspension with omeprazole: implications for antibiotic delivery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996, 10:631-635.
107. Lu H., Zhang W., Graham D.Y. Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori: lessons from China. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013, 25:1134-1140.
108. Graham D.Y. Efficient identification and evaluation of effective Helicobacter pylori therapies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009, 7:145-148.
109. Dong Q., Hyde D., Herra C., et al. Identification of genes regulated by prolonged acid exposure in Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001, 196:245-249.
110. Koksal A.S., Onder F.O., Torun S., et al. Twice a day quadruple therapy for the first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori in an area with a high prevalence of background antibiotic resistance. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2013, 76:34-37.
111. Amini M., Khedmat H., Yari F. Eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori in dyspeptic patients. Med Sci Monit 2005, 11:CR193-CR195.
112. Akyildiz M., Akay S., Musoglu A., et al. The efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate, amoxicillin and doxycycline or tetracycline regimens as a first line treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Eur J Intern Med 2009, 20:53-57.
113. Hu T.H., Chuah S.K., Hsu P.I., et al. Randomized comparison of two nonbismuth-containing rescue therapies for Helicobacter pylori. Am J Med Sci 2011, 342:177-181.