Setting the hemoglobin A1c target in type 2 diabetes: a priori, a posteriori, or neither?

Endocrine

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 56-60

  Giugliano, Dario ^a   Maiorino, Maria Ida ^a   Bellastella, Giuseppe ^a   Petrizzo, Michela ^b   Ceriello, Antonio ^c   Genovese, Stefano ^d   Esposito, Katherine ^a  

^a SECOND UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES   (Italy)

^b Centro Direzionale   (Italy)

^c INSTITUT D INVESTIGACIONS BIOMÈDIQUES AUGUST PI I SUNYER IDIBAPS   (Spain)

^d CASA SOLLIEVO DELLA SOFFERENZA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

A posteriori; A priori; HbA1c target; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

CREATININE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LISINOPRIL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; METFORMIN; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; SIMVASTATIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN; HEMOGLOBIN A1C PROTEIN, HUMAN;

ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CASE REPORT; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DIET THERAPY; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; FAMILY HISTORY; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MALE; MICROALBUMINURIA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TREATMENT FAILURE; BLOOD; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DRUG EFFECTS; MIDDLE AGED; STANDARDS;

DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DRUG PRESCRIPTIONS; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; MIDDLE AGED; PRACTICE PATTERNS, PHYSICIANS';

EID: 84940438627     PISSN: 1355008X     EISSN: 15590100     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0549-2     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2014, Diabetes Care 37(Supplement 1), S14–S80 (2014)
2. F. Ismail-Beigi, E. Moghissi, M. Tiktin, I.B. Hirsch, S.E. Inzucchi, S. Genuth, Individualizing glycemic targets in type 2 diabetes mellitus: implications of recent clinical trials. Ann. Intern. Med. 154, 554–559 (2011)
3. S.E. Inzucchi, R.M. Bergenstal, J.B. Buse, M. Diamant, E. Ferrannini, M. Nauck, A.L. Peters, A. Tsapas, R. Wender, D.R. Matthews, Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach. Update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 38, 140–149 (2015)
4. K. Esposito, M.I. Maiorino, G. Bellastella, D. Giugliano, New guidelines for metabolic targets in diabetes: clinician’s opinion does matter. Endocrine 46, 431–434 (2014)
5. A.B. Evert, J.L. Boucher, M. Cypress, S.A. Dunbar, M.J. Franz, E.J. Mayer-Davis, J.J. Neumiller, R. Nwankwo, C.L. Verdi, P. Urbanski, W.S. Yancy Jr, Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 37(Supplement 1), S120–S143 (2014)
6. The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, S.R. Seshasai, S. Kaptoge, A. Thompson, E. Di Angelantonio, P. Gao, N. Sarwar et al., Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 829–841 (2011)
7. The World Factbook—CIA. United States, People and Society, Life Expectancy. (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html). Last Accessed 7 Nov 2014
8. The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association. 2013 Prevention Guidelines ASCVD Risk Estimator. http://static.heart.org/ahamah/risk/Omnibus_Risk_Estimator.xls. Last Accessed 7 Nov 2014
9. A. Tversky, D. Kahneman, Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Science 185, 1124–1131 (1974)
10. AMD. Personalization of therapy in type 2 diabetes. English version—last updated and revised: May 2013 (http://www.aemmedi.it/algoritmi_en_2013/algoritmi.html). Last Accessed 7 Nov 2014
11. Canadian Diabetes Association. Clinical Practice Guidelines. (http://guidelines.diabetes.ca/bloodglucoselowering/a1ctarget). Last Accessed 7 Nov 2014
12. I. Raz, M.C. Riddle, J. Rosenstock, J.B. Buse, S.E. Inzucchi, P.D. Home, Personalized management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Reflections from a Diabetes Care Editors’ Expert Forum. Diabetes Care 36, 1779–1788 (2013)
13. O.J. Phung, J.M. Scholle, M. Talwar, G.I. Coleman, Effect of noninsulin antidiabetic drugs added to metformin therapy on glycemic control, weight gain, and hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes. JAMA 303, 1410–1418 (2010)
14. J.L. Gros, C.K. Kramer, C.B. Leitão, N. Hawkins, L.V. Viana, B.D. Schaan, L.C. Pinto, T.C. Rodrigues, M.J. Azevedo, For the Diabetes and Endocrinology Meta-analysis Group (DEMA), Effect of antihyperglycemic agents added to metformin and a sulfonylurea on glycemic control and weight gain in type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 154, 672–679 (2011)
15. K. Esposito, P. Chiodini, G. Bellastella, M.I. Maiorino, D. Giugliano, Proportion of patients at HbA1c target <7% with eight classes of antidiabetic drugs in type 2 diabetes: systematic review of 218 randomized controlled trials with 78 945 patients. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 14, 228–233 (2012)
16. C.L. Morgan, C.D. Poole, M. Evans, A.H. Barnett, S. Jenkins-Jones, C.J. Currie, What next after metformin? A retrospective evaluation of the outcome of second-line, glucose-lowering therapies in people with type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97, 4605–4612 (2012)
17. P.M. Rothwell, External validity of randomised controlled trials: “To whom do the results of this trial apply?”. Lancet 365, 82–93 (2005)
18. W. Summerskill, Evidence-based practice and the individual. Lancet. 365, 13–14 (2005)
19. B. Ahrén, C. Mathieu, G. Bader, A. Schweizer, J.E. Foley, Efficacy of vildagliptin versus sulfonylureas as add-on therapy to metformin: comparison of results from randomised controlled and observational studies. Diabetologia 57, 1304–1307 (2014)
20. P.D. Home, C. Shen, M.I. Hasan, Z.A. Latif, J.-W. Chen, G. Gonzalez, Gàlvez, Predictive and explanatory factors of change in HbA1c in a 24-week observational study of 66,726 people with type 2 diabetes starting insulin analogs. Diabetes Care 37, 1237–1245 (2014)
21. J.B. Brown, G.A. Nichols, A. Perry, The burden of treatment failure in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27, 1535–1540 (2004)
22. M.J. Calvert, R.J. McManus, N. Freemantle, Management of type 2 diabetes with multiple oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin in primary care: retrospective cohort study. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 57, 455–460 (2007)
23. K. Khunti, M.L. Wolden, B.L. Thorsted, M. Andersen, M.J. Davies, Clinical inertia in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study of more than 80,000 people. Diabetes Care 36, 3411–3417 (2013)
24. D. Giugliano, K. Esposito, Clinical inertia as a clinical safeguard. JAMA 305, 1591–1592 (2011)
25. R.R. Holman, S.K. Paul, M.A. Bethel, D.R. Matthews, N.A. Neil, 10-year follow up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 1577–1589 (2008)
26. K. J. Lipska, J. S. Ross, Y. Miao, N. D. Shah, S. J. Lee, M. A. Steinman, Overtreatment of diabetes mellitus in older adults with tight glycemic control. JAMA Intern Med. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7345. Published online January 12, 2015
27. T. Higgins, HbA1c for screening and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Endocrine 43, 266–273 (2013)