Thermal and mechanical properties of the near-surface layers of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Science

Volumn 349, Issue 6247, 2015, Pages

  Spohn, T ^a   Knollenberg, J ^a   Ball, A J ^b   Banaszkiewicz, M ^c   Benkhoff, J ^b   Grott, M ^a   Grygorczuk, J ^c   Hottig C ^a   Hagermann, A ^d   Kargl, G ^e   Kaufmann, E ^d   Komle N ^e   Kohrt E ^a   Kossacki, K J ^f   Marczewski, W ^c   Pelivan, I ^a   Schrodter R ^a   Seiferlin, K ^g  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^b EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY   (Netherlands)

^c Borowiec Astrogeodynamic Observatory   (Poland)

^d OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^e Austrian Academy of Sciences   (Austria)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW   (Poland)

^g UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TITANIUM;

COMET; DUST; INSTRUMENTATION; MECHANICAL PROPERTY; POROSITY; SENSOR; TEMPERATURE; UNIAXIAL STRENGTH;

ARTICLE; ASTRONOMY; COMET; MECHANICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCIENCE; SENSOR; SPACE FLIGHT; TEMPERATURE; THERMAL ANALYSIS; THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY;

EID: 84940416379     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: 10959203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.aab0464     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. T. Spohn et al., MUPUS-A thermal and mechanical properties probe for the Rosetta lander Philae. Space Sci. Rev. 128, 339-362 (2007). doi: 10.1007/s11214-006-9081-2
2. MUPUS was originally developed at the Institute of Planetology of the University of Mönster together with the Space Research Center in Warsaw, the DLR Institute of Planetary Research, the Space Research Institute Graz, the University of Kent, and the Open University, and other international partners. It is now maintained and operated by an international team led by the DLR Institute of Planetary Research in Berlin.
3. J. Biele et al., The landing(s) of Philae and inferences about comet surface mechanical properties. Science 349, aaa9816 (2015).
4. H. Sierks et al., On the nucleus structure and activity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Science 347, aaa1044 (2015). doi: 10.1126/science.aaa1044
5. S. Gulkis et al., Subsurface properties and early activity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Science 347, aaa0709 (2015). doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0709
6. S. Lowry et al., The nucleus of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko-A new shape model and thermophysical analysis. Astron. Astrophys. 548, A12 (2012).
7. O. Groussin et al., The temperature, thermal inertia, roughness and color of the nuclei of Comets 103P/Hartley 2 and 9P/Tempel 1. Icarus 222, 580-594 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2012.10.003
8. B. J. R. Davidsson, P. J. Gutiérrez, H. Rickmann, Physical properties of morphological units on comet 9P/Tempel 1 derived from near-IR Deep Impact spectra. Icarus 201, 335-357 (2009). doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.039
9. M. Delbo, A. dell'Oro, A. W. Harris, S. Mottola, M. Mueller, Thermal inertia of near-Earth asteroids and implications for the magnitude of the Yarkovsky effect. Icarus 190, 236-249 (2007). doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.007
10. B. J. R. Davidsson et al., Thermal inertia and surface roughness of Comet 9P/Tempel 1. Icarus 224, 154-171 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2013.02.008
11. A densitometer originally planned to be included with MUPUS had to be descoped for lack of funding. The direct measurement of the thermal conductivity with the PEN was not performed because the PEN had not been inserted and time was lacking.
12. D. F. Winter, J. M. Saari, A particulate thermophysical model of the lunar soil. Astrophys. J. 156, 1135-1151 (1969). doi: 10.1086/150041
13. G. Herman, P. R. Weissman, Numerical simulation of cometary nuclei: III. Internal temperatures of cometary nuclei. Icarus 69, 314-328 (1987). doi: 10.1016/0019-1035(87)90108-4
14. A. Rotundi et al., Dust measurements in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko inbound to the Sun. Science 347, aaa3905 (2015). doi: 10.1126/science.aaa3905
15. M. Krause, J. Blum, Yu. V. Skorov, M. Trieloff, Thermal conductivity measurements of porous dust aggregates: I. Technique, model and first results. Icarus 214, 286-296 (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2011.04.024
16. K. Seiferlin, N. Kömle, G. Kargl, T. Spohn, Line heat-source measurements of the thermal conductivity of porous H2O ice, CO2 ice and mineral powders under space conditions. Planet. Space Sci. 44, 691-704 (1996). doi: 10.1016/0032-0633(96)00068-2
17. K. J. Seidensticker et al., SESAME-An experiment of the Rosetta lander Philae: Objectives and general design. Space Sci. Rev. 128, 301-337 (2007).
18. K. A. Holsapple, K. R. Housen, A crater and its ejecta: An interpretation of Deep Impact. Icarus 187, 345-356 (2007). doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.029
19. J. M. Trigo-Rodriguez, J. Blum, Tensile strength as an indicator of the degree of primitiveness of undifferentiated bodies. Planet. Space Sci. 57, 243-249 (2009). doi: 10.1016/j.pss.2008.02.011
20. J. Biele et al., The putative mechanical strength of comet surface material applied to landing on a comet. Acta Astronaut. 65, 1168-1178 (2009). doi: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.03.041
21. R. M. Schulson, P. Duval, Creep and Fracture of Ice (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2009).
22. N. Kömle et al., Impact penetrometry on a comet nucleus-Interpretation of laboratory data using penetration models. Planet. Space Sci. 49, 575-598 (2001). doi: 10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00169-0
23. KOSI experiments were performed between 1987 and 1993 in the space simulator at DLR in Cologne/Germany and are described in (24, 25). The experiments placed a sample of granular ice at liquid nitrogen temperatures in a vacuum chamber. The samples were insolated mostly with one solar constant, but the insolation was varied between experiments. The thermal histories and the modifications of the ice-in particular, sublimation and sintering-were observed and documented.
24. E. Grön, H. Kochan, K. J. Seidensticker, Laboratory simulation, a tool for comet research. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 245-248 (1991). doi: 10.1029/90GL02522
25. H. W. Kochan, W. F. Huebner, D. W. G. Sears, Simulation experiments with cometary analogous material. Lab. Astrophys. Space Res. 236, 623-665 (1999). doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-4728-6-25
26. K. J. Kossacki, Comet 9P/Tempel 1: Evolution of the surface. Icarus 245, 348-354 (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.044
27. N. Thomas et al., The morphological diversity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Science 347, aaa0440 (2015). doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0440
28. J. Blum, R. Schräpler, B. J. R. Davidsson, J. M. Trigo-Rodriguez, The physics of protoplanetesimal dust agglomerates. I. Mechanical properties and relations to primitive bodies in the solar system. Astrophys. J. 652, 1768-1781 (2006). doi: 10.1086/508017
29. J. Blum, B. Gundlach, S. Möhle, J. M. Trigo-Rodriguez, Comets formed in solar-nebula instabilities!-An experimental and modeling attempt to relate the activity of comets to their formation process. Icarus 235, 156-169 (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.016