Properties of the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko interior revealed by CONSERT radar

Science

Volumn 349, Issue 6247, 2015, Pages

  Kofman, Wlodek ^a,b   Herique, Alain ^a,b   Barbin, Yves ^c   Barriot, Jean Pierre ^d   Ciarletti, Valérie ^b   Clifford, Stephen ^e   Edenhofer, Peter ^f   Elachi, Charles ^g   Eyraud, Christelle ^o   Goutail, Jean Pierre ^b   Heggy, Essam ^g,q   Jorda, Laurent ^l   Lasue, Jérémie ⁿ   Levasseur Regourd, Anny Chantal ^m   Nielsen, Erling ^h   Pasquero, Pierre ^a,b   Preusker, Frank ^p   Puget, Pascal ^a,b   Plettemeier, Dirk ⁱ   Rogez, Yves ^a,b   Sierks, Holger ^h   Statz, Christoph ⁱ   Svedhem, Hakan ^j   Williams, Iwan ^k   Zine, Sonia ^a,b   Van Zyl, Jakob ^g   more..

^a UNIV GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

^b CNRS   (France)

^c STATION DE RADIOASTRONOMIE DE NANÇAY   (France)

^d Geodesy Observatory of Tahiti   (French Polynesia)

^e LUNAR AND PLANETARY INSTITUTE   (United States)

^f RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

^g CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^h MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR SONNENSYSTEMFORSCHUNG   (Germany)

ⁱ DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^j EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY   (Netherlands)

^k QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^l AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^m SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

ⁿ IRAP   (France)

^o AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^p GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^q University of Southern California   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ICE;

CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITE; COMET; PERMITTIVITY; RADAR; SOLAR SYSTEM; VOLUME;

ARTICLE; ASTRONOMY; DUST; MEASUREMENT; POROSITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; SPACE; TELECOMMUNICATION;

EID: 84940403616     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: 10959203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.aab0639     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. G. Picardi et al., Radar soundings of the subsurface of Mars. Science 310, 1925-1928 (2005). doi: 10.1126/science.1122165; pmid: 16319122
2. J. J. Plaut et al., Subsurface radar sounding of the south polar layered deposits of Mars. Science 316, 92-95 (2007). doi: 10.1126/science.1139672; pmid: 17363628
3. R. J. Phillips et al., Massive CO2 ice deposits sequestered in the south polar layered deposits of Mars. Science 332, 838-841 (2011). doi: 10.1126/science.1203091; pmid: 21512003
4. T. Ono et al., Instrumentation and observation target of the Lunar Radar Sounder (LRS) experiment on-board the SELENE spacecraft. Earth Planet. Sci. 60, 321-332 (2008). doi:10.1186/BF03352797
5. W. Kofman et al., Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission. Adv. Space Res. 21, 1589-1598 (1998). doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00952-6
6. J. Biele et al., The landing(s) of Philae and inferences on comet surface mechanical properties. Science 349, aaa9816 (2015).
7. J. Boisson et al., Radar sounding of temperate permafrost in Alaska: Analogy to the Martian midlatitude to high-latitude ice-rich terrains. J. Geophys. Res. 116, E11003 (2011). doi:10.1029/2010JE003768
8. H. Sierks et al., On the nucleus structure and activity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Science 347, aaa1044 (2015). doi: 10.1126/science.aaa1044; pmid: 25613897
9. M. C. Festou, H. U. Keller, H. A. Weaver, Eds., Comets II (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 2004).
10. E. Hadamcik, A. K. Sen, A. C. Levasseur-Regourd, R. Gupta, J. Lasue, Polarimetric observations of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during its 2008-2009 apparition. Astron. Astrophys. 517, A86 (2010). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014167
11. F. Capaccioni et al., The organic-rich surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by VIRTIS/Rosetta. Science 347, aaa0628 (2015). doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0628; pmid: 25613895
12. R. Schulz et al., Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko sheds dust coat accumulated over the past four years. Nature 518, 216-218 (2015). doi: 10.1038/nature14159; pmid: 25624103
13. A. Sihvola, Electromagnetic Mixing Formulas and Applications (The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, 2004).
14. M. Born, E. Wolf, Principles of Optics (Pergamon Press, New York, 1970).
15. M. Benna, J.-P. Barriot, W. Kofman, Y. Barbin, Generation of 3-D synthetic data for the modeling of the CONSERT experiment (the radiotomography of comet 7P/Churyumov Gerasimenko). IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 52, 709-716 (2004). doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.825564
16. A. Herique, W. Kofman, T. Hagfors, G. Caudal, J.-P. Ayanides, A characterization of a comet nucleus interior: Inversion of simulated radio frequency data. Planet. Space Sci. 47, 885-904 (1999). doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00144-5
17. S. R. Gough, A low temperature dielectric cell and the permittivity of hexagonal ice to 2 K. Can. J. Chem. 50, 3046-3051 (1972). doi:10.1139/v72-483
18. E. Heggy et al., Radar properties of comets: Parametric dielectric modeling of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Icarus 221, 925-939 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.09.023
19. J. Klinger, A.-C. Levasseur-Regourd, N. Bouziani, A. Enzian, Towards a model of cometary nuclei for engineering studies for future space missions to comets. Planet. Space Sci. 44, 637-653 (1996). doi:10.1016/0032-0633(96)00067-0
20. O. Andersson, Dielectric relaxation of the amorphous ices. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 20, 244115 (2008). doi:10.1088/0953-8984/20/24/244115
21. E. Pettinelli et al., Frequency and time domain permittivity measurements on solid CO2 and solid CO2-soil mixtures as Martian soil simulants. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (E4), 8029 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002JE001869
22. P. Ehrenfreund, S. B. Charnley, Organic molecules in the interstellar medium, comets, and meteorites: A voyage from dark clouds to the early Earth. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 38, 427-483 (2000). doi:10.1146/annurev. astro.38.1.427
23. M. S. Hanner, M. S., J.P. Bradley, in Comets II, M. C. Festou, H. U. Keller, H. A. Weaver, Eds. (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 2004), pp. 555-564.
24. G. J. Flynn et al., Elemental compositions of comet 81P/Wild 2 samples collected by Stardust. Science 314, 1731-1735 (2006). pmid: 17170294
25. T. Stephan, Assessing the elemental composition of comet 81P/Wild 2 by analyzing dust collected by Stardust. Space Sci. Rev. 138, 247-258 (2008). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9291-2
26. D. Brownlee, D. Joswiak, G. Matrajt, Overview of the rocky component of Wild 2 comet samples: Insight into the early solar system, relationship with meteoritic materials and the differences between comets and asteroids. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 47, 453-470 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2012.01339.x
27. D. J. Joswiak et al., Comprehensive examination of large mineral and rock fragments in Stardust tracks: Mineralogy, analogous extraterrestrial materials, and source regions. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 47, 471-524 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2012.01337.x
28. P. Kamoun, P. L. Lamy, I. Toth, A. Herique, Constraints on the subsurface structure and density of the nucleus of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from Arecibo radar observations. Astron. Astrophys. 568, A21 (2014). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423544