Quantifying crop responses to nitrogen and avenues to improve nitrogen-use efficiency

Crop Physiology: Applications for Genetic Improvement and Agronomy: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 161-206

  Gastal, François ^a   Lemaire, Gilles ^a   Durand, Jean Louis ^a   Louarn, Gaëtan ^a  

^a CEMAGREF   (France)

Author keywords

Canopy photosynthesis; Critical N; Crops; Fertilization strategy; Growth; Nitrogen allocation; Nitrogen nutrition index; Nitrogen uptake; Nitrogen use efficiency; Plant breeding

Indexed keywords

EID: 84939964788     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-417104-6.00008-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (287)

1. Abbate P., Andrade F.H., Culot J.P. The effects of radiation and nitrogen on number of grains in wheat. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 1995, 124:351-360.
2. Addiscott T.M., Withmore A.P., Powlson D.S. Farming, fertilisers and the nitrate problem 1991, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
3. Aerts R., de Caluwe H. Effects of nitrogen supply on canopy structure and leaf nitrogen distribution in Carex species. Ecology 1994, 75:1482-1490.
4. Ågren G.I. The C:N:P stoichiometry of autotrophs - Theory and observations. Ecol. Lett. 2004, 7:185-191.
5. Angus J.F., Moncur M.W. Models of growth and development of wheat in relation to plant nitrogen. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1985, 36:537-544.
6. Angus J.F. Nitrogen supply and demand in Australian agriculture. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2001, 41:277-288.
7. Angus J.F. Should nitrogen dilution curves be expressed in relation to biomass or development?. Towards a better efficiency in N use. Proceedings of the 15th Nitrogen Workshop 2007, 305-308. Editorial Milenio, Lleida, Spain. A.D. Bosch Serra, M.R. Teira Esmatges, J.M. Vilar Mir (Eds.).
8. 4 mono- and dicotyledonous species. Oecologia 1995, 101:504-513.
9. Aphalo P.J., Ballaré C.L. On the importance of information-acquiring systems in plant-plant interactions. Funct. Ecol. 1995, 9:5-14.
10. Arisnaberrata S., Miralles D.J. The influence of fertiliser nitrogen application on development and number of reproductive primordia in field grown two- and six-rowed barleys. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 2004, 55:357-366.
11. Austin A.T., Yahdjian L., Stark J.M., et al. Water pulses and biogeochemical cycles in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Oecologia 2004, 141:221-235.
12. 13C pulse chase labelling during regrowth of Medicago sativa L. Plant Physiol. 1996, 112:281-290.
13. Avice J.C., Ourry A., Lemaire G., Volenec J.J., Boucaud J. Root protein and vegetative storage protein are key organic nutrients for alfalfa shoot regrowth. Crop Sci. 1997, 37:1187-1193.
14. Babar M.A., Reynolds M.P., van Ginkel M., Klatt A.R., Raun W.R., Stone M.L. Spectral reflectance to estimate genetic variation for in-season biomass, leaf chlorophyll, and canopy temperature in wheat. Crop Sci. 2006, 46:1046-1057.
15. Bahmani I., Hazard L., Varlet-Grancher C., et al. Differences in tillering of long- and short-leaved perennial ryegrass genetic lines under full light and shade treatments. Crop Sci. 2000, 40:1095-1102.
16. Ballaré C.L., Scopel A.L., Sanchez R.A. Plant photomorphogenesis in canopies, crop growth and yield. Hort. Sci. 1995, 30:1172-1181.
17. Ballaré C.L., Scopel A.L., Sanchez R.A. Foraging for light: photosensory ecology and agricultural implications. Plant Cell Environ. 1997, 20:820-825.
18. Bange M.P., Hammer G.L., Rickert K.G. Effect of specific leaf nitrogen on radiation use efficiency and growth of sunflower. Crop Sci. 1997, 37:1201-1207.
19. Barillot R., Louarn G., Escobar-Gutiérrez A.J., Huynh P., Combes D. How good is the turbid medium-based approach for accounting for light partitioning in contrasted grass-legume intercropping systems?. Ann. Bot. 2011, 108:1013-1024.
20. Barro R.S., Varella A.C., Lemaire G., et al. Forage yield and nitrogen nutrition dynamics of warm-season native forage genotypes under two shading levels and in full light. Rev. Braz. Zootec. 2012, 41:1589-1597.
21. 2 in Lolium perenne L. Can. J. Bot. 1975, 53:237-242.
22. 15N uptake and water relations in two tussock grasses species recovering from water stress. Physiol. Plant. 1992, 86:525-531.
23. Bélanger G., Gastal F., Lemaire G. Growth analysis of a tall fescue sward fertilised with different rates of nitrogen. Crop Sci. 1992, 6:1371-1376.
24. Bélanger G., Gastal F., Warembourg F. Carbon balance on tall fescue: effects of nitrogen and growing season. Ann. Bot. 1994, 74:653-659.
25. Bélanger G., Walsh J.R., Richards J.E., Milburn P.H., Ziadi N. Critical nitrogen curve and nitrogen nutrition index for potato in eastern Canada. Am. J. Potato Res. 2001, 78(5):355-364.
26. Beman J.M., Arrigo K., Matson P.M. Agricultural runoff fuels large phytoplankton blooms in vulnerable areas of the ocean. Nature 2005, 434:211-214.
27. Bertin P., Gallais A. Physiological and genetic basis of nitrogen use efficiency in maize. 2. QTL detection and coincidences. Maydica 2001, 46:53-68.
28. Birch H.F. The effect of soil drying on humus decomposition and nitrogen availability. Plant Soil 1958, 10:9-31.
29. Bloem J., Ruiter P.D., Koopman G., Lebbink G., Brussard L. Microbial numbers and activity in dried and rewetted arable soil under integrated and conventional management. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1992, 24:655-665.
30. Bloom A.J., Chapin F.S.I., Mooney H.A. Resource limitation in plants, an economic analogy. Ann. Rev. Ecol. System. 1985, 16:363-392.
31. Borell A., Garside A.L., Fukaï S., Reid D.J. Season nitrogen rate and plant type affect nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency in rice. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1998, 49:829-843.
32. Borell A., Hammer G.L. Nitrogen dynamics and the physiological basis of stay-green in sorghum. Crop Sci. 2000, 40:1295-1307.
33. Borras L., Slafer G.A., Otegui M.E. Seed dry weight response to source-sink manipulations in wheat, maize and soybean: a quantitative reappraisal. Field Crops Res. 2004, 86:131-146.
34. Brancourt-Humel M., Doussinault G., Lecomte C., Brérard P., Le Buanec B., Trottet M. Genetic improvement in agronomic traits of winter wheat cultivars released in France from 1946 to 1992. Crop Sci. 2003, 43:37-45.
35. Brouwer R. Distribution of dry matter in the plant. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 1962, 19:361-370.
36. 4 plants and its implication in adaptation and evolution. Crop Sci. 1978, 18:93-98.
37. Cabrera V.E., Jagtap S.S., Hildebrand Strategies to limit (minimize) nitrogen leaching on dairy farms driven by seasonal climate forecasts. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2007, 122:479-489.
38. Caju O., Allard V., Martre P., et al. Identification of traits to improve the nitrogen-use efficiency of wheat genotypes. Field Crops Res. 2011, 123:139-152.
39. Caloin M., Yu O. Analysis of the time course change in nitrogen content of Dactylis glomerata L. using a model of plant growth. Ann. Bot. 1984, 54:69-76.
40. Camus-Kulandaivelu L., Veyreiras J.B., Madur D., et al. Maize adaptation to temperate climate: relationship between population structure and polymorphism in the Dwarf 8 gene. Genetics 2006, 172:2449-2463.
41. Canevara M.G., Romani M., Corbellini M., Perenzin M., Borghi B. Evolutionary trends in morphological, physiological, agronomical and qualitative traits of Triticum aestivum L. cultivars bred in Italy since 1990. Eur. J. Agron. 1994, 3:175-185.
42. Cassman K.G., Dobermann A.D., Walters D. Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen management. Ambio 2002, 31:132-140.
43. Cassman K.G. Climate change, biofuels, and global food security. Environ. Res. Lett. 2007, 2:11-12.
44. Caviglia O.P., Sadras V.O. Effect of nitrogen supply on crop conductance, water- and radiation-use efficiency on wheat. Field Crops Res. 2001, 69:259-266.
45. Charmet G., Robert N., Branlard G., Linossier L., Martre P., Triboi E. Genetic analysis of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and protein composition in wheat kernels. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2005, 111:540-550.
46. Chen J.L., Reynolds J.F., Harley P.C., Tenhunen J.D. Coordination theory of leaf nitrogen distribution in a canopy. Oecologia 1993, 93(1):63-69.
47. Ciampitti I.A., Vyn T.J. Physiological perspectives of changes over time in maize yield dependency on nitrogen uptake and associated nitrogen use efficiency: a review. Field Crops Res. 2012, 43:48-67.
48. Colman R.L., Lazemby A. Effect of moisture on growth and nitrogen response by Lolium perenne L. Plant Soil 1975, 42:1-13.
49. Colnenne C., Meynard J.M., Reau R., Justes E., Merrien A. Determination of a critical nitrogen dilution curve for winter oilseed rape. Ann. Bot. 1998, 81:311-317.
50. Connor D.J., Hall A.J., Sadras V.O. Effects of nitrogen content on the photosynthetic characteristics of sunflower leaves. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1993, 20:251-263.
51. Connor D.J., Sadras V.O., Hall A.J. Canopy nitrogen distribution and the photosynthetic performance of sunflower crops during grain filling. A quantitative analysis. Oecologia 1995, 101:274-281.
52. Coque M., Gallais A. Genomic regions involved in response to grain yield selection at high and low nitrogen fertilisation in maize. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2006, 112:1205-1220.
53. Cossani C.M., Slafer G.A., Savin R. Co-limitation of nitrogen and water, and yield and resource-use efficiencies of wheat and barley. Crop Past. Sci. 2010, 61:844-851.
54. Cruz P., Lemaire G. Analyse des relations de competition dans une association de luzerne (Medicago sativa L.) et de dactyle (Dactylis glomerata L.). II - Effets sur la nutrition azotée des deux espèces. Agronomie 1986, 6:735-742.
55. Cruz P., Soussana J.F. Mixed crops. Diagnosis of the nitrogen status in crops 1997, 131-144. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. G. Lemaire (Ed.).
56. Debaeke P., van Oosterom E.J., Justes E., et al. A species-specific critical nitrogen dilution curve for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Field Crops Res. 2012, 136:76-84.
57. de Koeijer T.J., de Buck A.J., Wossink G.A.A., Oenna J., Renkema J.A., Struik P.C. Annual variation in weather: its implications for sustainability in the case of optimising nitrogen input in sugar beet. Eur. J. Agron. 2003, 19:251-264.
58. Delin S., Nyberg A., Linden B., et al. Impact of crop protection on nitrogen utilisation and losses in winter wheat production. Eur. J. Agron. 2008, 28(3):361-370.
59. Desai R.M., Bhatia C.R. Nitrogen uptake and nitrogen harvest index in durum wheat cultivars varying in their grain protein concentration. Euphytica 1978, 27:561-566.
60. Desmotes-Mainard S., Jeuffroy M.H. Effects of nitrogen and radiation on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the spike of winter wheat. Field Crops Res. 2004, 87:221-233.
61. Desmotes-Mainard S., Jeuffroy M.H., Robin S. Spike dry matter and nitrogen accumulation before anthesis in wheat as affected by nitrogen fertiliser: relationship to kernels per spike. Field Crops Res. 1999, 64:249-259.
62. Devienne-Baret F., Justes E., Machet J.M., Mary B. Integrated control of nitrate uptake by crop growth rate and soil nitrate availability under field conditions. Ann. Bot. 2000, 86:995-1005.
63. Dewar R.C., Tarvainen L., Parker K., Wallin G., McMurtrie R.E. Why does leaf nitrogen decline within tree canopies less rapidly than light? An explanation from optimization subject to a lower bound on leaf mass per area. Tree Physiol. 2012, 32(5):520-534.
64. Doré T., Meynard J.M. On-farm approach of attacks by the pea weevil (Sitona lineatus L.) and the resulting damage to pea (Pisum sativum L.) crops. J. Appl. Entomol. 1995, 119:49-54.
65. Dreccer M.F. Radiation and nitrogen use in wheat and oilseed rape crops 1999, Wageningen Universiteit, Wageningen, PhD Thesis.
66. Dreccer M.F. Nitrogen use at the leaf and canopy level: a framework to improve N use efficiency. J. Crop Impr. 2005, 15:97-125.
67. Drenovsky R.E., Richards J.H. Critical N:P values: predicting nutrient deficiencies in desert shrublands. Plant Soil 2004, 259:59-69.
68. Drouet J.-L., Bonhomme R. Do variations in local leaf irradiance explain changes to leaf nitrogen within row maize canopies?. Ann. Bot. 1999, 84:61-69.
69. Durand J.L., Gonzalez-Dugo V., Gastal F. How much do water deficits alter the nitrogen nutrition status of forage crops?. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 2010, 88:231-243.
70. Duru M., Lemaire G., Cruz P. The nitrogen requirement for major agricultural crops: grasslands. Diagnosis on the nitrogen status in crops 1997, 56-72. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. G. Lemaire (Ed.).
71. Dybzinski R., Tilman D. Resource use patterns predict long-term outcomes of plant competition for nutrients and light. Am. Nat. 2007, 170:305-318.
72. Eickhout B., Bouwman A.F., Zeijts V.H. The role of nitrogen in world food production and food sustainability. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2006, 116:4-14.
73. Ekbladh G., Witter E. Determination of the critical nitrogen concentration of white cabbage. Eur. J. Agron. 2010, 33:276-284.
74. Enquist B.J., Tiffney B.H., Niklas K.J. Metabolic scaling and the evolutionary dynamics of plant size, form, and diversity: toward a synthesis of ecology, evolution, and paleontology. Internatl. J. Plant Sci. 2007, 168:729-749.
75. Errecart P.M., Agnusdei M.G., Lattanzi F.A., Marino M.A., Berone G.D. Critical N concentration declines with soil water availability in tall fescue 2013, Crop Sci. in press.
76. Evans J.R. Nitrogen and photosynthesis in the flag leaf of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Physiol. 1983, 72:297-302.
77. 3 plants. Oecologia 1989, 78:9-19.
78. 3 species. Planta 1980, 149:78-90.
79. Farrugia A., Gastal F., Duru M., Scholefield D. Simplified sward nitrogen status assessment from N concentration of upper leaves. Multifunction grasslands. Proceeding of the 19th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation 2002, 294-295. La Rochelle, France. J.L. Durand, J.C. Emile, C. Huyghe, G. Lemaire (Eds.).
80. Farrugia A., Gastal F., Scholefield D. Assesment of nitrogen status of grassland. Grass Forage Sci. 2004, 59:113-120.
81. Feibo W., Lianghuam W., Fuha X. Chlorophyll meter to predict nitrogen side-dress requirement for short-season cotton. Field Crops Res. 1998, 56:309-314.
82. Feil B., Thiraporn R., Geisler G. Genotypic variation in grain nutrient concentration in tropical maize grown during a rainy and a dry season. Agronomie 1990, 10:717-725.
83. Field C. Allocating leaf nitrogen for the maximization of carbon gain - Leaf age as a control on the allocation program. Oecologia 1983, 56(2-3):341-347.
84. Field C., Mooney H.A. The photosynthesis-nitrogen relationship in wild plants. On the economy of plant form 1986, 25-53. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. T.J. Givnish (Ed.).
85. Fischer R.A. Irrigated spring wheat and timing and amount of nitrogen fertiliser. II - Physiology of grain yield response. Field Crops Res. 1993, 33:57-80.
86. Fitter A.H. The ecological significance of root system architecture: an economic approach. Plant root growth. An ecological perspective 1991, 229-242. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. D. Atkinson (Ed.).
87. Fletcher A.L., Johnstone P.R., Chakwizira E., Brown H.E. Radiation capture and radiation use efficiency in response to N supply for crop species with contrasting canopies. Field Crops Res. 2013, 150:126-134.
88. Forde B.G. The role of long distance signalling in plant responses to nitrate and other nutrients. J. Exp. Bot. 2002, 53:39-43.
89. Franzluebbers A., Haney R., Honeycutt C., Schomberg H., Hons F. Flush of carbon dioxide following rewetting of dried soil relates to active organic pools. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000, 64:613-623.
90. Fricke W., McDonald A.J.S., Matson-Djos L. Why do leaves and leaf cells of N-limited barley elongate at reduced rates?. Planta 1997, 202:522-530.
91. Gallagher J.N., Biscoe P.V. Radiation absorption, growth and yield of cereals. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 1978, 91:47-60.
92. Gallais A., Coque M. Genetic variation and selection for nitrogen use efficiency in maize: a synthesis. Maydica 2005, 50:531-537.
93. Galloway J.N., Cowling E.B. Reactive nitrogen and the world: 200 years of change. Ambio 2002, 31:64-71.
94. Garnier P., Néel C., Atia C., Recous S., Mary B., Lafolie F. Modelling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics with and without straw incorporation. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2003, 54:555-568.
95. Gastal F., Lemaire G. Study of a tall fescue sward grown under nitrogen deficiency conditions. Proceedings of the XIIth General meeting of the European Grassland Federation 1988, 323-327.
96. Gastal F., Saugier B. Relationships between nitrogen uptake and carbon assimilation in whole plant of tall fescue. Plant Cell Environ. 1989, 12:407-418.
97. Gastal G., Bélanger G., Lemaire G. A model of the leaf extension rate of tall fescue in response to nitrogen and temperature. Ann. Bot. 1992, 70:437-442.
98. Gastal F., Bélanger G. The effect of nitrogen fertilization and the growing season on photosynthesis of field-grown tall fescue canopies. Ann. Bot. 1993, 72:401-408.
99. Gastal F., Nelson C.J. Nitrogen use within the growing leaf blade of tall fescue. Plant Physiol. 1994, 105:191-197.
100. Gastal F., Lemaire G. N uptake and distribution in crops: an agronomical and ecophysiological perspective. J. Exp. Bot. 2002, 53:789-799.
101. Gautier H., Varlet-Grancher C., Baudry N. Comparison of horizontal spread of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) grown under two artificial light sources differing in their content in blue light. Ann. Bot. 1998, 82:41-48.
102. Glass A.D.M., Britto D.T., Kaiser B.N., et al. The regulation of nitrate and ammonium transport systems in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 2002, 53:855-864.
103. Gonzalez-Dugo V., Durand J.L., Gastal F., Picon-Cochard C. Short-term response of the nitrogen nutrition status of tall fescue and Italian ryegrass swards under water deficit. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 2005, 56:1269-1276.
104. Gonzalez-Dugo V., Durand J.L., Gastal F. Water deficit and nitrogen nutrition of crops: a review. Agron. Sustain. Devel. 2010, 30:529-544.
105. Gonzalez-Dugo V., Durand J.L., Gastal F., Bariac T., Poincheval J. Restricted root-to-shoot translocation and decreased sink size are responsible for limited nitrogen uptake in three grass species under water deficit. Exp. Environ. Bot. 2012, 75:258-267.
106. Gosse G., Chartier M., Lemaire G. Mise au point d'un modèle de prévision de production pour une culture de luzerne. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris III 1984, 18:541-544.
107. Gosse G., Varlet-Grancher C., Bonhomme R., Chartier M., Allirand J.M., Lemaire G. Production maximale de matière sèche et rayonnement solaire intercepté par un couvert végétal. Agronomie 1986, 6:47-56.
108. Grassini P., Cassman K.G. High-yield maize with large net energy yield and small global warming intensity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109(4):1074-1079.
109. Greenwood D.J., Neeteson J.J., Draycott A. Quantitative relationships for the dependence of growth rate of arable crops on their nitrogen content, dry weight and aerial environment. Plant Soil 1986, 91:281-301.
110. 4 crops with increasing plant mass. Ann. Bot. 1990, 66:425-436.
111. Greenwood D.J., Karpinets T.V., Zhang K., Bosh-Serra A., Boldrini A., Karawulova L. A unifying concept for the dependence of whole-crop N:P ratio on biomass: theory and experiment. Ann. Bot. 2008, 102:967-977.
112. Grime J.P., Campbell B.D., Mackey J.M.L., Crick J.C. Root plasticity, nitrogen capture and competitive ability. Plant root growth. An ecological perspective 1991, 381-397. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. D. Atkinson (Ed.).
113. Grindlay D.J.C. Towards an explanation of crop nitrogen demand based on leaf nitrogen per unit leaf area. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 1997, 128:377-396.
114. Grindlay D.J.C., Sylvester-Bradley R., Scott R.K. Nitrogen uptake of young vegetative plants in relation to green area. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1993, 63:116-123.
115. Guingo E., Hébert Y., Charcosset A. Genetic analysis of root traits in maize. Agronomie 1998, 18:225-235.
116. Güsewell S., Koerselman W. Variation in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of wetland plants. Persp. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2002, 5:37-61.
117. Güsewell S., Koerselman W., Verhoeven J.T.A. Biomass N:P ratios as indicators of nutrient limitation for plant populations in wetlands. Ecol. Appl. 2003, 13:372-384.
118. Habash D.Z., Bernard S., Shondelmaier J., Weyen Y., Quarrie S.A. The genetics of nitrogen use on hexaploid wheat: N utilization, development and yield. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2006, 114:403-419.
119. Hamblin A.P., Tennant D. Root length density and water uptake in cereals and grain legumes: how well are they correlated. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1987, 38:513-527.
120. Hammer G.L., Sinclair T.R., Chapman S.C., van Oosterom E. On system thinking, systems biology, and the in silico plant. Plant Physiol. 2004, 134:909-911.
121. Hardwick R.C. The nitrogen content of plants and the self-thinning rule in plant ecology: a test of the core-skin hypothesis. Ann. Bot. 1987, 60:439-446.
122. Héraut-Bron V., Robin C., Varlet-Grancher C., Afif C., Gückert A. Light quality (red:far red ratio): does it affect photosynthetic activity, net CO2 assimilation and morphology of young white clover leaves?. Can. J. Bot. 1999, 77:1425-1431.
123. Herrera J.M., Noulas C., Feil C., Stamp C., Liedgens M. Nitrogen and genotype effects on root growth and root survivorship of spring wheat. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2013, 176:561-571.
124. Hikosaka K., Terashima I., Katoh S. Effects of leaf age, nitrogen nutrition and photon flux density on the distribution of nitrogen among leaves of a vine (Ipomoea tricolor Cav) grown horizontally to avoid mutual shading of leaves. Oecologia 1994, 97:451-457.
125. Hirel B., Le Gouis J., Ney B., Gallais A. The challenge of improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants: towards a more central role of genetic variability and quantitative genetics within integrated approaches. J. Exp. Bot. 2007, 58:2369-2387.
126. Hirose T., Werger M.J.A. Maximising daily canopy photosynthesis with respect to the leaf-nitrogen allocation pattern in the canopy. Oecologia 1987, 72:520-526.
127. Hirose T., Werger M.J.A., Pons T.L., van Rheenen J.W.A. Canopy structure and leaf nitrogen distribution in a stand of Lysimachia vulgaris L. as influenced by stand density. Oecologia 1988, 77:145-150.
128. Hirose T., Bazzaz F.A. Trade-off between light- and nitrogen-use efficiency in canopy photosynthesis. Ann. Bot. 1998, 82:195-202.
129. Hooper D.U., Johnson L. Nitrogen limitation in dryland ecosystems: responses to geographical and temporal variation in precipitation. Biogeochemistry 1999, 46:247-293.
130. Houlès V., Guérif M., Mary B. Elaboration of a nutrition indicator for winter wheat blades on leaf area index and chlorophyll meter content for making nitrogen recommendations. Eur. J. Agron. 2007, 27:1-11.
131. Jamieson P.D., Semenov M.A. Modelling nitrogen uptake and redistribution in wheat. Field Crops Res. 2000, 68:21-29.
132. Jarvis S.C., Macduff J.H. Nitrate nutrition of grasses from steady-state supplies in flowing solution culture following nitrate deprivation and/or defoliation. J. Exp. Bot. 1989, 40:695-975.
133. Jeuffroy M.H., Bouchard C. Intensity and duration of nitrogen deficiency on wheat grain number. Crop Sci. 1999, 39:1385-1393.
134. Jeuffroy M.H., Colnenne C., Reau R. Nitrogen nutrition and rapeseed seed number. Towards enhanced value of cruciferous oilseed crops by optimal production and use of the high quality seed components. Proceedings 11th International Rapeseed Congress 2003, 6-10.
135. Jordan D.R., Hunt C.H., Cruickshank A.W., Borrell A.K., Henzell R.G. The relationship between the stay-green trait and grain yield in elite sorghum hybrids grown in a range of environments. Crop Sci. 2012, 52:1153-1161.
136. Justes E., Mary B., Meynard J.M., Machet J.M., Thellier-Huché L. Determination of a critical nitrogen dilution curve for winter wheat crops. Ann. Bot. 1994, 74:397-407.
137. Justes E., Jeuffroy M.H., Mary B. The nitrogen requirement for major agricultural crops: wheat, barley and durum wheat. Diagnosis on the nitrogen status in crops 1997, 73-91. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. G. Lemaire (Ed.).
138. Kahn D.F., Peoples M.B., Chalk P.M., Herridge D.F. Quantifying below-ground nitrogen of legumes. 2. Comparison of 15N and non isotopic methods. Plant Soil 2002, 239:277-289.
139. Karrow M., Maranville J.W. Response of wheat cultivars to different soil-nitrogen and moisture regimes. 2 - Nitrogen uptake, partitioning and influx. J. Plant Nutr. 1994, 17:745-761.
140. Kho R.M. On crop production and the balance of available resources. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2000, 80:71-85.
141. Koerselman W., Meuleman A.F.M. The vegetation N:P ratio: a new tool to detect the nature of nutrient limitation. J. Appl. Ecol. 1996, 33:1441-1450.
142. Lainé P., Ourry A., Macdujj J.H., Boucaud J., Salette J. Kinetic parameters of nitrate uptake by different catch crop species: effect of low temperatures or previous nitrate starvation. Physiol. Plant. 1993, 88:85-92.
143. Laperche A., Brancourt-Humel M., Heumez E., Gardet O., Le Gouis J. Estimation of genetic parameters of a DH wheat population grown at different N stress levels characterized by probe genotypes. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2006, 112:787-807.
144. Laperche A., Devienne-Baret F., Maury O., Le Gouis J., Ney B. A simplified conceptual model of carbon and nitrogen functioning for QTL analysis of winter wheat adaptation to nitrogen deficiency. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2007, 113:1131-1146.
145. Larsson M. Translocation of nitrogen in osmotically stressed wheat seedlings. Plant Cell Environ. 1992, 15:447-453.
146. Lawlor D.W. Carbon and nitrogen assimilation in relation to yield: mechanisms are the key to understanding production systems. J. Exp. Bot. 2002, 53:421-429.
147. Le Gouis J., Béghin D., Heumez E., Pluchard P. Genetic differences for nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization efficiencies in winter wheat. Eur. J. Agron. 2000, 12:163-173.
148. Lejay L., Tillard P., Lepetit M., et al. Molecular and functional regulation of two nitrate uptake systems by N- and C-status of Arabidopsis plants. Plant J. 1999, 18:509-519.
149. Lemaire G., Salette J. Relation entre dynamique de croissance et dynamique de prélèvement d'azote par un peuplement de graminées fourragères. 1 - Etude de l'effet du milieu. Agronomie 1984, 4:423-430.
150. Lemaire G., Salette J. Relation entre dynamique de croissance et dynamique de prélèvement d'azote par un peuplement de graminées fourragères. 2 - Etude de la variabilité entre génotypes. Agronomie 1984, 4:431-436.
151. Lemaire G., Cruz P., Gosse G., Chartier M. Etude des relations entre la dynamique de prélèvement d'azote et la dynamique de croissance en matière sèche d'un peuplement de luzerne (Medicago sativa L.). Agronomie 1985, 5:685-692.
152. Lemaire G., Denoix A. Croissance estivale en matière sèche de peuplements de fétuque élevée et de dactyle dans l'Ouest de la France. II - Interactions entre les niveaux d'alimentation hydrique et de nutrition azotée. Agronomie 1987, 7:381-389.
153. Lemaire G., Onillon B., Gosse G., Chartier M., Allirand J.M. Nitrogen distribution within a lucerne canopy during regrowth: relation with light distribution. Ann. Bot. 1991, 68:483-488.
154. Lemaire G., Khaithy M., Onillon B., Allirand J.M., Chartier M., Gosse G. Dynamics of accumulation and partitioning of N in leaves, stems and roots of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in a dense canopy. Ann. Bot. 1992, 70:429-435.
155. Lemaire G., Charrier X., Hébert Y. Nitrogen uptake capacities of maize and sorghum crops in different nitrogen and water supply conditions. Agronomie 1996, 16:231-246.
156. Lemaire G., Gastal F. N uptake and distribution in plant canopies. Diagnosis of the nitrogen status in crops 1997, 3-43. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. G. Lemaire (Ed.).
157. Lemaire G., Meynard J.M. Use of the nitrogen nutrition index for the analysis of agronomical data. Diagnosis of the nitrogen status in crops 1997, 45-56. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. G. Lemaire (Ed.).
158. Lemaire G., Plénet D., Grindlay D. Leaf N content as an indicator of crop N nutrition status. Diagnosis of the nitrogen status in crops 1997, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 189-199. G. Lemaire (Ed.).
159. Lemaire G., Millard P. An ecophysiological approach to modelling resources fluxes in competing plants. J. Exp. Bot. 1999, 50:15-28.
160. Lemaire G., Recous S., Mary B. Managing residues and nitrogen in intensive cropping systems. New understanding for efficient recovery by crops. Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress 2004.
161. Lemaire G., Avice J.C., Kim T.H., Ourry A. Developmental changes in shoot N dynamics of lucerne in relation to leaf growth dynamics as a function of plant density and hierarchical position within the canopy. J. Exp. Bot. 2005, 56:935-943.
162. Lemaire G., van Oosterom E., Sheehy J., Jeuffroy M.H., Massignam A., Rossato L. Is crop demand more closely related to dry matter accumulation of leaf area expansion during vegetative growth?. Field Crops Res. 2007, 100:91-106.
163. Lemaire G., van Oosterom E., Jeuffroy M.H., Gastal F., Massignam A. Crop species present different qualitative types of response to N deficiency during their vegetative growth. Field Crops Res. 2008, 105:253-265.
164. London J.G. Nitrogen study fertilises fears of pollution. Nature 2005, 433:791.
165. Louarn G., Da Silva D., Godin C., Combes D. Simple envelope-based reconstruction methods can infer light partitioning among individual plants in sparse and dense herbaceous canopies. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2012, 166-167:98-112.
166. Lynch J.P. Steep, cheap and deep: an ideotype to optimize water and N acquisition by maize root systems. Ann. Bot. 2013, 112:347-357.
167. MacAdam J.W., Volenec J.J., Nelson C.J. Effects of nitrogen on mesophyll cell division and epidermal cell elongation in tall fescue leaf blades. Plant Physiol. 1989, 89:549-556.
168. McNeil A.M., Zhu C., Fillery I.R.P. Use in situ 15N-labelling to estimate the total below ground nitrogen on pasture legumes in intact soil-plant systems. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1997, 48:295-304.
169. Mae T. Physiological nitrogen efficiency in rice: nitrogen utilization, photosynthesis, and yield potential. Plant nutrition for sustainable food production and environment 1997, 51-60. Kluver Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. T. Ando (Ed.).
170. Maire V., Martre P., Kattge J., et al. The coordination of leaf photosynthesis links C and N fluxes in C-3 plant species. Plos One 2012, 7:e38345.
171. Manschadi A.M., Christopher J., deVoil P., Hammer G.L. The role of root architectural traits in adaptation of wheat to water-limited environments. Funct. Plant Biol. 2006, 33:823-837.
172. Manschadi A.M., Hammer G.L., Christopher J.T., deVoil P. Genotypic variation in seedling root architectural traits and implications for drought adaptation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Soil 2008, 303:115-129.
173. Mariotti A. Quelques reflexions sur le cycle biogéochimique de l'azote dans les agrosystèmes. Maîtrise de l'azote dans les agrosystemes 1997, 83:9-24. INRA Editions, Paris.
174. Martre P., Porter J.R., Jamieson P.D., Triboï E. Modelling grain nitrogen accumulation and protein composition to understand the sink/source regulations of nitrogen utilization in wheat. Plant Physiol. 2003, 133:1959-1967.
175. Mary B., Recous S. Measurement of nitrogen mineralization and immobilization fluxes in soil as a means of predicting net mineralization. Eur. J. Agron. 1994, 3:291-300.
176. Matsunaka T., Watanabe Y., Miyawaki T., Ichiwaka N. Prediction of grain protein content in winter wheat through leaf color measurements using a chlorophyll meter. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 1997, 43:127-134.
177. Matzek V., Vitousek P.M. N:P stoichiometry and protein:RNA ratios in vascular plants: an evaluation of the growth-rate hypothesis. Ecol. Lett. 2009, 12:765-771.
178. Meinke H., Hammer G.L., van Keulen H., Rabbinje R., Keating B.A. Improving wheat simulation capabilities in Australia from a cropping systems perspective: water and nitrogen effects on spring wheat in a semi-arid environment. Eur. J. Agron. 1997, 7:75-88.
179. Mi C., Liu J., Chen F., Zhang F., Cui Z., Liu X. Nitrogen uptake and remobilization in maize hybrids differing in leaf senescence. J. Plant Nutr. 2003, 26:447-459.
180. Milroy S.P., Bange M.P., Sadras V.O. Profiles of leaf nitrogen and light in reproductive canopies of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Ann. Bot. 2001, 87:325-333.
181. Moll R.H., Kamprath E.J., Jackson W.A. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agron. J. 1982, 74:562-564.
182. Monteith J.L. Solar radiation and productivity in tropical ecosystems. J. Appl. Ecol. 1972, 9:747-766.
183. Muchow R.C. Effect of nitrogen supply on the comparative productivity of maize and sorghum in a semi-arid tropical environment. I - Leaf growth and leaf nitrogen. Field Crops Res. 1988, 18:1-16.
184. Muchow R.C., Davis R. Effect of nitrogen supply on the comparative productivity of maize and sorghum in a semi-arid tropical environment. II - Radiation interception and biomass accumulation. Field Crops Res. 1988, 18:17-30.
185. Muchow R.C., Sinclair T.R. Nitrogen response of leaf photosynthesis and canopy radiation use efficiency in field grown maize and sorghum. Crop Sci. 1994, 34:721-727.
186. Murphy D.V., Recous S., Stockdale E.A., et al. Gross nitrogen fluxes in soil: theory, measurement and application of 15N pool dilution techniques. Adv. Agron. 2003, 79:69-119.
187. Naud C., Makowski D., Jeuffroy M.H. Is it useful to combine measurements taken during growing season with dynamic model to predict the nitrogen status of winter wheat?. Eur. J. Agron. 2008, 28(3):291-300.
188. Ney B., Doré T., Sagan M. The nitrogen requirement of major agricultural crops: grain legumes. Diagnosis of the nitrogen status in crops 1997, 107-117. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. G. Lemaire (Ed.).
189. Niinemets U., Tenhunen J.D. A model separating leaf structural and physiological effects on carbon gain along light gradients for the shade-tolerant species Acer saccharum. Plant Cell Environ. 1997, 20:845-866.
190. Niklas K.J. Plant allometry: the scaling of form and process 1994, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
191. Onillon B., Durand J.L., Gastal F., Tournebize R. Drought effects on growth and carbon partitioning in a tall fescue sward grown at different rates of nitrogen fertilization. Eur. J. Agron. 1995, 4:91-99.
192. Ortiz-Monasterio J.I., Satre K.D., Rajaram S., McMahon M. Genetic progress in wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency under four nitrogen rates. Crop Sci. 1997, 37:898-904.
193. 2 fixation of faba bean cv. Fiord. Ann. Bot. 1994, 73:143-149.
194. Ourry A., Macduff J.H., Ougham H. The relationship between mobilization of N reserves and changes in translatable messages following defoliation in Lolium temulentum L. and Lolium perenne L. J. Exp. Bot. 1996, 47:739-747.
195. Oyanagi A., Nakamoto T., Wada M. Relationship between root growth angle of seedlings and vertical distribution of roots in the field in wheat cultivars. Jap. J. Crop Sci. 1993, 62:565-570.
196. Oyanagi A. Gravitropic response, growth angle and vertical distribution of roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Plant Soil 1994, 165:323-326.
197. Palta J.A., Fillery I.R.P. N application increases pre-anthesis contribution of dry matter to grain yield in wheat grown on a duplex soil. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1995, 46:507-518.
198. Pandley R.K., Maranville J.W., Chetima M.M. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment. II - Shoot growth, nitrogen uptake and water extraction. Agric. Water Manag. 2000, 46:15-27.
199. Pastor J., Post W.M. Development of a linked-forest productivity-soil process model. ORNL/TM-5919 1985, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenessee, USA.
200. Paterson E. Importance of rhizodeposition in the coupling of plant and microbial productivity. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2003, 54:741-750.
201. Peng S., Garcia F.V., Laza R.C., Sanico A.L., Visperas R.M., Cassman K.G. Increased N-use efficiency using a chlorophyll meter on high-yielding irrigated rice. Field Crops Res. 1996, 47:243-252.
202. Peoples M.B., Baldock J.A. Nitrogen dynamics of pastures: nitrogen fixation inputs, the impact of legumes on soil nitrogen fertility, and the contributions of fixed nitrogen to Australian farming systems. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2001, 41:327-346.
203. Piekelek W.P., Fox R.H. Use of a chlorophyll meter to predict side-dress nitrogen for maize. Agron. J. 1992, 84:59-65.
204. Pirmoradian N., Sepashkhah A.R., Maftoun M. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on nitrogen-use efficiency and grain protein on rice. Agronomie 2004, 24:143-153.
205. Plénet D., Cruz P. The nitrogen requirement for major agricultural crops: maize and sorghum. Diagnosis of the nitrogen status in crops 1997, 93-106. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. G. Lemaire (Ed.).
206. Plénet D., Lemaire G. Relationships between dynamics of nitrogen uptake and dry matter accumulation in maize crops. Determination of critical N concentration. Plant Soil 1999, 216:65-82.
207. Poirier M., Durand J.L., Volaire F. Persistence and production of perennial grasses under water deficits and extreme temperatures: importance of intraspecific vs. interspecific variability. Glob. Change Biol. 2012, 18:3632-3646.
208. Pons T.L., Schieving F., Hirose T., Werger M.J.A. Optimization of leaf nitrogen allocation for canopy photosynthesis in Lysimachia vulgaris L. Causes and consequences of variation in growth rate and productivity in higher plants 1989, 175-186. SPB Academic, The Hague. H. Lambers (Ed.).
209. Powlson D.S., Hart P.B.S., Johnston A.E., Poulton P.R., Jenkinson D.S. Influence of soil type, crop management and weather on the recovery of 15N-labelled fertiliser applied to winter wheat in spring. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 1992, 118:83-110.
210. Pratersak A., Fukaï S. Nitrogen availability and water stress interaction on rice grown in field. Field Crops Res. 1997, 52:249-260.
211. Prieto J.A., Louarn G., Perez Peña J., Ojeda H., Simonneau T., Lebon E. A leaf gas exchange model that accounts for intra-canopy variability by considering leaf nitrogen content and local acclimation to radiation in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Plant Cell Environ. 2012, 35:1313-1328.
212. Prioul J.L., Brangeon J., Reyss A. Interaction between external and internal conditions in the development of photosynthetic features in grass leaf. I. Regional responses along a leaf during and after low-light or high-light. Plant Physiol. 1980, 66:762-769.
213. Prioul J.L., Brangeon J., Reyss A. Interaction between external and internal conditions in the development of photosynthetic features in grass leaf. II. Reversibility of light-induced responses as a function of development. Plant Physiol. 1980, 66:770-774.
214. Radin J.W. Control of plant growth by nitrogen: differences between cereals and broadleaf species. Plant Cell Environ. 1983, 6:65-68.
215. Rajcan I., Tollenaar M. Source:sink ratio and leaf senescence in maize. I. Dry matter accumulation and partitioning during grain filling. Field Crops Res. 1999, 60:245-253.
216. Rajcan I., Tollenaar M. Source:sink ratio and leaf senescence in maize. II. Nitrogen metabolism during grain filling. Field Crops Res. 1999, 60:255-265.
217. Ramos C. Effect of agricultural practices on the nitrogen losses in environment. Fertiliser and environment 1996, 355-361. Kluver Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. C. Rodriguez-Barrueco (Ed.).
218. Reeves D.W., Mask P.L., Wood C.W., Delaney D.P. Determination of wheat nitrogen status with a hand-held chlorophyll meter: influence of management practices. J. Plant Nutr. 1993, 16:781-796.
219. Robinson D. The responses of plants to non-uniform supplies of nutrients. New Phytol. 1994, 127:635-674.
220. Robson M.J., Parsons A.J. Nitrogen deficiency in small closed communities of S24 ryegrass. I - Photosynthesis, respiration, dry matter production and partition. Ann. Bot. 1978, 42:1185-1197.
221. Rodriguez D., Robson A., Belford R. Dynamic and functional monitoring technologies for applications in crop management. Crop physiology: applications for genetic improvement and agronomy 2009, 489-510. Academic Press, San Diego. V.O. Sadras, D.F. Calderini (Eds.).
222. Rossato L., Lainé P., Ourry A. Nitrogen storage and remobilization in Brassica napus L. during the growth cycle: nitrogen fluxes within the plant and changes in soluble protein pattern. J. Exp. Bot. 2001, 52:1655-1663.
223. Rousseaux M.C., Hall A.J., Sanchez R.A. Far-red enrichment and photosynthetically active radiation level influence leaf senescence in field-grown sunflower. Physiol. Plant. 1996, 96:217-224.
224. Rousseaux M.C., Hall A.J., Sanchez R.A. Light environment, nitrogen content, and carbon balance of basal leaves of sunflower canopies. Crop Sci. 1999, 39:1093-1100.
225. Rousseaux M.C., Hall A.J., Sanchez R.A. Basal leaf senescence in a sunflower (Helianthus annuus) canopy: responses to increased R/FR ratio. Physiol. Plant. 2000, 110:477-482.
226. Ryle G.J.A., Powell C.E., Gordon A.J. Defoliation in white clover: nodule metabolism, nodule growth and maintenance, and nitrogenase functioning during growth and regrowth. Ann. Bot. 1986, 57:263-271.
227. Sadras V.O., Hall A.J., Connor D.J. Light-associated nitrogen distribution profile in flowering canopies of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) altered during grain filling. Oecologia 1993, 95:488-494.
228. Sadras V.O. Interaction between rainfall and nitrogen fertilisation of wheat in environments prone to terminal drought: economic and environmental risk analysis. Field Crops Res. 2002, 77:201-215.
229. Sadras V.O., Roget D.K. Production and environmental aspects of cropping intensification in a semiarid environment of South Eastern. Aust. Agron. J. 2004, 96:236-246.
230. Sadras V.O. Yield and water use efficiency of water and nitrogen stressed wheat crops increase with the degree of water and nitrogen co-limitation. Eur. J. Agron. 2004, 21:455-464.
231. Sadras V.O., Baldock J., Cox J., Bellotti B. Crop rotation effect on wheat grain yield as mediated by changes in the degree of water and nitrogen co-limitation. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 2004, 55:599-607.
232. Sadras V.O. A quantitative top-down view of interactions between stresses: theory and analysis of nitrogen-water co-limitation in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems. Aust. J. Agric. Sci. 2005, 56:1151-1157.
233. Sadras V.O. The N:P stoichiometry of cereal, grain legume and oilseed crops. Field Crops Res. 2006, 95:13-29.
234. Sadras V.O., Lawson C. Nitrogen and water use efficiency of Australian wheat variety released between 1958 and 2007. Eur. J. Agron. 2013, 46:34-41.
235. Sadras V.O., Lawson C., Hooper P., McDonald G.K. Contribution of summer rainfall and nitrogen to the yield and water use efficiency of wheat in Mediterranean-type environments of South Australia. Eur. J. Agron. 2012, 36:41-54.
236. Salvagiotti F., Miralles D.J. Radiation interception, biomass production and grain yield as affected by the interaction of nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation in wheat. Eur. J. Agron. 2008, 28(3):282-290.
237. Samuelson M.E., Eliasson L., Larsson C.M. Nitrate-regulated growth and cytokinin responses in seminal roots of barley. Plant Physiol. 1992, 98:309-315.
238. Schieving F., Pons T.L., Werger M.J.A., Hirose T. Plant Soil 1992, 14:9-17.
239. Seginer I. Plant spacing effect on the nitrogen concentration of a crop. Eur. J. Agron. 2004, 21(3):369-377.
240. Semenov M.A., Jamieson P.D., Martre P. Deconvoluting nitrogen use efficiency in wheat: a simulation study. Eur. J. Agron. 2007, 26:283-294.
241. Sheehy J.E., Dionara M.J.A., Mitchell P.L., et al. Critical concentrations: implications for high-yielding rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars in tropics. Field Crops Res. 1998, 59:31-41.
242. Shiraiwa T., Sinclair T.R. Distribution of nitrogen among leaves in soybean canopies. Crop Sci. 1993, 33:804-808.
243. Simmonds N.W. The relation between yield and protein in cereal grains. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1995, 67:309-315.
244. Sinclair T.R., Horie T. Leaf nitrogen, photosynthesis and crop radiation use efficiency: a review. Crop Sci. 1989, 29:90-98.
245. Sinclair T.R., Shiraiwa T., Hammer G.L. Variation in radiation-use efficiency with increased diffuse radiation. Crop Sci. 1992, 32:1281-1284.
246. Sinclair T., Shiraiwa T. Soybean radiation-use efficiency as influenced with by non uniform specific leaf nitrogen and diffuse radiation. Crop Sci. 1993, 32:1281-1284.
247. Sinclair T.R. Historical changes in harvest index crop N accumulation. Crop Sci. 1998, 38:638-643.
248. Sinclair T.R., Park W.I. Inadequacy of the Liebig limiting-factor paradigm for explaining varying crop yields. Agron. J. 1993, 85:742-746.
249. Sinclair T.R., Sheehy J.E. Erect leaves and photosynthesis in rice. Science 1999, 283:1456-1457.
250. Sinclair T.R., Purcell L.C., Sneller C.H. Crop transformation and the challenge to increase yield potential. Trends Plant Sci. 2004, 9:70-75.
251. Singh U., Ladha J.K., Castillo I.E., Punzalan G., Tirol- Padre A., Duqueza M. Genotypic variation in nitrogen use efficiency. I. Medium- and long-duration rice. Field Crops Res. 1998, 58:35-53.
252. Sinoquet H., Moulia B., Gastal F., Bonhomme R., Varlet-Grancher C. Modelling the radiative balance of the components of a well-mixed canopy: application to a white clover - tall fescue mixture. Acta Oecol. 1990, 11:469-486.
253. Smolander A., Barnette L., Kitunen V., Lumme I. N and C transformations in long term N-fertilised forest soils in response to seasonal drought. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2005, 29:225-235.
254. Soussana J., Arregui M. Impact de l'association sur le niveau de nutrition azotée et la croissance du ray-grass anglais et du trèfle blanc. Agronomie 1995, 15(2):81-96.
255. Spollen W.G., Sharp R.E., Saab I.N., Wu Y. Regulation of cell expansion in roots and shoots at low water potentials. Water deficits. Plant responses from cell to community 1993, 37-52. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford. J.A.C. Smith, H. Griffiths (Eds.).
256. Sterner R.W., Elser J.J. Ecological stoichiometry: the biology of elements from molecules to the biosphere 2002, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
257. Stulen I., Perez-Soba M., De Kok L.J., Van Der Eerden L. Impact of gazeous nitrogen deposition on plant functioning. New Phytol. 1998, 139:61-70.
258. Sylvester-Bradley R., Stokes D.T., Scott R.K., Willington V.B.A. A physiological analysis of the diminishing responses of winter wheat to applied nitrogen. 2. Evidence. Asp. Appl. Biol. II Cereal Qual. 1990, 25:289-300.
259. Ta C.T., Weiland R.T. Nitrogen partitioning in maize during ear development. Crop Sci. 1992, 32:443-451.
260. Tabuchi M., Abiko T., Yamaya T. Assimilation of ammonium-ions and re-utilization of nitrogen in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Exp. Bot. 2007, 58:2319-2328.
261. Tei F., Benincasa P., Guidici M. Critical nitrogen concentration in processing tomato. Eur. J. Agron. 2002, 18:45-56.
262. Thomas H., Sadras V.O. The capture and gratuitous disposal of resources by plants. Funct. Ecol. 2001, 15:3-12.
263. Thornley J.H.M. Root:shoot interactions. Integration of activity in higher plants 1977, 367-389. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. D.H. Jennings (Ed.).
264. Thornton B., Lemaire G., Millard P., Duff E.I. Relationships between nitrogen and water concentration in shoot tissue of Molinia caerulea L. during shoot development. Ann. Bot. 1999, 83:631-636.
265. Tourraine B., Clarkson D.T., Muller B. Regulation of nitrate uptake at the whole plant level. A whole plant perspective on carbon-nitrogen interactions 1994, 11-30. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague. J. Roy, E. Garnier (Eds.).
266. Trachsel S., Kaeppler S.M., Brown K.M., Lynch J.P. Maize root growth angles become steeper under low N conditions. Field Crops Res. 2013, 140:18-31.
267. Trápani N., Hall A.J. Effects of leaf position and nitrogen supply on the expansion of leaves of field-grown sunflower. Plant Soil 1996, 184:331-340.
268. Trápani N., Hall A.J., Weber M. Effects of constant and variable nitrogen supply on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) leaf cell number and size. Ann. Bot. 1999, 84:599-606.
269. Tremmel D., Bazzaz F.A. Plant architecture and allocation in different neighborhoods: implications for competitive success. Ecology 1995, 76:262-271.
270. Uhart S.A., Andrade F.H. Nitrogen deficiency in maize. I. Effects on crop growth, development, dry matter partitioning and kernel set. Crop Sci. 1995, 35:1376-1383.
271. Uribelarrea M., Below F.E., Moose S.P. Divergent selection for grain protein affects nitrogen use in maize. Field Crops Res. 2007, 100:82-90.
272. van Keulen H., Goudrian J., Seligman N.G. Modelling the effects of nitrogen on canopy development and crop growth. Plant canopies: their growth, form and function 1989, 83-104. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. G. Russell, L.B. Marshall, P.G. Jarvis (Eds.).
273. van Oosterom E.J., Carberry P.S., Muchow R.C. Critical and minimum N contents for development and growth of grain sorghum. Field Crops Res. 2001, 70:55-73.
274. Vega C.R.C., Andrade F.H., Sadras V.O. Reproductive partitioning and seed efficiency in soybean, sunflower and maize. Field Crops Res. 2001, 72:163-175.
275. Verhoeven J.T.A., Koerselman W., Meuleman A.F.M. Nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited growth in herbaceous, wet vegetation: relations with atmospheric inputs and management regimes. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1996, 11:494-497.
276. Vos J., Biemond H. Effects of nitrogen on the development and growth of the potato plant. I. Leaf appearance, expansion growth, life span of leaves and stem branching. Ann. Bot. 1992, 70:27-35.
277. Vos J., van der Putten P.E.L., Birch C.J. Effect of nitrogen supply on leaf appearance, leaf growth, leaf nitrogen economy and photosynthetic capacity in maize (Zea mays L.). Field Crops Res. 2005, 93:64-73.
278. Waring G.L., Cobb N.S. The impact of plant stress on herbivore population dynamics. Insect- plant interactions 1992, 167-226. CRC Press, Boca Raton. E.A. Bernays (Ed.).
279. Wasson A.P., Richards R.A., Chatrath R., et al. Traits and selection strategies to improve root systems and water uptake in water-limited wheat crops. J. Exp. Bot. 2012, 63:3485-3498.
280. White T. The inadequate environment-nitrogen and the abundance of animals 1993, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
281. Whu L., McGechan M.B., Watson C.A., Baddeley J.A. Developing existing plant root system architecture models to meet future agricultural challenges. Adv. Agron. 2005, 85:181-219.
282. Wilman D., Pearse P.J. Effect of applied nitrogen on grass yield, nitrogen content, tillers and leaves in field swards. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 1984, 103:201-211.
283. Wright G.C., Smith C.J., Woodroofe M.R. The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertiliser on rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) production in south-eastern Australia. I - Growth and seed yield. Irrig. Sci. 1988, 9:1-13.
284. Wright I.J., Leishman M.R., Read C., Westoby M. Gradients of light availability and leaf traits with leaf age and canopy position in 28 Australian shrubs and trees. Funct. Plant Biol. 2006, 33:407-419.
285. Zhang H., Forde B.G. Regulation of Arabidopsis root development by nitrate availability. J. Exp. Bot. 2000, 51:51-59.
286. Ziadi N., Bélanger G., Gastal F., Claessens A., Lemaire G., Tremblay N. Leaf nitrogen concentration as an indicator of corn nitrogen status. Agron. J. 2009, 101:947-957.
287. Ziadi N., Bélanger G., Claessens A., et al. Plant-based diagnostic tools for evaluating wheat nitrogen status. Crop Sci. 2010, 50(6):2580-2590.