Linking soils to ecosystem services - A global review

Geoderma

Volumn 262, Issue , 2016, Pages 101-111

  Adhikari, Kabindra ^a   Hartemink, Alfred E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

Mapping; Soil ecosystem services; Soil functions; Soil properties

Indexed keywords

CARBON; ECOLOGY; MAPPING; SOILS;

CARBON SEQUESTRATION; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING; FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY; NATURAL RESOURCE USE; SOIL ECOSYSTEMS; SOIL FUNCTION; SOIL PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; SOIL PROPERTY;

ECOSYSTEMS;

CARBON SEQUESTRATION; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; LITERATURE REVIEW; NATURAL RESOURCE; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; POLICY DEVELOPMENT; REGULATORY APPROACH; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; RESOURCE USE; SOIL BIOTA;

EID: 84939839439     PISSN: 00167061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.08.009     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Adhikari K., Hartemink A.E., Minasny B., Bou Kheir R., Greve M.B., Greve M.H. Digital mapping of soil organic carbon contents and stocks in Denmark. PLoS ONE 2014, 9(8):e105519.
2. Andrew M.E., Wulder M.A., Nelson T.A., Coops N.C. Spatial data, analysis approaches, and information needs for spatial ecosystem service assessments: a review. GISci. Remote Sens. 2015, 52(3):344-373.
3. Barrios E. Soil biota, ecosystem services and land productivity. Ecol. Econ. 2007, 64(2):269-285.
4. Bateman I.J., Ennew C., Lovett A.A., Rayner A.J. Modeling and mapping agricultural output values using farm specific details and environmental databases. J. Agric. Econ. 1999, 50(3):488-511.
5. Blum W.H. Functions of soil for society and the environment. Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technol. 2005, 4(3):75-79.
6. Bonfante A., Bouma J. The role of soil series in quantitative land evaluation when expressing effects of climate change and crop breeding on future land use. Geoderma 2015, 259-260:187-195.
7. Bouma J. Soil science contributions towards Sustainable Development Goals and their implementation: linking soil functions with ecosystem services. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2014, 177(2):111-120.
8. Bouma J. Reaching out from the soil-box in pursuit of soil security. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2015, 1-10. (ahead-of-print).
9. Bouma J., McBratney A. Framing soils as an actor when dealing with wicked environmental problems. Geoderma 2013, 200-201:130-139.
10. Bouma J., Kwakernaak C., Bonfante A., Stoorvogel J.J., Dekker L.W. Soil science input in transdisciplinary projects in the Netherlands and Italy. Geod. Region. 2015, 5:96-105.
11. Brown T.C., Bergstrp J.C., Loomis J.B. Defining, valuing, and providing ecosystem goods and services. Nat. Resour. J. 2007, 47:329.
12. Brussaard L. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in soil. Ambio 1997, 26(8):563-570.
13. Buckingham S. Ecosystem services and carbon sequestration in the biosphere. Soil Use Manag. 2014, 30(1):168-169.
14. Burke I.C., Yonker C., Parton W., Cole C., Schimel D., Flach K. Texture, climate, and cultivation effects on soil organic matter content in US grassland soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1989, 53(3):800-805.
15. Burkhard B., Crossman N., Nedkov S., Petz K., Alkemade R. Mapping and modeling ecosystem services for science, policy and practice. Ecosyst. Serv. 2013, 4:1-3.
16. CEC Communication from the Commission to the Council (CEC), the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection 2006, 231. Commission of the European Communities, COM, Brussels.
17. Charyulu P.B.B.N., Rao V.R. Influence of various soil factors on nitrogen fixation by Azospirillum spp. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1980, 12(4):343-346.
18. CICES Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES). Update 2011, European Environment Agency, Nottingham.
19. Costanza R., d'Arge R., de Groot R., Farber S., Grasso M., Hannon B., Limburg K., Naeem S., O'Neill R.V., Paruelo J., Raskin R.G., Sutton P., van den Belt M. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 1997, 387(6630):253-260.
20. Cox M.S., Gerard P.D., Reynolds D.B. Selected soil property variability and their relationships with cotton yield. Soil Sci. 2005, 170(11):928-937.
21. Daily G.C., Matson P.A., Vitousek P.M. Ecosystem services supplied by soil. Nature Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems 1997, 113-132. Island Press, Washington DC. G.C. Daily (Ed.).
22. de Groot R.S., Wilson M.A., Boumans R.M.J. A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecol. Econ. 2002, 41(3):393-408.
23. Decaens T., Lavelle P. Soil fauna diversity and ecosystem functions in grasslands. Grassland Productivity and Ecosystem Services 2011, 166-176.
24. Deng S., Shi Y., Jin Y., Wang L. A GIS-based approach for quantifying and mapping carbon sink and stock values of forest ecosystem: a case study. Energy Procedia 2011, 5:1535-1545.
25. Derzhavin L.M., Rubanov I.A., Mikhailov N.N., Perevozchikov S.B. Effect of soil properties and fertilizers on stem and seed yield of fibre flax in Kostroma region. Khimiya v Sel'skom Khozyaistve 1975, 13(11):8-12.
26. 2 efflux components in southeastern mixed pine forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 2005, 204(1):87-97.
27. Dominati E., Patterson M., Mackay A. A framework for classifying and quantifying the natural capital and ecosystem services of soils. Ecol. Econ. 2010, 69(9):1858-1868.
28. Dominati E., Mackay A., Green S., Patterson M. A soil change-based methodology for the quantification and valuation of ecosystem services from agro-ecosystems: a case study of pastoral agriculture in New Zealand. Ecol. Econ. 2014, 100:119-129.
29. Duplay J., Semhi K., Errais E., Imfeld G., Babcsanyi I., Perrone T. Copper, zinc, lead and cadmium bioavailability and retention in vineyard soils (Rouffach, France): the impact of cultural practices. Geoderma 2014, 230-231:318-328.
30. Dymond J.R., Ausseil A.-G.E., Ekanayake J.C., Kirschbaum M.U.F. Tradeoffs between soil, water, and carbon - a national scale analysis from New Zealand. J. Environ. Manag. 2012, 95(1):124-131.
31. Egoh B., Reyers B., Rouget M., Richardson D.M., Le Maitre D.C., van Jaarsveld A.S. Mapping ecosystem services for planning and management. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2008, 127(1-2):135-140.
32. European Commission Our life in insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020. COM 2011, European Commission, Brussels.
33. Fedoroff N., Battisti D., Beachy R., Cooper P., Fischhoff D., Hodges C., Knauf V., Lobell D., Mazur B., Molden D. Radically rethinking agriculture for the 21st century. Science 2010, 327(5967):833. (New York, NY).
34. Fisher B., Turner R.K., Morling P. Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making. Ecol. Econ. 2009, 68(3):643-653.
35. Franzluebbers A.J. Soil organic carbon sequestration and agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in the southeastern USA. Soil Tillage Res. 2005, 83(1):120-147.
36. Ghaley B.B., Porter J.R., Sandhu H.S. Soil-based ecosystem services: a synthesis of nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration assessment methods. Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manag. 2014, 10(3):177-186.
37. Godfray H.C.J., Beddington J.R., Crute I.R., Haddad L., Lawrence D., Muir J.F., Pretty J., Robinson S., Thomas S.M., Toulmin C. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 2010, 327(5967):812-818.
38. Grêt-Regamey A., Bishop I.D., Bebi P. Predicting the scenic beauty value of mapped landscape changes in a mountainous region through the use of GIS. Environ. Plan. B: Plan. Design 2007, 34(1):50-67.
39. Grêt-Regamey A., Weibel B., Kienast F., Rabe S.-E., Zulian G. A tiered approach for mapping ecosystem services. Ecosyst. Serv. 2015, 13:16-27.
40. Guerra C.A., Pinto-Correia T., Metzger M.J. Mapping soil erosion prevention using an ecosystem service modeling framework for integrated land management and policy. Ecosystems 2014, 17(5):878-889.
41. Guo Z., Xiao X., Li D. An assessment of ecosystem services: water flow regulation and hydroelectric power production. Ecol. Appl. 2000, 10(3):925-936.
42. Guo Z., Xiao X., Gan Y., Zheng Y. Ecosystem functions, services and their values - a case study in Xingshan County of China. Ecol. Econ. 2001, 38(1):141-154.
43. Haefele S.M., Nelson A., Hijmans R.J. Soil quality and constraints in global rice production. Geoderma 2014, 235-236:250-259.
44. Hannam I., Boer B. Drafting Legislation for Sustainable Soils: A Guide 2004, IUCN. Gland.
45. Hartemink A.E. On global soil science and regional solutions. Geod. Reg. 2015, 5:1-3.
46. Hartemink A.E., McBratney A. A soil science renaissance. Geoderma 2008, 148:123-129.
47. Hartemink A.E., Minasny B. Towards digital soil morphometrics. Geoderma 2014, 230-231:305-317.
48. Hartemink A.E., Lal R., Gerzabek M.H., Jama B., McBratney A.B., Six J., Tornquist C.G. Soil carbon research and global environmental challenges. Peer J PrePrints 2014, 2. e366v361.
49. Hassink J. Effect of soil texture on the size of the microbial biomass and on the amount of c and n mineralized per unit of microbial biomass in Dutch grassland soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1994, 26(11):1573-1581.
50. Hauck J., Görg C., Varjopuro R., Ratamäki O., Maes J., Wittmer H., Jax K. "Maps have an air of authority": potential benefits and challenges of ecosystem service maps at different levels of decision making. Ecosyst. Serv. 2013, 4:25-32.
51. Hewitt A., Dominati E., Webb T., Cuthill T. Soil natural capital quantification by the stock adequacy method. Geoderma 2015, 241-242:107-114.
52. Juarez S., Nunan N., Duday A.-C., Pouteau V., Schmidt S., Hapca S., Falconer R., Otten W., Chenu C. Effects of different soil structures on the decomposition of native and added organic carbon. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2013, 58:81-90.
53. Juma N.G. Interrelationships between soil structure/texture, soil biota/soil organic matter and crop production. Geoderma 1993, 57(1-2):3-30.
54. Kandziora M., Burkhard B., Müller F. Mapping provisioning ecosystem services at the local scale using data of varying spatial and temporal resolution. Ecosyst. Serv. 2013, 4:47-59.
55. Kareiva P., Tallis H., Ricketts T.H., Daily G.C., Polasky S. Natural Capital: Theory and Practice of Mapping Ecosystem Services 2011, Oxford University Press.
56. Keesstra S.D., Geissen V., Mosse K., Piiranen S., Scudiero E., Leistra M., van Schaik L. Soil as a filter for groundwater quality. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2012, 4(5):507-516.
57. Khanna M., Oenal H., Dhungana B., Wander M. Soil carbon sequestration as an ecosystem service. New Perspectives on Agri-environmental Policies: A Multidisciplinary and Transatlantic Approach 2010, 22. S.J. Goetz, F. Brouwer (Eds.).
58. Kobal M., Grčman H., Zupan M., Levanič T., Simončič P., Kadunc A., Hladnik D. Influence of soil properties on silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) growth in the Dinaric Mountains. For. Ecol. Manag. 2015, 337:77-87.
59. Krishnaswamy J., Bonell M., Venkatesh B., Purandara B.K., Rakesh K.N., Lele S., Kiran M.C., Reddy V., Badiger S. The groundwater recharge response and hydrologic services of tropical humid forest ecosystems to use and reforestation: support for the "infiltration-evapotranspiration trade-off hypothesis". J. Hydrol. 2013, 498:191-209.
60. Lal R. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science 2004, 304(5677):1623-1627.
61. Lal R. Soils and world food security. Soil Tillage Res. 2009, 102(1):1-4.
62. Lal R. Sequestering carbon in soils of agro-ecosystems. Food policy 36. Supplement 2011, 1:S33-S39.
63. Larondelle N., Haase D., Kabisch N. Mapping the diversity of regulating ecosystem services in European cities. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2014, 26:119-129.
64. Layke C. Measuring Nature's Benefits: A Preliminary Roadmap for Improving Ecosystem Service Indicators 2009, World Resources Institute, Washington.
65. Lee K.E. The Role of Soil Fauna in Nutrient Cycling 1991, 465. G.K. Veeresh, D. Rajagopal, C.A. Viraktamath (Eds.).
66. Liu S., Costanza R., Farber S., Troy A. Valuing ecosystem services. Theory, practice, and the need for a transdisciplinary synthesis. Ecological Economics Reviews 2010, 54-78. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. K. Limburg, R. Costanza (Eds.).
67. Maes J., Egoh B., Willemen L., Liquete C., Vihervaara P., Schägner J.P., Grizzetti B., Drakou E.G., Notte A.L., Zulian G., Bouraoui F., Luisa Paracchini M., Braat L., Bidoglio G. Mapping ecosystem services for policy support and decision making in the European Union. Ecosyst. Serv. 2012, 1(1):31-39.
68. Maljanen M., Komulainen V.-M., Hytönen J., Martikainen P., Laine J. Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane dynamics in boreal organic agricultural soils with different soil characteristics. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2004, 36(11):1801-1808.
69. Marion J.L., Cole D.N. Spatial and temporal variation in soil and vegetation impacts on campsites. Ecol. Appl. 1996, 6(2):520-530.
70. Marks E., Aflakpui G.K.S., Nkem J., Poch R.M., Khouma M., Kokou K., Sagoe R., Sebastia M.T. Conservation of soil organic carbon, biodiversity and the provision of other ecosystem services along climatic gradients in West Africa. Biogeosciences 2009, 6(8):1825-1838.
71. McBratney A.B., Minasny B., Wheeler I., Malone B.P., van der Linden D. Frameworks for digital soil assessment. Digital Soil Assessment and Beyond 2012, 9-14. Taylor & Francis Group, London. B.P.M.B. Minasny, A.B. McBratney (Eds.).
72. McBratney A.B., Field D.J., Koch A. The dimensions of soil security. Geoderma 2014, 213:203-213.
73. MEA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems and Human Well-being 5 2005, Island Press Washington, DC.
74. Mendoza G., Ennaanay D., Conte M., Walter M., Freyberg D., Wolny S., Hay L., White S., Nelson E., Solorzano L. Water supply as an ecosystem service for hydropower and irrigation. Natural Capital. Theory and Practice of Mapping Ecosystem Services 2011, 53-72. Oxford University Press, Oxford. H.T.P. Kareiva, T.H. Ricketts, G.C. Daily, S. Polasky (Eds.).
75. Metzger M., Rounsevell M., Acosta-Michlik L., Leemans R., Schröter D. The vulnerability of ecosystem services to land use change. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2006, 114(1):69-85.
76. Minasny B., Whelan B.M., Triantafilis J., McBratney A.B. Pedometrics research in the vadose zone-review and perspectives. Vadose Zone J. 2013, 12(4):1-20.
77. Montgomery H.L. How Is Soil Made? 2010, Crabtree Publishing, New York.
78. Nahuelhual L., Carmona A., Laterra P., Barrena J., Aguayo M. A mapping approach to assess intangible cultural ecosystem services: the case of agriculture heritage in Southern Chile. Ecol. Indic. 2014, 40:90-101.
79. Nelson E., Mendoza G., Regetz J., Polasky S., Tallis H., Cameron D., Chan K.M., Daily G.C., Goldstein J., Kareiva P.M. Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2009, 7(1):4-11.
80. Oldeman L.R. Soil Degradation: A Threat to Food Security 1998, International Soil Reference and Information Center, Wageningen.
81. Palm C., Sanchez P., Ahamed S., Awiti A. Soils: a contemporary perspective. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2007, 32:99-129.
82. Paul E., Clark F. Soil as a habitat for organisms and their reactions. Soil Microbiol. Biochem. 1996, 12-32.
83. Pepper R.G., Morrissey J.G. Soil properties affecting runoff. J. Hydrol. 1985, 79(3-4):301-310.
84. Perrings C., Naeem S., Ahrestani F., Bunker D.E., Burkill P., Canziani G., Elmqvist T., Ferrati R., Fuhrman J., Jaksic F., Kawabata Z., Kinzig A., Mace G.M., Milano F., Mooney H., Prieur-Richard A.-H., Tschirhart J., Weisser W. Ecosystem services for 2020. Science 2010, 330(6002):323-324.
85. Plieninger T., Dijks S., Oteros-Rozas E., Bieling C. Assessing, mapping, and quantifying cultural ecosystem services at community level. Land Use Policy 2013, 33:118-129.
86. Pulleman M., Creamer R., Hamer U., Helder J., Pelosi C., Pérès G., Rutgers M. Soil biodiversity, biological indicators and soil ecosystem services-an overview of European approaches. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2012, 4(5):529-538.
87. Rahimi A., Rahardjo H., Leong E.-C. Effect of hydraulic properties of soil on rainfall-induced slope failure. Eng. Geol. 2010, 114(3-4):135-143.
88. Reyers B., O'Farrell P.J., Cowling R.M., Egoh B.N., Le Maitre D.C., Vlok J.H. Ecosystem services, land-cover change, and stakeholders: finding a sustainable foothold for a semiarid biodiversity hotspot. Ecol. Soc. 2009, 14(1):23.
89. Römkens, M.J.M. Soil physical properties and crop production in the tropics. Earth Sci. Rev. 1980, 16:381.
90. Robinson D.A., Lebron I., Vereecken H. On the definition of the natural capital of soils: a framework for description, evaluation, and monitoring. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2009, 73(6):1904-1911.
91. Robinson D.A., Emmett B.A., Reynolds B., Rowe E.C., Spurgeon D., Keith A.M., Lebron I., Hockley N. Soil natural capital and ecosystem service delivery in a world of global soil change. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Series 2012, 41-68. R.E. Hester, R.M. Harrison (Eds.).
92. Rondon M.R., August P.R., Bettermann A.D., Brady S.F., Grossman T.H., Liles M.R., Loiacono K.A., Lynch B.A., MacNeil I.A., Minor C. Cloning the soil metagenome: a strategy for accessing the genetic and functional diversity of uncultured microorganisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2000, 66(6):2541-2547.
93. Rossiter D. Digital soil resource inventories: status and prospects. Soil Use Manag. 2004, 20(3):296-301.
94. Sanchez P.A., Ahamed S., Carre F., Hartemink A.E., Hempel J., Huising J., Lagacherie P., McBratney A.B., McKenzie N.J., Mendonca-Santos M.D., Minasny B., Montanarella L., Okoth P., Palm C.A., Sachs J.D., Shepherd K.D., Vagen T.G., Vanlauwe B., Walsh M.G., Winowiecki L.A., Zhang G.L. Digital soil map of the world. Science 2009, 325(5941):680-681.
95. Schägner J.P., Brander L., Maes J., Hartje V. Mapping ecosystem services' values: current practice and future prospects. Ecosyst. Serv. 2013, 4:33-46.
96. Seppelt R., Dormann C.F., Eppink F.V., Lautenbach S., Schmidt S. A quantitative review of ecosystem service studies: approaches, shortcomings and the road ahead. J. Appl. Ecol. 2011, 48(3):630-636.
97. Sharp R., Tallis H.T., Ricketts T., Guerry A.D., Wood S.A., Chaplin-Kramer R., Nelson E., Ennaanay D., Wolny S., Olwero N., Vigerstol K., Pennington D., Mendoza G., Aukema J., Foster J., Forrest J., Cameron D., Arkema K., Lonsdorf E., Kennedy C., Verutes G., Kim C.K., Guannel G., Papenfus M., Toft J., Marsik M., Bernhardt J., Griffin R., Glowinski K., Chaumont N., Perelman A., Lacayo M., Mandle L., Hamel P., Vogl A.L. InVEST User's Guide 2014, The Natural Capital Project, Stanford.
98. Sparling G., Wheeler D., Vesely E.-T., Schipper L. What is soil organic matter worth?. J. Environ. Qual. 2006, 35(2):548-557.
99. Sumarga E., Hein L. Mapping ecosystem services for land use planning, the case of Central Kalimantan. Environ. Manag. 2014, 54(1):84-97.
100. Sutton P.C., Costanza R. Global estimates of market and non-market values derived from nighttime satellite imagery, land cover, and ecosystem service valuation. Ecol. Econ. 2002, 41(3):509-527.
101. Swinton S.M., Lupi F., Robertson G.P., Landis D.A. Ecosystem services from agriculture: looking beyond the usual suspects. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 2006, 88(5):1160-1166.
102. Szabolcs I. The concept of soil resilience. Soil Resilience and Sustainable Land Use 1994, 33-39. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. D. Greenland, I. Szabolcs (Eds.).
103. TEEB The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundations 2010, UNEP/Earthprint.
104. Trabucchi M., O'Farrell P.J., Notivol E., Comin F.A. Mapping ecological processes and ecosystem services for prioritizing restoration efforts in a semi-arid Mediterranean river basin. Environ. Manag. 2014, 53(6):1132-1145.
105. van Eekeren N., de Boer H., Hanegraaf M., Bokhorst J., Nierop D., Bloem J., Schouten T., de Goede R., Brussaard L. Ecosystem services in grassland associated with biotic and abiotic soil parameters. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2010, 42(9):1491-1504.
106. Viglizzo E.F., Paruelo J.M., Laterra P., Jobbágy E.G. Ecosystem service evaluation to support land-use policy. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2012, 154:78-84.
107. Villa F., Bagstad K.J., Voigt B., Johnson G.W., Portela R., Honzák M., Batker D. A methodology for adaptable and robust ecosystem services assessment. PLoS ONE 2014, 9(3):e91001.
108. Vrebos D., Staes J., Vandenbroucke T., D'Haeyer T., Johnston R., Muhumuza M., Kasabeke C., Meire P. Mapping ecosystem service flows with land cover scoring maps for data-scarce regions. Ecosyst. Ser. 2015, 13:28-40.
109. Wang Y.Q., Shao M.A. Spatial variability of soil physical properties in a region of the loess plateau of PR China subject to wind and water erosion. Land Degrad. Dev. 2013, 24(3):296-304.
110. Williams A., Hedlund K. Indicators of soil ecosystem services in conventional and organic arable fields along a gradient of landscape heterogeneity in southern Sweden. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2013, 65:1-7.
111. Winkler R. Valuation of ecosystem goods and services part 1: an integrated dynamic approach. Ecol. Econ. 2006, 59(1):82-93.
112. Winowiecki L., Vågen T.-G., Huising J. Effects of land cover on ecosystem services in Tanzania: a spatial assessment of soil organic carbon. Geoderma 2015.
113. Young I., Crawford J. Interactions and self-organisation in the soil-microbe complex. Science 2004, 304:1634-1637.
114. Zhao B., Xu F., Zhao Q. Influences of soil physical properties on water-supplying capacity. Pedosphere 1997, 7(4):367-374.