Spatial Vision

Spatial Vision

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-382

  DeValois, Russell L ^a   DeValois, Karen K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Color vision; Linear systems approach; Perception; Spatial frequency analysis; Visual system; Visual world

Indexed keywords

EID: 84939498700     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195066579.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (490)

1. Abney, W. deW. (1913). Researches in colour vision. London: Longmans, Green.
2. Abney, W. deW., & Festing, E.R. (1886). Colour photometry. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 177, 423-456.
3. Adler, F.H. (1965). Physiology of the eye. St. Louis: Mosby.
4. Albrecht, D.G. (1978). Analysis of visual form. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
5. Albrecht, D.G., & De Valois, R.L. (1981). Striate cortex responses to periodic patterns with and without the fundamental harmonics. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 319, 497-514.
6. Albrecht, D.G., & Hamilton, D.B. (1982). Striate cortex of monkey and man: contrast response function. J. Neurophysiol., 48, 217-237.
7. Albrecht, D.G., De Valois, R.L., & Thorell, L.G. (1980). Visual cortical neurons: Are bars or gratings the optimal stimuli? Science, 207, 88-90.
8. Albrecht, D.G., Farrar, S.B., & Hamilton, D.B. (1984). Spatial contrast adaptation characteristics of neurones recorded in the cat's visual cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 347, 713-739.
9. Albus, K. (1975). A quantitative study of the projection area of the central and paracentral visual field in area 17 of the cat. I. The precision of topography. Exp. Brain Res., 24, 159-179.
10. Allman, J.M., Baker, J.F., Newsome, W.T., & Petersen, S.E. (1981). Visual topography and function: Cortical visual areas in the owl monkey. In C.N. Woolsey (Ed.), Cortical sensory organization: Vol. 2. Multiple visual areas (pp. 171-185). Clifton, NJ: Humana Press.
11. Andrews, B.W., & Pollen, D.A. (1979). Relationship between spatial frequency selectivity and receptive field profile of simple cells. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 287, 163-176.
12. Applegate, R., & Bonds, A.B. (1981). Induced movement of receptor alignment toward new pupillary aperture. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 21, 869-873.
13. Arend, L.E., & Skavenski, A.A. (1979). Free scanning of gratings produces patterned retinal exposure. Vision Res., 19, 1413-1419.
14. Attneave, F. (1954). Informational aspects of visual perception. Psychol. Rev., 61, 183-193.
15. Bacon, J.H. (1976). The interaction of dichoptically presented gratings. Vision Res., 16, 337-394.
16. Badcock, D.R. (1984a). Spatial phase or luminance profile discrimination? Vision Res., 24, 613-623.
17. Badcock, D.R. (1984b). How do we discriminate relative spatial phase? Vision Res., 24, 1847-1857.
18. Bailey, I.L., & Lovie, J.E. (1976). New design principles for visual acuity letter charts. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt., 53, 741-745.
19. Barlow, H.B. (1953). Summation and inhibition in the frog's retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 119, 69-88.
20. Barlow, H.B. (1961). Three points about lateral inhibition. In W.A. Rosenblith (Ed.), Sensory communication (pp. 782-786). New York: Wiley.
21. Barlow, H.B. (1972). Single units and sensation: A neuron doctrine for perceptual psychology? Perception, 1, 371-394.
22. Barlow, H.B. (1979). Reconstructing the visual image in time and space. Nature, 279, 189-190.
23. Barlow, H.B. (1981). Critical limiting factors in the design of the eye and visual cortex. Proc. Roy. Soc. (B), 212, 1-34.
24. Barlow, H.B., Blakemore, C., & Pettigrew, J.D. (1967). The neural mechanism of binocular depth discrimination. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 193, 327-342.
25. Baylor, D.A., & Fuortes, M.G.F. (1970). Electrical responses of single cones in the retina of the turtle. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 207, 77-92.
26. Baylor, D.A., & Hodgkin, A.L. (1973). Detection and resolution of visual stimuli by turtle photoreceptors. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 234, 163-198.
27. Baylor, D.A., Fuortes, M.G.F., & O'Bryan, P.M. (1971). Receptive fields of cones in the retina of the turtle. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 214, 265-294.
28. Berman, N., & Payne, B.R. (1982). Variation in response properties of cortical neurons with locations in the visual field. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Suppl.), 22, 11.
29. Bishop, P.O. (1978). Orientation and position disparities in stereopsis. In S.J. Cool & E.L. Smith (Eds.), Frontiers in visual science (pp. 336-350). New York: Springer Verlag.
30. Blake, R., Cool, S.J., & Crawford, M.L.J. (1974). Visual resolution in the cat. Vision Res., 14, 1211-1217.
31. Blakemore, C. (1970). A new kind of stereoscopic vision. Vision Res., 10, 1181-1199.
32. Blakemore, C., & Campbell, F.W. (1969). On the existence of neurones in the human visual system selectively sensitive to the orientation and size of retinal images. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 203, 237-260.
33. Blakemore, C., & Nachmias, J. (1971). The orientation specificity of two visual after-effects. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 213, 157-174.
34. Blakemore, C., & Sutton, P. (1969). Size adaptation A new aftereffect. Science, 166, 245-247.
35. Blakemore, C., & Tobin, E.A. (1972). Lateral inhibition between orientation detectors in the cat's visual cortex. Exp. Brain Res., 15, 439-440.
36. Blakemore, C., Carpenter, R.H.S., & Georgeson, M.A. (1970). Lateral inhibition between orientation detectors in the human visual system. Nature, 228, 37-39.
37. Blakemore, C., Fiorentini, A., & Maffei, L. (1972). A second neural mechanism of binocular depth discrimination. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 226, 725-749.
38. Blakemore, C., Muncey, J.P.J., & Ridley, R.M. (1971). Perceptual fading of a stabilized cortical image. Nature, 233, 204-205.
39. Blakemore, C., Muncey, J.P.J., & Ridley, R.M. (1973). Stimulus specificity in the human visual system. Vision Res., 13, 1915-1931.
40. Blakemore, C., Nachmias, J., & Sutton, P. (1970). The perceived spatial frequency shift: Evidence for frequency-selective neurones in the human brain. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 210, 727-750.
41. Bonds, A.B. (1984). Spatial adaptation of the cortical visual evoked potential of the cat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 25, 640-646.
42. Bonds, A.B., & MacLeod, D.I.A. (1978). A displaced Stiles-Crawford effect associated with an eccentric pupil. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 17, 754-761.
43. Borwein, B. (1981). The retinal receptor: A description. In J.M. Enoch & F.L. Tobey, Jr. (Eds.), Vertebrate photoreceptor optics (pp. 11-81). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
44. Borwein, B., Borwein, D., Medeiros, J., & McGowan, J. (1980). The ultrastructure of monkey foveal photoreceptors, with special reference to the structure, shape, size, and spacing of foveal cones. Am. J. Anat., 159, 125-146.
45. Bough, E.W. (1970). Stereoscopic vision in the macaque monkey: A behavioural demonstration. Nature, 225, 42-44.
46. Bowrnaker, J.K., Dartnall, H.J.A., & Mollon, J.D. (1980). Microspectrophotometric demonstration of four classes of photoreceptors in an old world primate Macaca fascicularis. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 298, 131-143.
47. Boycott, B.B., & Dowling, J.E. (1969). Organization of the primate retina: Light microscopy. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. (B), 255, 109-184.
48. Boycott, B.B., & Kolb, H. (1973). The horizontal cells of the rhesus monkey retina. J. Comp. Neurol., 148, 115-140.
49. Boycott, B.B., & Wässle, H. (1974). The morphological types of ganglion cells of the domestic cat's retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 240, 397-419.
50. Boynton, R.M. (1979). Human color vision. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
51. Boynton, R.M., & Kaiser, P.K. (1968). Vision: The additivity law made to work for heterochromatic photometry with bipartite fields. Science, 161, 366-368.
52. Boynton, R.M., Hayhoe, M.M., & MacLeod, D.I.A. (1977). The gap effect: Chromatic and achromatic visual discrimination as affected by field separation. Optica Acta, 24, 159-177.
53. Bracewell, R.N. (1965). The Fourier transform and its application. New York: McGraw-Hill.
54. Braddick, O., Campbell, F.W., & Atkinson, J. (1978). Channels in vision: Basic aspects. In R. Held, H.W. Leibowitz, & H.-L. Teuber (Eds.), Handbook of sensory physiology: Vol. 7 (pp. 3-38). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
55. Bradley, A., Switkes, E., & De Valois, K.K. (1985). Orientation and spatial frequency selectivity of adaptation to isoluminant color patterns. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Suppl.), 26, 182.
56. Brown, J.E., Major, D., & Dowling, J.E. (1966). Synapses of horizontal cells in rabbit and cat retinas. Science, 153, 1639-1641.
57. Brown, K.T., Watanabe, K., & Murakami, M. (1965). The early and late receptor potentials of monkey cones and rods. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 30, 457-482.
58. Bullier, J., & Henry, G.H. (1979a). Ordinal position of neurons in cat striate cortex. J. Neurophysiol., 42, 1251-1263.
59. Bullier, J., & Henry, G.H. (1979b). Neural path taken by afferent streams in striate cortex of the cat. J. Neurophysiol., 42, 1264-1270.
60. Bullier, J., & Henry, G.H. (1979c). Laminar distribution of first-order neurons and afferent terminals in cat striate cortex. J. Neurophysiol, 42, 1271-1281.
61. Burr, D.C. (1980). Sensitivity to spatial phase. Vision Res., 20, 391-396.
62. Caelli, T.M., & Julesz, B. (1979). Psychophysical evidence for global feature processing in visual texture discrimination. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 69, 675-678.
63. Campbell, F.W., & Green, D.G. (1965). Optical and retinal factors affecting visual resolution. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 181, 576-593.
64. Campbell, F.W., & Gubisch, R.W. (1966). Optical quality of the human eye. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 186, 558-578.
65. Campbell, F.W., & Kulikowski, J.J. (1966). Orientation selectivity of the human visual system. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 187, 437-445.
66. Campbell, F.W., & Robson, J.G. (1968). Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 197, 551-566.
67. Campbell, F.W., Carpenter, R.H.S., & Levinson, J.Z. (1969). Visibility of aperiodic patterns compared with that of sinusoidal gratings. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 204, 283-298.
68. Campbell, F.W., Cooper, G.F., & Enroth-Cugell, C. (1969). The spatial selectivity of the visual cells of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 203, 223-235.
69. Campbell, F.W., Kulikowski, J.J., & Levinson, J. (1966). The effect of orientation on the visual resolution of gratings. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 187, 427-436.
70. Cannon, M.W. (1979). Contrast sensation: A linear function of stimulus contrast. Vision Res., 19, 1045-1052.
71. Carlson, C.R., Anderson, C.H., & Moeller, J.R. (1980). Visual illusions without low spatial frequencies. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Suppl.), 165-166.
72. Carlson, C.R., Cohen, R.W., & Gorog, I. (1977). Visual processing of simple two-dimensional sine-wave gratings. Vision Res., 17, 351-358.
73. Carter, B.E., & Henning, G.B. (1971). Detection of gratings in narrow-band visual noise. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 219, 355-365.
74. Cavanagh, P. (1982). Functional size invariance is not provided by the cortical magnification factor. Vision Res., 22, 1409-1412.
75. Cavanagh, P., Brussell, E.M., & Stober, S.R. (1981). Evidence against independent processing of black and white pattern features. Percept. Psychophys., 29, 423-428.
76. Cleland, B., Dubin, M.W., & Levick, W.R. (1971). Sustained and transient neurones in the cat's retina and lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 217, 473-496.
77. Cohen, A.I. (1970). Further studies on the question of the patency of saccules in outer segments of vertebrate receptors. Vision Res., 10, 445-453.
78. Cohen, A.I., Hall, J.A., & Ferrendelli, J.A. (1978). J. Gen. Physiol., 71, 595-612.
79. Colonnier, M. (1968). Synaptic patterns on different cell types in the different laminae of the cat visual cortex. An electron microscope study. Brain Res., 9, 268-287.
80. Connolly, M., & Van Essen, D. (1984). The representation of the visual field in parvocellular and magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol., 226, 544-564.
81. Cooper, G.F., & Robson, J.G. (1968). Successive transformations of spatial information in the visual system. IEE Conf. pub., 47, 134-143.
82. Copenhagen, D.R., & Owen, W.G. (1976). Coupling between rod photoreceptors in a vertebrate retina. Nature, 260, 57-59.
83. Cornsweet, T.N. (1970). Visual perception. New York: Academic Press.
84. Craik, K.J.W. (1940). The effect of adaptation on subjective brightness. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B), 128, 232-247.
85. Crawford, B.H. (1937). The luminous efficiency of light entering the eye pupil at different points and its relation to brightness threshold measurements. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B), 124, 81-96.
86. Creutzfeldt, O.D., Kuhnt, U., & Benevento, L.A. (1974). An intracellular analysis of cortical neurons to moving stimuli: Responses in a cooperative neuronal network. Exp. Brain Res., 21, 251-274.
87. Crick, F.H.C., Marr, D.C., & Poggio, T. (1981). An information-processing approach to understanding the visual cortex. In F.O. Schmitt, F.G. Worden, G. Adelman, & S.G. Dennis (Eds.), The organization of the cerebral cortex (pp. 505-533). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
88. Cynader, M., & Regan, D. (1978). Neurons in cat parastriate cortex sensitive to the direction of motion in three-dimensional space. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 274, 549-569.
89. Daitch, J.M., & Green, D.G. (1969). Contrast sensitivity of the human peripheral retina. Vision Res., 9, 947-952.
90. Daniel, P.M., & Whitteridge, D. (1961). The representation of the visual field on the cerebral cortex in monkeys. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 159, 203-221.
91. Daugman, J.G. (1980). Two-dimensional spectral analysis of cortical receptive field profiles. Vision Res., 20, 847-856.
92. Dealy, R.S., & Tolhurst, D.J. (1977). Is spatial frequency adaptation an aftereffect of prolonged inhibition? J. Physiol. (Lond.), 241, 261-270.
93. de Lange, H. (1952). Experiments on flicker and some calculations on an electrical analogue of the foveal systems. Physica, 18, 935-950.
94. de Monasterio, F.M., Gouras, P., & Tolhurst, D.J. (1975a). Trichromatic colour opponency in ganglion cells of the rhesus monkey retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 251, 197-216.
95. de Monasterio, F.M., Gouras, P., & Tolhurst, D.J. (1975b). Concealed colour opponency in ganglion cells of the rhesus monkey retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 251, 217-229.
96. de Monasterio, F.M., Schein, S.J., & McCrane, E.P. (1981). Staining of blue-sensitive cones of the macaque retina by a fluorescent dye. Science, 213, 1278-1281.
97. Derrington, A.M., & Lennie, P. (1984). Spatial and temporal contrast sensitivities of neurones in lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 357, 219-240.
98. Derrington, A.M., Krauskopf, J., & Lennie, P. (1984). Chromatic mechanisms in lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 357, 241-265.
99. De Valois, K.K. (1973). Phase-and color-specific adaptation. Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
100. De Valois, K.K. (1977a) Independence of black and white: Phase-specific adaptation. Vision Res., 17, 209-215.
101. De Valois, K.K. (1977b). Spatial frequency adaptation can enhance contrast sensitivity. Vision Res., 17, 1057-1065.
102. De Valois, K.K. (1978). Interactions among spatial frequency channels. In S.J. Cool, & E.L. Smith (Eds.), Frontiers in visual science (pp. 277-285), New York: Springer Verlag.
103. De Valois, K.K., & Switkes, E. (1980). Spatial frequency specific interaction of dot patterns and gratings. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77, 662-665.
104. De Valois, K.K., & Switkes, E. (1983). Simultaneous masking interactions between chromatic and luminance gratings. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 73, 11-18.
105. De Valois, K.K., & Tootell, R.B.H. (1983). Spatial-frequency-specific inhibition in cat striate cortex cells. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 336, 359-376.
106. De Valois, K.K., De Valois, R.L., & Yund, E.W. (1979). Responses of striate cortex cells to grating and checkerboard patterns. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 291, 483-505.
107. De Valois, K.K., von der Heydt, R., Adorjani, Cs., & De Valois, R.L. (1975). A tilt aftereffect in depth. Assoc. Res. Vision Ophthalmol., 15, 90.
108. De Valois, R.L. (1965). Analysis and coding of color vision in the primate visual system. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 30, 567-579.
109. De Valois, R.L. (1972). Processing of intensity and wavelength information by the visual system. Invest. Ophthalmol., 11, 417-427.
110. De Valois, R.L. (1982). Early visual processing: feature detection or spatial filtering? In D.G. Albrecht (Ed.), Recognition of pattern and form (pp. 152-174). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
111. De Valois, R.L., & De Valois, K.K. (1975). Neural coding of color. In B.C. Carterette, & M.P. Friedman (Eds.), Handbook of perception: Vol. 5, (pp. 117-166). New York: Academic Press.
112. De Valois, R.L., & De Valois, K.K. (1986). Phase vs position. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Suppl.), 27, 342.
113. De Valois, R.L., & Jacobs, G.H. (1968). Primate color vision. Science, 162, 533-540.
114. De Valois, R.L., & Jacobs, G.H. (1984). Neural mechanisms of color vision. In J.M. Brookhart & V.B. Mountcastle (Eds.), Handbook of physiology-The nervous system III (pp. 425-456). Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.
115. De Valois, R.L., Abramov, I., & Jacobs, G.H. (1966). Analysis of response patterns of LGN cells. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 56, 966-977.
116. De Valois, R.L., Albrecht, D.G. & Thorell, L.G. (1977). Spatial tuning of LGN and cortical cells in the monkey visual system. In H. Spekreijse & H. van der Tweel (Eds.), Spatial contrast (pp. 60-63). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
117. De Valois, R.L., Albrecht, D.G., & Thorell, L.G. (1978). Cortical cells: bar and edge detectors, or spatial frequency filters? In S.J. Cool & E.L. Smith (Eds.), Frontiers in visual science (pp. 544-556). New York: Springer Verlag.
118. De Valois, R.L., Albrecht, D.G., & Thorell, L.G. (1982). Spatial frequency selectivity of cells in macaque visual cortex. Vision Res., 22, 545-559.
119. De Valois, R.L., Jacobs, G.H., & Abramov, I. (1964). Responses of single cells in visual system to shifts in the wavelength of light. Science, 146, 1184-1186.
120. De Valois, R.L., Jacobs, G.H., & Jones, A.E. (1962). Effects of increments and decrements of light on neural discharge rate. Science, 136, 986-988.
121. De Valois, R.L., Morgan, H., & Snodderly, D.M. (1974). Psychophysical studies of monkey vision III. Spatial luminance contrast sensitivity tests of macaque and human observers. Vision Res., 14, 75-81.
122. De Valois, R.L., Thorell, L.G., & Albrecht, D.G. (1985). Periodicity of striate-cortex-cell receptive fields. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 2, 1115-1123.
123. De Valois, R.L., Yund, E.W., & Hepler, N. (1982). The orientation and direction selectivity of cells in macaque visual cortex. Vision Res., 22, 531-544.
124. De Valois, R.L., De Valois, K.K., Ready, J., & von Blanckensee, H. (1975). Spatial frequency tuning of macaque striate cortex cells. Assoc. Res., Vision Ophthalmol., 15, 16.
125. De Valois, R.L., Morgan, H., Poison, M.C., Mead, W.R., & Hull, E.M. (1974). Psychophysical studies of monkey vision. I. Macaque luminosity and color vision tests. Vision Res., 14, 53-67.
126. De Valois, R.L., Smith, C.J., Karoly, A.J., & Kitai, S.T. (1958). Electrical responses of primate visual system, I. Different layers of macaque lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 51, 662-668.
127. De Valois, R.L., Smith, C.J., Kitai, S.T., & Karoly, A.J. (1958). Responses of single cells in different layers of the primate lateral geniculate nucleus to monochromatic light. Science, 127, 238-239.
128. De Valois, R.L., Snodderly, D.M., Yund, E.W., & Hepler, N. (1977). Responses of macaque lateral geniculate cells to luminance and color figures. Sensory Processes, 1, 244-259.
129. De Valois, R.L., Webster, M.A., De Valois, K.K., & Lingelbach, B. (1986). Temporal properties of brightness and color induction. Vision Res., 26, 887-897.
130. De Vries, H. (1943). The quantum character of light and its bearing upon the threshold of vision, the differential sensitivity and the acuity of the eye. Physica, 10, 553-564.
131. Ditchburn, R.W., & Ginsberg, B.L. (1952). Vision with a stabilized retinal image. Nature, 170, 36-37.
132. Dow, B.M. (1974). Functional classes of cells and their laminar distribution in monkey visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol., 37, 927-946.
133. Dow, B.M., Snyder, R.G., Vautin, R.G., & Bauer, R. (1981). Magnification factor and receptive field size in foveal striate cortex of the monkey. Exp. Brain Res., 44, 213-228.
134. Dowling, J.E. (1968). Synaptic organization of the frog retina: An electron microscopic analysis comparing the retinas of frogs and primates. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B), 170, 205-228.
135. Dowling, J.E., & Boycott, B.B. (1966). Organization of the primate retina: Electron microscopy. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B), 166, 80-111.
136. Dowling, J.E., & Ehinger, B. (1975). Synaptic organization of the amine-containing interplexiform cells of the goldfish and cebus monkey retinas. Science, 188, 270-273.
137. Dreher, B., Fukada, Y., and Rodieck, R.W. (1976). Identification, classification and anatomical segregation of cells with X-like and Y-like properties in the lateral geniculate nucleus of Old-World primates. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 258, 433-452.
138. Duncker, K. (1929). Über induzierte Bewegung. Psychol. Forsch., 12, 180-259.
139. Enoch, J. (1961). Nature of transmission of energy in retinal receptors. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 51, 1122-1126.
140. Enoch, J.M., & Birch, D.G. (1981). Inferred positive phototropic activity in human photoreceptors. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (B), 291, 323-351.
141. Enroth-Cugell, C., & Robson, J.G. (1966). The contrast sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 187, 517-552.
142. Fain, G.L., Gold, G.H., & Dowling, J.E. (1976). Receptor coupling in the toad retina. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 40, 547-561.
143. Famighetti, E.V., Jr., & Kolb, H. (1976). Structural basis of ON-nand OFF-center responses in retinal ganglion cells. Science, 194, 193-195.
144. Famighetti, E.V., Jr., Kaneko, A., & Tachibana, M. (1977). Neuronal architecture of on and off pathways to ganglion cells in carp retina. Science, 198, 1267-1269.
145. Felton, T.B., Richards, W., & Smith, R.A. (1972). Disparity processing of spatial frequencies in man. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 225, 349-362.
146. Fischer, B. (1973). Overlap of receptive field centers and representation of the visual field in the cat's optic tract. Vision Res., 13, 2113-2120.
147. Fisher, S.K., & Boycott, B.B. (1974). Synaptic connexions made by horizontal cells within the outer plexiform layer of the retina of the cat and rabbit. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B), 186, 317-331.
148. Foley, J.M. (1978). Primary depth perception. In R. Held, H.W. Leibowitz, & H.-L. Teuber (Eds.), Handbook of sensory physiology: Vol. 7 (pp. 181-214). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
149. Foley, J.M., & Legge, G.E. (1981). Contrast discrimination and near-threshold discrimination in human vision. Vision Res., 21, 1041-1053.
150. Foster, K.H., Gaska, J.P., & Pollen, D.A. (1983). Spatial and temporal frequency selectivity of V1 neurons in the macaque monkey. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. (Suppl.), 22, 228.
151. Fox, R., Lehmkuhle, S.W., & Westerdorf, D.H. (1976). Falcon visual acuity. Science, 192, 263-265.
152. Fuortes, M.G.F., Schwartz, E.A., & Simon, E.J. (1973). Colour-dependence of cone responses in the turtle retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 234, 199-216.
153. Gabor, D. (1946). Theory of communication. J. Inst. Elect. Eng. (London), 93, 429-457.
154. Geisler, W.S. (1984). The physical limits of acuity and hyperacuity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Suppl.), 25, 315.
155. Georgeson, M.A. (1976). Psychophysical hallucinations of orientation and spatial frequency. Perception, 5, 99-112.
156. Georgeson, M.A., & Sullivan, G.D. (1975). Contrast constancy: Deblurring in human vision by spatial frequency channels. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 252, 627-656.
157. Gibson, J.J. (1950). The perception of the visual world. London: Allen and Unwin.
158. Gilbert, C.D. (1977). Laminar differences in receptive field properties of cells in cat primary visual cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 268, 391-424.
159. Gilbert, C.D., & Wiesel, T.N. (1979). Morphology and intracortical projections of functionally characterised neurones in the cat visual cortex. Nature, 280, 120-125.
160. Gilinsky, A.S. (1968). Orientation-specific effects of patterns of adapting light on visual acuity. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 58, 13-18.
161. Ginsburg, A.P. (1971). Psychological correlates of a model of the human visual system. M.A. thesis GE/EE/715-2, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Air Inst. Technol.
162. Glezer, V.D., & Cooperman, A.M. (1977). Local spectral analysis in the visual cortex. Biol. Cybern., 28, 101-108.
163. Glezer, V.D., Ivanoff, V.A., & Tscherbach, T.A. (1973). Investigation of complex and hypercomplex receptive fields of visual cortex of the cat as spatial frequency filters. Vision Res., 13, 1875-1904.
164. Goodman, J.W. (1968). Introduction to Fourier optics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
165. Gouras, P. (1974). Opponent-color cells in different layers of foveal striate cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 238, 583-602.
166. Gouras, P., & Zrenner, E. (1979). Enhancement of luminance flicker by color-opponent mechanisms. Science, 205, 587-589.
167. Graham, N. (1977). Visual detection of aperiodic spatial stimuli by probability summation among narrowband channels. Vision Res., 17, 637-652.
168. Graham, N. (1980). Spatial frequency channels in human vision: detecting edges without edge detectors. In C.S. Harris (Ed.), Visual coding and adaptability (pp. 215-262). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.
169. Graham, N., & Nachmias, J. (1971). Detection of grating patterns containing two spatial frequencies: A comparison of single channel and multichannel models. Vision Res., 11, 251-259.
170. Graham, N., Robson, J.G., & Nachmias, J. (1978). Grating summation in fovea and periphery. Vision Res., 18, 815-825.
171. Granger, E.M. (1973). Specification of color image quality. Doctoral dissertation, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.
172. Granger, E.M., & Heurtley, J.C. (1973). Visual chromaticity-modulation transfer function. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 63, 1173-1174.
173. Graybiel, A.M., & Berson, D.M. (1981). On the relation between transthalamic and transcortical pathways in the visual system. In F.O. Schmitt, F.G. Worden, G. Adelman, & S.G. Dennis (Eds.), The organization of the cerebral cortex (pp. 285-319). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
174. Green, D.M., & Swets, J.A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley.
175. Green, M., Corwin, T., & Zemon, V. (1976). A comparison of Fourier analysis and feature analysis in pattern-specific color aftereffects. Science, 192, 147-148.
176. Grosof, D.H., Skottun, B.C., & De Valois, R.L. (1985). Linearity of cat cortical cells: Responses to 2-D stimuli. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Suppl.), 26, 265.
177. Guilford, J.P., & Dallenbach, K.M. (1928). A study of the autokinetic sensation. Am. J. Psychol., 40, 83-91.
178. Gullstrand, A. (1924). In H. von Helmholtz, Handbook of physiological optics, vol. 1 (pp. 261-482), (3rd ed., J.P.C. Southall, Trans.). Rochester, NY: Optical Society of America, (Original work published 1909).
179. Guth, S.L., Donley, N.J., & Marrocco, R.T. (1969). On luminance additivity and related topics. Vision Res., 9, 537-575.
180. Hagins, W.A. (1972). The visual process: Excitatory mechanisms in the primary photoreceptor cells. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng., 1, 131-158.
181. Hagins, W.A., & Yoshikami, S. (1974). A role for Ca++ in excitation of retinal rods and cones. Exp. Eye Res., 18, 229-305.
182. Hammond, P., & MacKay, D.M. (1975). Differential responses of cat visual cortical cells to textured stimuli. Exp. Brain Res., 22, 427-430.
183. Hänny, P., von der Heydt, R., & Poggio, G.F. (1980). Binocular neuron responses to tilt in depth in the monkey visual cortex. Evidence for orientation disparity processing. Exp. Brain Res., 41, A26.
184. Hartline, H.K. (1940). The receptive fields of optic nerve fibers. Am. J. Physiol., 130, 690-699.
185. Helmholtz, H. von (1877). On the sensations of tone. New York: Dover (reprinted in 1954)
186. Helmholtz, H. von (1924). Handbook of physiological optics (3rd ed., J.P.C. Southall, Trans.), Rochester, NY: Optical Society of America, (Original work published 1909)
187. Helson, H. (1963). Studies of anomalous contrast and assimilation. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 53, 179-184.
188. Helstrom, C.W. (1966). An expansion of a signal in Gaussian elementary signals. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, IT-13, 81-82.
189. Henning, G.B., Hertz, B.G., & Broadbent, D.E. (1975). Some experiments bearing on the hypothesis that the visual system analyses spatial patterns in independent bands of spatial frequency. Vision Res., 15, 887-898.
190. Henning, G.B., Hertz, B.G., & Hinton, J.L. (1981). Effects of different hypothetical detection mechanisms on the shape of spatial-frequency filters inferred from masking experiments: I. Noise masks. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 71, 574-581.
191. Henry, G.H., & Bishop, P.O. (1972). Striate neurons: Receptive field organization. Invest. Ophthalmol., 11, 357-368.
192. Henry, G.H., Bishop, P.O., & Dreher, B. (1974). Orientation, axis and direction as stimulus parameters for striate cells. Vision Res., 14, 767-777.
193. Henry, G.H., Dreher, B., & Bishop, P.O. (1974). Orientation specificity of cells in cat striate cortex. J. Neurophysiol., 37, 1394-1409.
194. Henry, G.H., Harvey, A.R., & Lund, J.S. (1979). The afferent connections and laminar distribution of cells in the cat striate cortex. J. Comp. Neurol., 187, 725-744.
195. Hess, R., & Woo, G. (1978). Vision through cataracts. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 17, 428-435.
196. Hicks, T.P., Lee, B.B., & Vidyasagar, T.R. (1983). The response of cells in macaque lateral geniculate nucleus to sinusoidal gratings. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 337, 183-200.
197. Hilz, R.L., & Cavonius, C.R. (1970). Wavelength discrimination measured with square wave gratings. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60, 273-277.
198. Hilz, R.L., & Cavonius, C.R. (1974). Functional organization of the peripheral retina: Sensitivity to periodic stimuli. Vision Res., 14, 1333-1337.
199. Hitchcock, P.F., & Hickey, T.L. (1980). Ocular dominance columns: Evidence for their presence in humans. Brain Res., 182, 176-178.
200. Hochstein, S., & Shapley, R.M. (1976a). Quantitative analysis of retinal ganglion cell classifications. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 262, 237-264.
201. Hochstein, S., & Shapley, R.M. (1976b). Linear and non-linear spatial subunits in Y cat retinal ganglion cells. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 262, 265-284.
202. Hoffman, K.-P., & Stone, J. (1971). Conduction velocity of afferents to cat visual cortex: A correlation with cortical receptive field properties. Brain Res., 32, 460-466.
203. Hogan, M.J., Alvarado, J.A., and Weddell, J.E. (1971). Histology of the human eye. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
204. Holt, J.J., & Ross, J. (1980). Phase perception in the high spatial frequency range. Vision Res., 20, 933-935.
205. Horton, J.C. (1984). Cytochrome oxidase patches: A new cytoarchitectonic feature of monkey cortex. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. (B), 304, 199-253.
206. Horton, J.C., & Hedley-White, E.T. (1984). Mapping of cytochrome-oxidase patches and ocular dominance columns in human visual cortex. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. (B), 304, 255-272.
207. Horton, J.C., & Hubel, D.H. (1981). Regular patchy distribution of cytochrome oxidase staining in primary visual cortex of macaque monkey. Nature, 292, 762-764.
208. Hubbell, W.L., & Bownds, M.D. (1979). Visual transduction in vertebrate photoreceptors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 2, 17-34.
209. Hubel, D.H., & Wiesel, T.N. (1959). Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 148, 574-591.
210. Hubel, D.H., & Wiesel, T.N. (1962). Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 160, 106-154.
211. Hubel, D.H., & Wiesel, T.N. (1965). Receptive fields and functional architecture in two nonstriate visual areas (18 and 19) of the cat. J. Neurophysiol., 28, 229-289.
212. Hubel, D.H., & Wiesel, T.N. (1967). Cortical and callosal connections concerned with the vertical meridian of visual fields in the cat. J. Neurophysiol., 30, 1561-1573.
213. Hubel, D.H., & Wiesel, T.N. (1968). Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 195, 215-243.
214. Hubel, D.H., & Wiesel, T.N. (1970). Cells sensitive to binocular depth in area 18 of the macaque monkey cortex. Nature, 225, 41-42.
215. Hubel, D.H., & Wiesel, T.N. (1972). Laminar and columnar distribution of geniculo-cortical fibers in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol., 146, 421-450.
216. Hubel, D.H., & Wiesel, T.N. (1974a). Sequence regularity and geometry of orientation columns in the monkey striate cortex. J. Comp. Neurol., 158, 267-294.
217. Hubel, D.H., & Wiesel, T.N. (1974b). Uniformity of monkey striate cortex: A parallel relationship between field size, scatter and magnification factor. J. Comp. Neurol., 158, 295-306.
218. Hubel, D.H., & Wiesel, T.N. (1977). Functional architecture of macaque visual cortex. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B), 198, 1-59.
219. Hubel, D.H., Wiesel, T.N., & Stryker, M.P. (1978). Anatomical demonstration of orientation columns in macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol., 177, 361-380.
220. Hurvich, L.M. (1981). Color vision. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
221. Hyde, J.E. (1959). Some characteristics of voluntary human ocular movements in the horizontal plane. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 48, 85-94.
222. Ives, H.E. (1912). Studies in the photometry of lights of different colors. IV. The addition of luminosities of different colors. Phil. Mag., 24, 845-853.
223. Ives, H.E. (1922). Critical frequency relations in scotopic vision. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 6, 254-268.
224. Jacobs, G.H. (1965). Effects of adaptation on the lateral geniculate response to light increment and decrement. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55, 1535-1540.
225. Jacobs, G.H. (1977). Visual capacities of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)-II. Spatial contrast sensitivity. Vision Res., 17, 821-825.
226. Jennings, J.A.M., & Charman, W.N. (1981). Off-axis image quality in the human eye. Vision Res., 21, 445-455.
227. Jones, R.M., & Tulunay-Keesey, U. (1975). Local retinal adaptation and spatial frequency channels. Vision Res., 15, 1239-1244.
228. Julesz, B. (1971). Foundation of cyclopean perception. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
229. Julesz, B. (1975). Experiments in the visual perception of texture. Sci. Am., 232, 34-43.
230. Julesz, B. (1980). Spatial nonlinearities in the instantaneous perception of textures with identical power spectra. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 290, 83-94.
231. Julesz, B., & Schumer, R.A. (1981). Early visual perception. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 32, 575-627.
232. Julesz, B., Gilbert, E.N., & Victor, J.D. (1978). Visual discrimination of textures with identical third-order statistics. Biol. Cybern., 31, 137-140.
233. Kabrisky, M. (1966). A proposed model for visual information processing in the human brain. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
234. Kaplan, E., & Shapley, R. (1982). X and Y cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque monkeys. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 330, 125-143.
235. Kato, H., Bishop, P.O., and Orban, G.A. (1978). Hypercomplex and simple/complex cell classifications in cat striate cortex. J. Neurophysiol., 41, 1071-1095.
236. Kelly, D.H. (1961). Visual responses to time-dependent stimuli. I. Amplitude sensitivity measurements. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 51, 422-429.
237. Kelly, D.H. (1974). Spatio-temporal frequency characteristics of color-vision mechanisms. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 983-990.
238. Kelly, D.H. (1975). Luminous and chromatic flickering patterns have opposite effects. Science, 188, 371-372.
239. Kelly, D.H. (1976). Pattern detection and the two-dimensional Fourier transform: Flickering checker-boards and chromatic mechanisms. Vision Res., 16, 277-287.
240. Kelly, D.H. (1979a). Manipulation of two-dimensionally periodic stimulus patterns. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum., 11, 26-30.
241. Kelly, D.H. (1979b). Motion and vision. II. Stabilized spatio-temporal threshold surface. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 69, 1340-1349.
242. Kelly, D.H. (1983). Spatiotemporal variation of chromatic and achromatic contrast thresholds. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 73, 742-750.
243. Kelly, D.H. (1984). Retinal inhomogeneity. I. Spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., 1, 107-113.
244. Kelly, D.H., & Magnuski, H.S. (1975). Pattern detection and the two-dimensional Fourier transform: Circular targets. Vision Res., 15, 911-915.
245. Kelly, J.P., & Van Essen, D.C. (1974). Cell structure and function in the visual cortex of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 238, 515-547.
246. Kinsbourne, M., & Harrington, E.K. (1964). Observations on color agnosia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 27, 296-299.
247. Klein, S., Stromeyer, C.F., & Ganz, L. (1974). The simultaneous spatial frequency shift: Dissociation between the detection and perception of gratings. Vision Res., 14, 1421-1432.
248. Koffka, K. (1935). Principles of gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt.
249. Kohler, W., & Wallach, H. (1944). Figural after-effects: An investigation of visual processes. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 88, 269-357.
250. Kuffler, S.W. (1953). Discharge patterns and functional organization of mammalian retina. J. Neurophysiol., 16, 37-68.
251. Kulikowski, J.J. (1971). Effect of eye movements on the contrast sensitivity of spatiotemporal patterns. Vision Res., 11, 261-273.
252. Kulikowski, J.J. (1978). Limit of single vision in stereopsis depends on contour sharpness. Nature, 275, 126-127.
253. Kulikowski, J.J., & Bishop, P.O. (1981). Linear analysis of the responses of simple cells in the cat visual cortex. Exp. Brain Res., 44, 386-400.
254. Kulikowski, J.J., & King-Smith, P.E. (1973). Spatial arrangement of line, edge and grating detectors revealed by subthreshold summation. Vision Res., 13, 1455-1478.
255. Kulikowski, J.J., & Vidyasagar, T.R. (1982). Representation of space and spatial frequency in the macaque striate cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 332, 10-11P.
256. Kulikowski, J.J., Abadi, R.V., & King-Smith, P.E. (1973). Orientation selectivity of grating and line detectors in human vision. Vision Res., 13, 1479-1486.
257. Kulikowski, J.J., Marcelja, S., & Bishop, P.O. (1982). Theory of spatial position and spatial frequency relations in the receptive fields of simple cells in the visual cortex. Biol. Cybern., 43, 187-198.
258. Latour, P.L. (1962). Visual threshold during eye movements. Vision Res., 2, 261-262.
259. Lawden, M.C. (1983). An investigation of the ability of the human visual system to encode spatial phase relationships. Vision Res., 23, 1451-1463.
260. Lee, B.B., Cleland, B.G., & Creutzfeldt, O.D. (1977). The retinal input to cells in area 17 of the cat's cortex. Exp. Brain Res., 30, 527-538.
261. Legge, G.E. (1976). Adaptation to a spatial impulse: Implication for Fourier transform models of visual processing. Vision Res., 16, 1407-1418.
262. Legge, G.E., & Foley, J.M. (1980). Contrast masking of human vision. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 70, 1458-1471.
263. Le Grand, Y. (1957). Light, colour and vision (R.W.G. Hunt, J.W.T. Walsh, & F.R.W. Hunt, Trans.). New York: Wiley.
264. Lennie, P., Derrington, A., & Krauskopf, J. (1982). Spatio-chromatic properties of neurones in the macaque's LGN. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Suppl.), 22, 10.
265. Le Vay, S., Hubel, D.H., & Wiesel, T.N. (1975). The patterns of ocular dominance columns in macaque visual cortex revealed by a reduced silver stain. J. Comp. Neurol., 159, 559-575.
266. Leventhal, A.G., Rodieck, R.W., & Dreher, B. (1981). Retinal ganglion cell classes in the Old World monkey: Morphology and central projections. Science, 213, 1139-1142.
267. Levinson, E., & Blake, R. (1979). Stereopsis by harmonic analysis. Vision Res., 19, 73-78.
268. Liebman, P.A., & Pugh, E.N. Jr. (1979). The control of phosphodiesterase in rod disk membranes: kinetics, possible mechanisms and significance for vision. Vision Res., 19, 375-380.
269. Lillywhite, P.G. (1978). Coupling between locust photoreceptors revealed by a study on quantum bumps. J. Comp. Physiol., 125, 13-27.
270. Lindsay, P.M., & Norman, D.A. (1972). Human information processing. New York: Academic Press.
271. Livingstone, M.S., & Hubel, D.H. (1984). Anatomy and physiology of a color system in the primate visual cortex. J. Neurosci., 4, 309-356.
272. Lund, J.S. (1973). Organization of neurons in the visual cortex, area 17, of the monkey (Macaca mulatta). J. Comp. Neurol., 147, 455-496.
273. Lund, J.S., Lund, R.D., Hendrickson, A.E., Bunt, A.H., & Fuchs, A.F. (1975). The origin of efferent pathways from primary visual cortex, area 17, of the macaque monkey as shown by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. J. Comp. Neurol., 164, 287-304.
274. MacKay, D.M. (1973). Lateral interactions between neural channels sensitive to texture density? Nature, 245, 159-161.
275. MacKay, D.M. (1981). Strife over visual cortical function. Nature, 289, 117-118.
276. Maffei, L., & Fiorentini, A. (1973). The visual cortex as a spatial frequency analyzer. Vision Res., 13, 1255-1267.
277. Maffei, L., & Fiorentini, A. (1976). The unresponsive regions of visual cortical receptive fields. Vision Res., 16, 1131-1139.
278. Maffei, L., Fiorentini, A., & Bisti, S. (1973). Neural correlates of perceptual adaptation to gratings. Science, 182, 1036-1038.
279. Maffei, L., Morrone, C., Pirchio, M., & Sandini, G. (1979). Responses of visual cortical cells to periodic and non-periodic stimuli. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 296, 27-47.
280. Mansfield, R.J.W. (1974). Neural basis of orientation perception in primate vision. Science, 186, 133-135.
281. Marc, R.E., & Sperling, H.G. (1977). Chromatic organization of primate cones. Science, 196, 454-456.
282. Marcelja, S. (1980). Mathematical description of the responses of simple cortical cells. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 70, 1297-1300.
283. Marr, D. (1982). Vision. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman & Co.
284. Marr, D., & Poggio, T. (1976). Cooperative computation of stereo disparity. Science, 194, 283-287.
285. Marr, D., & Poggio, T. (1979). A computational theory of human stereo vision. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B), 204, 301-328.
286. Marron, J.A., & Bailey, I.L. (1982). Visual factors and orientation-mobility performance. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt., 59, 413-426.
287. May, J.G., & Matteson, H.H. (1976). Spatial frequency-contingent color aftereffects. Science, 192, 145-147.
288. Mayhew, J.E.W., & Frisby, J.P. (1976). Rivalrous texture stereograms. Nature, 264, 53-56.
289. McCollough, C. (1965). Color adaptation of edge-detectors in the human visual system. Science, 149, 1115-1116.
290. McKee, S.P., & Westheimer, G. (1978). Improvement in vernier acuity with practice. Percept. Psychophys., 24, 258-262.
291. Michael, C.R. (1978a). Color vision mechanisms in monkey striate cortex: Dual opponent cells with concentric receptive fields. J. Neurophysiol., 41, 572-588.
292. Michael, C.R. (1978b). Color vision mechanisms in monkey striate cortex: Simple cells with dual opponent-color receptive fields. J. Neurophysiol, 41, 1233-1249.
293. Michael, C.R. (1978c). Color-sensitive complex cells in monkey striate cortex. J. Neurophysiol., 41, 1250-1266.
294. Missotten, L. (1974). Estimation of the ratio of cones to neurons in the fovea of the human retina. Invest. Ophthalmol., 13, 1045-1049.
295. Missotten, L.E., & van den Dooren, E. (1966). L'ultrastructure de la retine humaine. Les contacts lateraux des pedoncules de cônes de la fovea. Bull. Soc. Beige Ophthalmol., 144, 800-805.
296. Mitchell, D.E. (1969). Qualitative depth localization with diplopic images of dissimilar shape. Vision Res., 9, 991-993.
297. Mitchell, O.R. (1976). Effect of spatial frequency on the visibility of unstructured patterns. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 66, 327-'3332.
298. Morrone, M.C., Burr, D.C., & Maffei, L. (1982). Functional implications of crossorientation inhibition of cortical visual cells. I. Neurophysiological evidence. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B), 216, 335-354.
299. Movshon, J.A. (1975). Velocity tuning of single units in cat striate cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 249, 445-468.
300. Movshon, J.A., & Blakemore, C. (1973). Orientation specificity and spatial selectivity in human vision. Perception, 2, 53-60.
301. Movshon, J.A., & Lennie, P. (1979a). Pattern-selective adaptation in visual cortical neurones. Nature, 278, 850-852.
302. Movshon, J.A., & Lennie, P. (1979b). Spatially selective adaptation in cat striate cortical neurons. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Suppl.), 18, 135.
303. Movshon, J.A., Bonds, A.B., & Lennie, P. (1980). Pattern adaptation in striate cortical neurons. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Suppl.), 19, 93.
304. Movshon, J.A., Thompson, I.D., & Tolhurst, D.J. (1978a) Spatial summation in the receptive fields of simple cells in the cat's striate cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 283, 53-77.
305. Movshon, J.A., Thompson, I.D., & Tolhurst, D.J. (1978b). Receptive field organization of complex cells in the cat's striate cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 283, 79-99.
306. Movshon, J.A., Thompson, I.D., & Tolhurst, D.J. (1978c). Spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity of neurones in areas 17 and 18 of the cat's visual cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 283, 101-120.
307. Movshon, J.A., Adelson, E.H., Gizzi, M.S., & Newsome, W.T. (1985). The analysis of moving visual patterns. In C. Chagas, R. Gattass, & C. Gross (Eds.), Pattern recognition mechanisms, (Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum Scripta Varia, 54) (pp. 117-151). Rome: Vatican Press.
308. Mullen, K.T. (1985). The contrast sensitivity of human colour vision to red-green and blue-yellow chromatic gratings. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 359, 382-400.
309. Mullikin, W.H., Jones, J.P., & Palmer, L.A. (1984). Periodic simple cells in cat area 17. J. Neurophysiol., 52, 372-387.
310. Myers, R.E. (1962). Commissural connections between occipital lobes of the monkey. J. Comp. Neurol., 118, 1-16.
311. Myerson, J., Manis, P.B., Miezin, F.M., & Allman, J.M. (1977). Magnification in striate cortex and retinal ganglion cell layer of owl monkey: A quantitative comparison. Science, 198, 855-857.
312. Nachmias, J., & Weber, A. (1975). Discrimination of simple and complex gratings. Vision Res., 15, 217-224.
313. Nachmias, J., Sansbury, R., Vassilev, A., & Weber, A. (1973). Adaptations to square-wave gratings: In search of the elusive third harmonic. Visions Res., 13, 1335-1342.
314. Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton Press.
315. Nelson, J.I. (1975). Globality and stereoscopic fusion in binocular vision. J. Theor. Biol., 49, 1-88.
316. Nelson, J.I., & Frost, B.J. (1978). Orientation-selective inhibition from beyond the classic visual receptive field. Brain Res., 139, 359-365.
317. Nelson, R., Famighetti, E.V., Jr., & Kolb, H. (1978). Intracellular staining reveals different levels of stratification for on-and off-center ganglion cells in the cat retina. J. Neurophysiol., 41, 472-483.
318. Nikara, T., Bishop, P.O., & Pettigrew, J.D. (1968). Analysis of retinal correspondence by studying receptive fields of binocular single units in cat striate cortex. Exp. Brain Res., 6, 353-372.
319. Norman, R.A., & Werblin, F.S. (1974). Control of retinal sensitivity. I. Light and dark adaptation of vertebrate rods and cones. J. Gen. Physiol., 63, 37-61.
320. Northmore, D.P.M., & Dvorak, C.A. (1979). Contrast sensitivity and acuity of the goldfish. Vision Res., 19, 255-261.
321. Ochs, A.L. (1979). Is Fourier analysis performed by the visual system or by the visual investigator? J. Opt. Soc. Am., 69, 95-98.
322. Ohm, G.S. (1843). Ueber die Definition des Tones, nebst daran geknupfter Theorie der Sirene und ahnlicher tonbildener Vorrichtungen. Ann. Phys. Chem., 135, 497-565.
323. Ohzawa, I., Sclar, G., & Freeman, R.D. (1982). Contrast gain control in the cat's visual cortex. Nature, 298, 5871-5872.
324. Ohzu, H., & Enoch, J.M. (1972). Optical modulation by the isolated human fovea. Vision Res., 12, 245-251.
325. Ohzu, H., Enoch, J.M., & O'Hair, J. (1972). Optical modulation by the isolated retina and retinal receptors. Vision Res., 12, 231-244.
326. Østerberg, G.A. (1935). Topography of the layer of rods and cones in the human retina. Acta Ophthalmol. (Suppl.), 6, 1-102.
327. Pantle, A. (1974). Visual information processing of complex imagery. Report AMRL-TR-74-43. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
328. Pantle, A., & Sekuler, R. (1968). Size detecting mechanisms in human vision. Science, 162, 1146-1148.
329. Patel, A.S. (1966). Spatial resolution by the human visual system. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 56, 689-694.
330. Patmos, P., & van Norren, D. (1975). Cone systems interaction in single neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the macaque. Vision Res., 15, 617-619.
331. Peichl, L., & Wässle, H. (1979). Size, scatter and coverage of ganglion cell receptive field centers in the cat retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 291, 117-141.
332. Perry, V.H., & Cowey, A. (1985). The ganglion cell and cone distributions in the monkey's retina: Implications for central magnification factors. Vision Res., 25, 1795-1810.
333. Pettigrew, J.D. (1973). Binocular neurones which signal change of disparity in area 18 of cat visual cortex. Nature, 241, 123-124.
334. Pieron, H. (1939). La dissociation de l'adaptation lumineuse et de l'adaptation chromatique. Ann. Psychol., 40, 1-14.
335. Pinto, L.H., & Pak, W.L. (1974). Light-induced changes in photoreceptor membrane resistance and potential in gecko retinas. I. Preparations with active lateral interactions. J. Gen. Physiol., 64, 49-69.
336. Poggio, G.F., & Fischer, B. (1977). Binocular interaction and depth sensitivity of striate and prestriate cortical neurons of behaving rhesus monkeys. J. Neurophysiol., 40, 1392-1405.
337. Poggio, G.F., Baker, F.H., Mansfield, R.J.W., Sillito, A., & Grigg, P. (1975). Spatial and chromatic properties of neurons subserving foveal and parafoveal vision in rhesus monkey. Brain Res., 100, 25-59.
338. Pollen, D.A., & Ronner, S.F. (1981). Phase relationships between adjacent simple cells in the visual cortex. Science, 212, 1409-1411.
339. Pollen, D.A., & Ronner, S.F. (1982). Spatial computation performed by simple and complex cells in the visual cortex of the cat. Visual Res., 22, 101-118.
340. Polyak, S. (1957). The vertebrate visual system. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
341. Ratliff, F. (1965). Mach bands: Quantitative studies on neural networks in the retina. San Francisco: Holden-Day.
342. Ratliff, F., Knight, B.W., Toyoda, J., & Hartline, H.K. (1967). Enhancement of flicker by lateral inhibition. Science, 158, 392-393.
343. Raviola, E., & Gilula, N.B. (1973). Gap junctions between photoreceptor cells in the vertebrate retina. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 70, 1677-1681.
344. Regan, D., & Beverley, K.I. (1978). Looming detectors in the human visual pathway. Vision Res., 18, 415-421.
345. Regan, D., & Cynader, M. (1979). Neurons in area 18 of cat visual cortex selectively sensitive to changing size: Nonlinear interactions between responses to two edges. Vision Res., 19, 699-711.
346. Regan, D., & Neima, D. (1983). Low-contrast letter charts as a test of visual function. Ophthalmology, 90, 1192-1200.
347. Regan, D., & Tyler, C.W. (1971). Some dynamic features of colour vision. Vision Res., 11, 1307-1324.
348. Regan, D., Bartol, S., Murray, T.J., & Beverley, K.I. (1982). Spatial frequency discrimination in normal vision and in patients with multiple sclerosis. Brain, 105, 735-754.
349. Richards, W., & Kaye, M.G. (1974). Local versus global stereopsis: Two mechanisms? Vision Res., 14, 1345-1347.
350. Riggs, L.A., Ratliff, F., Cornsweet, J.C., & Cornsweet, T.N. (1953). The disappearance of steadily fixated visual test objects. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 43, 495-501.
351. Robson, J.G. (1966). Spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity functions of the visual system. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 56, 1141-1142.
352. Robson, J.G. (1975a). Receptive fields: neural representation of the spatial and intensive attributes of the visual image. In E.C. Carterette & M.P. Friedman (Eds.), Handbook of perception: Vol.5 (pp. 81-112). New York: Academic Press.
353. Robson, J.G. (1975b). Regional variation of contrast sensitivity in the visual field. Paper presented at ARVO, Sarasota, FL.
354. Robson, J.G. (1980). Neural images: The physiological basis of spatial vision. In C.S. Harris (Ed.), Visual coding and adaptability. (pp. 177-214), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.
355. Robson, J.G., & Graham, N. (1981). Probability summation and regional variations in contrast sensitivity curves across the visual field. Vision Res., 21, 408-418.
356. Rodieck, R.W. (1965). Quantitative analysis of cat retinal ganglion cell response to visual stimuli. Vision Res., 5, 583-601.
357. Rodieck, R.W. (1973). The vertebrate retina. San Francisco, Freeman.
358. Rodieck, R.W., & Stone, J. (1965). Analysis of receptive fields of cat retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurophysiol., 28, 833-848.
359. Rogers, B., & Graham, M. (1982). Similarities between motion parallax and stereopsis in human depth perception. Vision Res., 22, 261-270.
360. Rolls, E.T., & Cowey, A. (1970). Topography of the retina and striate cortex and its relationship to visual acuity in rhesus monkeys and squirrel monkeys. Exp. Brain Res., 10, 298-310.
361. Rose, A. (1948). The sensitivity performance of the human eye on an absolute scale. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 38, 196-208.
362. Rose, B., & Lowenstein, W.R. (1971). Junction membrane permeability. J. Membr. Biol., 5, 20-50.
363. Rose, D. (1979). Mechanisms underlying the receptive field properties of neurons in cat visual cortex. Vision Res., 19, 533-544.
364. Rose, D., & Blakemore, C. (1974). Effects of bicuculline on functions of inhibition in visual cortex. Nature, 249, 375-377.
365. Rovamo, J., Virsu, V., & Nasanen, R. (1978). Cortical magnification factor predicts the photopic contrast sensitivity of peripheral vision. Nature, 271, 54-56.
366. Rushton, W.A.H. (1957). Physical measurements of cone pigment in the living human eye. Nature, 179, 571-573.
367. Rushton, W.A.H. (1972). Visual pigments in man. In H.J.A. Dartnall (Ed.), Handbook of sensory physiology: VII/1 (pp. 364-394). New York: Springer Verlag.
368. Sachs, M.B., Nachmias, J., & Robson, J.G. (1971). Spatial frequency channels in human vision. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 61, 1176-1186.
369. Said, F.S., & Weale, R.A. (1959). The variation with age of the spectral transmissivity of the living crystalline lens. Gerontologia, 3, 213-231.
370. Sakitt, B., & Barlow, H.B. (1982). A model for the economical encoding of the visual image in cerebral cortex. Biol. Cybern., 43, 97-108.
371. Sarmiento, R.F. (1975). The stereoacuity of macaque monkey. Vision Res., 15, 493-498.
372. Schade, O.H. (1956). Optical and photoelectric analog of the eye. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 46, 721-739.
373. Schein, S.J., Marrocco, R.T., & de Monasterio F.M. (1982). Is there a high concentration of color-selective cells in area V4 of monkey visual cortex? J. Neurophysiol., 47, 193-213.
374. Schiller, P.H., & Malpeli, J.G. (1978). Functional specificity of lateral geniculate nucleus laminae of the rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 41, 788-797.
375. Schiller, P.H., Finlay, B.L., & Volman, S.F. (1976a). Quantitative studies of single-cell properties in monkey striate cortex. I. Spatiotemporal organization of receptive fields. J. Neurophysiol., 39, 1288-1319.
376. Schiller, P.H., Finlay, B.L., & Volman, S.F. (1976b). Quantitative studies of single-cell properties in monkey striate cortex. II. Orientation specificity and ocular dominance. J. Neurophysiol, 39, 1320-1333.
377. Schiller, P.H., Finlay, B.L., & Volman, S.F. (1976c). Quantitative studies of single-cell properties in monkey striate cortex. III. Spatial frequency. J. Neurophysiol, 39, 1334-1351.
378. Schor, C.M., & Tyler, C.W. (1981). Spatio-temporal properties of Panum's fusional area. Vision Res., 21, 683-692.
379. Schor, C.M., & Wood, I. (1983). Disparity ranges for local stereopsis as a function of luminance spatial frequency. Vision Res., 23, 1649-1654.
380. Schor, C.M., Wood, I., & Ogawa, J. (1984). Binocular sensory fusion is limited by spatial resolution. Vision Res., 24, 661-665.
381. Schumer, R.A., & Ganz, L. (1979). Disparity averaging in random-dot stereopsis. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 69, 1479.
382. Schwarz, E.A. (1975). Rod-rod interaction in the retina of the turtle. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 246, 617-638.
383. Schwartz, E.L. (1980). Computational anatomy and functional architecture of striate cortex: A spatial mapping approach to perceptual coding. Vision Res., 20, 645-669.
384. Sekuler, R., Rubin, E.L., & Cushman, W.H. (1968). Selectivities of human visual mechanisms for direction of movement and contour orientation. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 58, 1146-1150.
385. Shapley, R.M., & Tolhurst, D.J. (1973). Edge-detectors in human vision. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 229, 165-183.
386. Sholl, D.A. (1956). The organization of the cerebral cortex. New York: Wiley.
387. Sidman, R.L. (1957). The structure and concentration of solids in photoreceptor cells studied by refractometry and interference microscopy. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 3, 15-30.
388. Sillito, A.M. (1975). The contribution of inhibitory mechanisms to the receptive field properties of neurones in the striate cortex of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 250, 305-329.
389. Sillito, A.M., Kemp, J.A., Milson, J.A., & Berardi, N. (1980). A re-evaluation of the mechanisms underlying simple cell orientation selectivity. Brain Res., 194, 517-520.
390. Silverman, M.S. (1984). Deoxyglucose and electrophysiological evidence for spatial frequency columns in cat striate cortex. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Francisco.
391. Sjøstrand, F.S. (1953). The ultrastructure of the outer segments of rods and cones of the eye as revealed by the electron microscope. J. Cell Comp. Physiol., 42, 15-44.
392. Skottun, B.C., Grosof, D., & De Valois, R.L. (1985). Responses of simple and complex cells in the cat visual cortex to visual dot stimuli. Neurosci. Abstr., 11, Part 1, 651.
393. Smith, T.G., Baumann, F., & Fuortes, M.G.F. (1965). Electrical connections between visual cells in the ommatidium of Limulus. Science, 147, 1446-1448.
394. Sokolov, L., Reivich, C., Kennedy, C., Des Rosiers, M.H., Patlack, C.S., Pettigrew, K.D., Sakurada, O., & Shinohara, M. (1977). The [14C] deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: Theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. J. Neurochem., 28, 897-916.
395. Stecher, S., Sigel, C., & Lange, R.V. (1973). Composite adaptation and spatial frequency interactions. Vision Res., 13, 2527-2531.
396. Steinman, R.M. (1965). Effect of target size, luminance and color on monocular fixation. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55, 1158-1165.
397. Stell, W.K. (1967). The structure and relationships of horizontal cells and photoreceptorbipolar synaptic complexes in goldfish retina. Am. J. Anat., 121, 401-423.
398. Stephan, F.K., & Zucker, I. (1972). Circadian rhythms in drinking behavior and locomotor activity of rats are eliminated by hypothalamic lesions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69, 1583-1586.
399. Stiles, W.S., & Crawford, B.H. (1933). The luminous efficiency of rays entering the eye pupil at different points. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B), 112, 428-450.
400. Stone, J. (1972). Morphology and physiology of the geniculo-cortical synapse in the cat: The question of parallel input to the striate cortex. Invest. Ophthalmol., 11, 338-346.
401. Stromeyer, C.F., & Julesz, B. (1972). Spatial-frequency masking in vision: Critical bands and spread of masking. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 1221-1232.
402. Stromeyer, C.F., Lange, A.F., & Ganz, L. (1973). Spatial frequency phase effects in human vision. Vision Res., 13, 2345-2360.
403. Sullivan, G.D., Georgeson, M.A., & Oatley, K. (1972). Channels for spatial frequency selection and detection of single bars by the human visual system. Vision Res., 12, 383-394.
404. Swindale, N.V. (1979). How ocular dominance strips may be formed. In R.D. Freeman (Ed.), Developmental neurobiology of vision (pp. 267-273). New York: Plenum Press.
405. Switkes, E., & De Valois, K.K. (1983). Luminance and chromaticity interactions in spatial vision. In J.D. Mollon & L.T. Sharpe (Eds.), Colour vision, (pp. 465-470). London: Academic Press.
406. Switkes, E., Mayer, M.J., & Sloan, J.A. (1978). Spatial frequency analysis of the visual environment: Anisotropy and the carpentered environment hypothesis. Vision Res., 18, 1393-1399.
407. Switkes, E., Tootell, R.B.H., Silverman, M.S., & De Valois, R.L. (1986). Picture processing techniques applied to autoradiographic studies of visual cortex. J. Neurosci. Methods, 15, 269-280.
408. Szentagothai, J. (1973). Neuronal and synaptic architecture of the lateral geniculate nucleus. In R. Jung (Ed.), Handbook of sensory physiology: VII/3 (pp. 141-176). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
409. Talbot, S.A., & Marshall, W.H. (1941). Physiological studies on neural mechanisms of visual localization and discrimination. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 24, 1255-1264.
410. Thomas, J.P. (1970). Model of the function of receptive fields in human vision. Psychol. Rev., 77, 121-134.
411. Thomas, J.P., & Shimamura, K.K. (1975). Inhibitory interaction between visual pathways tuned to different orientations. Vision Res., 15, 1373-1380.
412. Thorell, L.G. (1981). The role of color inform analysis. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
413. Thorell, L.G., De Valois, R.L., & Albrecht, D.G. (1984). Spatial mapping of monkey VI cells with pure color and luminance stimuli. Vision Res., 24, 751-769.
414. Tolhurst, D.J. (1972a). On the possible existence of edge detectors in the human visual system. Vision Res., 12, 797-804.
415. Tolhurst, D.J. (1972b). Adaptation to square-wave gratings: Inhibition between spatial frequency channels in the human visual system. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 226, 231-248.
416. Tolhurst, D.J., & Barfield, L.P. (1978). Interactions between spatial frequency channels. Vision Res., 18, 951-958.
417. Tolhurst, D.J., & Thompson, P.G. (1975). Orientation illusions and after-effects: Inhibition between channels. Vision Res., 15, 967-972.
418. Tootell, R.B.H. (1985). Studies of the functional anatomy of the monkey visual cortex, Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
419. Tootell, R.B.H., Silverman, M.S., & De Valois, R.L. (1981). Spatial frequency columns in primary visual cortex. Science, 214, 813-815.
420. Tootell, R.B.H., Silverman, M.S., De Valois, R.L., & Jacobs, G.H. (1983). Functional organization of the second visual cortical area in primates. Science, 220, 737-739.
421. Tootell, R.B.H., Silverman, M.S., Switkes, E., & De Valois, R.L. (1982a). Deoxyglucose analysis of retinotopic organization in primate striate cortex. Science, 218, 902-904.
422. Tootell, R.B.H., Silverman, M.S., Switkes, E., & De Valois, R.L. (1982b). The organization of cortical modules in primate striate cortex. Soc. Neurosci., 8, 707.
423. Toyoda, J., Nosaki, H., & Tomita, T. (1969). Light-induced resistance changes in single photoreceptors of Necturus and Gekko. Vision Res., 9, 453-463.
424. Tyler, C.W. (1975). Stereoscopic tilt and size aftereffects. Perception, 4, 187-192.
425. Tyler, C.W., & Julesz, B. (1978). Binocular cross-correlation in time and space. Vision Res., 18, 101-105.
426. Tyler, C.W., & Sutter, E.E. (1979). Depth from spatial frequency difference: An old kind of stereopsis? Vision Res., 19, 859-865.
427. van der Horst, G.J.C., & Bouman, M.A. (1969). Spatiotemporal chromaticity discrimination. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 59, 1482-1488.
428. van der Horst, G.J.C., de Weert, C.M.M., & Bouman, M.A. (1967). Transfer of spatial chromaticity-contrast at threshold in the human eye. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 57, 1260-1266.
429. van Doorn, A.J., Koenderink, J.J., & Bouman, M.A. (1972). The influence of the retinal inhomogeneity on the perception of spatial patterns. Kybernetik, 10, 223-230.
430. Van Essen, D.C., & Maunsell, J.H.R. (1980). Two-dimensional maps of the cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol., 191, 255-281.
431. Van Essen, D.C., & Maunsell, J.H.R. (1983). Hierarchical organization and functional streams in the visual cortex. Trends Neurosci., 6, 370-375.
432. Van Essen, D.C., Newsome, W.T., & Maunsell, J.H.R. (1984). The visual field representation in striate cortex of the macaque monkey: Asymmetries, anisotropies, and individual variability. Vision Res., 24, 429-448.
433. van Nes, F.L., Koenderink, J.J., Nas, H., & Bouman, M.A. (1967). Spatiotemporal modulation transfer in the human eye. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 57, 1082-1088.
434. Vautin, R.G., & Berkley, M.A. (1977). Responses of single cells in cat visual cortex to prolonged stimulus movement: Neural correlates of visual aftereffects. J. Neurophysiol., 40, 1051-1065.
435. Volkmann, F.C. (1962). Vision during voluntary saccadic eye movements. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 52, 571-578.
436. von Blanckensee, H.T. (1981). Spatio-temporal properties of cells in monkey lateral geniculate nucleus. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
437. von der Heydt, R. (1979). Stereoskopische Wahrnehmung der Orientierungs-disparation, Doctoral dissertation, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland.
438. von der Heydt, R., Adorjani, Cs., & Hänny, P. (1977). Neuronal mechanisms of stereopsis: sensitivity to orientation disparity. Experientia, 33, 786.
439. von der Heydt, R., Hänny, P., & Dursteller, M.R. (1981). The role of orientation disparity in stereoscopic perception and the development of binocular correspondence. In E. Grastyan & P. Molnar (Eds.), Advances in physiological science: vol. 16 (pp. 461-470). Oxford: Pergamon.
440. von der Heydt, R., Adorjani, Cs., Hänny, P., & Baumgartner, G. (1978). Disparity sensitivity and receptive field incongruity of units in the cat striate cortex. Exp. Brain Res., 31, 523-545.
441. Wald, G. (1949). The photochemistry of vision. Documenta Ophthalmol. 3, 94-137.
442. Wald, G. (1964). The receptors of human color vision. Science, 145, 1007-1017.
443. Wald, G. (1967). Blue-blindness in the normal fovea. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 57, 1289-1301.
444. Wald, G., & Griffin, D.R. (1947). The change in refractive power of the human eye in dim and bright light. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 37, 321-336.
445. Walls, G.L. (1937). Significance of the foveal depression. Arch. Ophthalmol. NY, 18, 912-919.
446. Walraven, P.L., & Bouman, M.A. (1960). Relation between directional selectivity and spectral response curves in human cone vision. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 50, 780-784.
447. Watanabe, A., Sakara, H., & Isono, H. (1976). Chromatic spatial sine-wave response of the human visual system. NHK Lab. Note., 198, 1-10.
448. Waterman, T.H. (1981). Polarization sensitivity. In H. Autrum (Ed.), Handbook of sensory physiology: VII/6B (pp. 281-469). New York: Springer Verlag.
449. Watkins, D.W., & Berkley, M.A. (1974). The orientation selectivity of single neurons in cat striate cortex. Exp. Brain Res., 19, 433-446.
450. Watson, A.B. (1982). Summation of grating patches indicates many types of detectors at one retinal location. Vision Res., 22, 17-25.
451. Watson, A.B., & Nachmias, J. (1980). Summation of asynchronous gratings. Vision Res., 20, 91-94.
452. Weale, R.A. (1959). Photo-sensitive reactions in foveae of normal and conemonochromatic observers. Opt. Acta, 6, 158-174.
453. Webster, M.A., & De Valois, R.L. (1985). Relationship between spatial-frequency and orientation tuning of striate-cortex cells. J. Opt. Soc. Am., A, 2, 1124-1132.
454. Weisstein, N., & Harris, C.S. (1980). Masking and unmasking of distributed representations in the visual system. In C.S. Harris (Ed.), Visual coding and adaptability (pp. 317-364). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.
455. Weisstein, N., Harris, C.S., Berbaum, K., Tangney, J., & Williams, A. (1977). Contrast reduction by small localized stimuli. Extensive spatial spread of above-threshold orientation-selective masking. Vision Res., 17, 341-350.
456. Werblin, F.S., & Dowling, J.E. (1969). Organization of the retina of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus. II. Intracellular recording. J. Neurophysiol., 32, 339-355.
457. Westheimer, G. (1964). Pupil size and visual resolution. Vision Res., 4, 39-45.
458. Westheimer, G. (1977). Spatial frequency and light-spread descriptions of visual acuity and hyperacuity. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 67, 207-212.
459. Westheimer, G. (1978). Spatial phase sensitivity for sinusoidal grating targets. Vision Res., 18, 1073-1074.
460. Westheimer, G. (1979). The spatial sense of the eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 18, 893-912.
461. Westheimer, G. (1981). Visual hyperacuity. In Progress in sensory physiology: Vol. 1 (pp. 1-30). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
462. Westheimer, G., & McKee, S.P. (1975). Visual acuity in the presence of retinal-image motion. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 847-850.
463. Westheimer, G., & McKee, S.P. (1977). Spatial configurations for visual hyperacuity. Vision Res., 17, 941-947.
464. Westheimer, G., & McKee, S.P. (1978). Stereoscopic acuity for moving retinal images. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 68, 450-455.
465. Westheimer, G., & Tanzman, I.J. (1956). Qualitative depth localization with diplopic images. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 46, 116-117.
466. Wheatstone, C. (1838). On some remarkable, and hitherto unresolved, phenomena of binocular vision. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 2, 371-394.
467. Wheeler, G.L., & Bitensky, M.W. (1977). A light-activated GTPase in vertebrate photoreceptors: Regulation of light-activated cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74, 4238-4242.
468. Wiesel, T.N. (1960). Receptive fields of ganglion cells in the cat's retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 153, 583-594.
469. Wiesel, T.N., & Hubel, D.H. (1966). Spatial and chromatic interactions in the lateral geniculate body of the rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 29, 1115-1156.
470. Wiesel, T.N., Hubel, D.H., & Lam, D.M.K. (1974). Autoradiographic demonstration of ocular-dominance columns in the monkey striate cortex by means of transneuronal transport. Brain Res., 79, 273-279.
471. Williams, D.R., MacLeod, D.I.A., & Hayhoe, M.M. (1981). Punctate sensitivity of the bluesensitive mechanism. Vision Res., 21, 1357-1375.
472. Wilson, H.R. (1976). The significance of frequency gradients in binocular grating perception. Vision Res., 16, 983-989.
473. Wilson, H.R., & Bergen, J.R. (1979). A four mechanism model for threshold spatial vision. Vision Res., 19, 19-32.
474. Wilson, H.R., McFarlane, D.K., & Phillips, G.C. (1983). Spatial frequency tuning of orientation selective units estimated by oblique masking. Vision Res., 23, 873-882.
475. Wilson, J.B., & Sherman, S.M. (1976). Receptive-field characteristics of neurons in cat striate cortex: Changes with visual field eccentricity. J. Neurophysiol., 39, 512-533.
476. Wilson, M.E., & Cragg, B.G. (1967). Projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat and monkey. J. Anat., 101, 677-692.
477. Woodruff, M.L., & Bownds, M.D. (1979). Amplitude, kinetics, and reversibility of a lightinduced decrease in guanosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate in frog photoreceptor membranes. J. Gen. Physiol., 73, 629-653.
478. Wurtz, R.H., & Goldberg, M.E. (1971). Superior colliculus responses to eye movements in awake monkeys. Science, 171, 82-84.
479. Yarbus, A.L. (1967). Eye movements and vision. New York: Plenum Press.
480. Yellott, J.I., Jr. (1982). Spectral analysis of spatial sampling by photoreceptors: Topological disorder prevents aliasing. Vision Res., 22, 1205-1210.
481. Yoshikami, S., & Hagins, W.A. (1971). Ionic basis of dark current and photocurrent of retinal rods. Biophys. J., 10, 60a.
482. Young, R.A. (1986). The Gaussian derivative model for machine vision: Visual cortex simulation. General Motors Research #5323, 1-24.
483. Young, R. W. (1971). The renewal of rod and cone outer segments in the rhesus monkey. J. Cell Biol., 49: 303-318.
484. Yund, E.W., & Armington, J.C. (1975). Color and brightness contrast effects as a function of spatial variables. Vision Res., 15, 917-929.
485. Yund, E.W., Snodderly, D.M., Hepler, N.K., & De Valois, R.L. (1977). Brightness contrast effects in monkey lateral geniculate nucleus. Sensory Processes, 1, 260-271.
486. Zeki, S.M. (1973). Colour coding in rhesus monkey prestriate cortex. Brain Res., 53, 422-427.
487. Zeki, S.M. (1974). Cells responding to changing image size and disparity in the cortex of the rhesus monkey. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 242, 827-841.
488. Zeki, S.M. (1978). Functional specialization in the visual cortex of the rhesus monkey. Nature, 274, 423-428.
489. Zeki, S.M. (1985). Colour coding in the cerebral cortex: The reaction of cells in monkey visual cortex to wavelengths and colours. Neuroscience, 9, 741-765.
490. Zrenner, E. (1983). Neurophysiological aspects of colour vision mechanisms in the primate retina. In J.D. Mollon & L.T. Sharpe (Eds.), Colour vision (pp. 195-210). London: Academic Press.