The Neogene tropical America fish assemblage and the paleobiogeography of the Caribbean region

Swiss Journal of Palaeontology

Volumn 130, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 217-240

  Aguilera Socorro, Orangel Antonio ^a   Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó ^a   Paes, Eduardo Tavares ^b   Costa, Sue Anne Regina Ferreira ^a   Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R ^c  

^a MUSEU PARAENSE EMÍLIO GOELDI   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURAL DA AMAZÔNIA   (Brazil)

^c PALÄONTOLOGISCHES INSTITUT UND MUSEUM   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Caribbean; Elasmobranch; Gatunian; Neogene; Province; Teleostean

Indexed keywords

EID: 84939466524     PISSN: 16642376     EISSN: 16642384     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13358-011-0020-9     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Abdi, H., Dunlop, J. P., & Willians, L. J. (2009). How to compute reliability estimates and display confidence and tolerance intervals for pattern classifiers using the Bootstrap and 3-way multidimensional scaling (DISTATIS). Neuroimage, 45(1), 89–95.
2. Aguilera, O. (2004). Tesoros paleontológicos de Venezuela: Urumaco patrimonio natural de la humanidad. Caracas: Editorial Arte.
3. Aguilera, O. (2010). Venezuelan fossil fishes from the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Gorham Printing.
4. Aguilera, O., Garcia, L., & Cozzuol, M. (2008). Giant-toothed white sharks and cetacean trophic interaction from the Pliocene Caribbean Paraguaná Formation. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 82, 204–208.
5. Aguilera, O., & Lunddberg, J. (2010). Venezuelan Caribbean and Orinocoan Neogene fish. In M. Sánchez-Villagra, O. Aguilera, & F. Carlini (Eds.), Urumaco and Venezuelan Paleontology (pp. 129–152). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
6. Aguilera, O., & Rodrigues de Aguilera, D. (1999). Bathymetric distribution of Miocene to Pleistocene Caribbean teleostean fishes from the coast of Panama and Costa Rica. Bull Am Paleontol, 357, 251–269.
7. Aguilera, O., & Rodrigues de Aguilera, D. (2001). An exceptional upwelling of fish assemblages in the Caribbean Neogene. Journal of Paleontology, 75, 732–742.
8. Aguilera, O., & Rodrigues de Aguilera, D. (2004a). Amphi-American Neogene sea catfishes (Siluriformes, Ariidae) from northern South America. Special Papers Palaeontol, 71, 29–48.
9. Aguilera, O., & Rodrigues de Aguilera, D. (2004b). New Miocene otolith-based sciaenid species (Pisces, Perciformes) from Venezuela. Special Papers Palaeontol, 71, 49–59.
10. Aguilera, O., & Rodrigues de Aguilera, D. (2004c). Goliath grouper (Pisces, Serranidae) from the Upper Mioceno Urumaco formation, Venezuela. Journal of Paleontology, 78, 1202–1206.
11. Aguilera, O., Rodrigues de Aguilera, D., Vega, F. J., & Sánchez-Villagra, M. (2010). Mesozoic and Cenozoic decapod crustaceans from Venezuela and related trace-fossil assemblages. In M. Sánchez-Villagra, O. Aguilera, & F. Carlini (Eds.), Urumaco and Venezuelan Paleontology (pp. 103–128). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
12. Bachmann, R. (2001). The Caribbean plate and the question of its formation. Institute of Geology, University of Mining and Technology Freiberg Department of Tectonophysics http://www.fiu/orgs/caribgeol.
13. Bianucci, G., Cantalamessa, G., Landini, W., Ragaini, L., & Valleri, G. (1993). Fossil assemblages from the Pliocene of Onzole formation (Esmeraldas, NW Ecuador) and their implications in the Panamic bioprovince evolution. Documents du Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, 123, 43–58.
14. Bianucci, G., Cantalamessa, G., Landini, W., Ragaini, L., & Valleri, G. (1997). Paleontological and sedimentological observations on the Canoa formation. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 36, 85–96.
15. Blake, S. F. (1862). Fossil shark teeth at Panama. Geologist, 5, 316.
16. Budd, A. F., Johnson, K. G., & Stemann, T. A. (1996). Plio-Pleistocene turnover and extinctions in the Caribbean reef coral fauna. In J. B. C. Jackson, A. F. Budd, & A. G. Coates (Eds.), Evolution and environment in tropical America (pp. 168–204). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Budd, A. F., Stemann, T. A., & Johnson, K. G. (1994). Stratigraphic distributions of genera and species of Neogene to recent Caribbean reef corals. Journal of Paleontology, 68, 951–977.
18. Calinski, T., & Harabasz, J. (1974). A dendrite method for cluster analysis. Communications in Statistics, 3, 1–27.
19. Casier, E. (1958). Contribution à l’étude des poissons fossiles des Antilles. Mémoire Suisse de Paléontologie, 74, 1–95.
20. Ch Underwood, J., & Mitchell, S. F. (2004). Sharks, bony fishes and endodental borings from the Miocene Montpelier formation (White Limestone) of Jamaica. Cainozoic Research, 3, 157–165.
21. Cheetham, A. H., & Jackson, J. B. C. (1996). Speciation, extinction, and decline of arborescent grown in Neogene and Quaternary cheilostome Bryozoa of tropical America. In J. B. C. Jackson, A. F. Budd, & A. G. Coates (Eds.), Evolution and environment in tropical America (pp. 205–233). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
22. Cheetham, A. H., Jackson, J. B. C., & Sanner, J. (2001). Evolutionary significance of sexual and asexual modes of propagation in Neogene species of the bryozoan Metrarabdotos in tropical America. Journal of Paleontology, 75, 564–577.
23. Coates, A. G., Collins, L. S., Aubry, M.-P., & Berggren, W. A. (2004). The geology of the Darien, Panama, and the late Miocene–Pliocene collision of the Panama arc with northwestern South America. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 116(11–12), 1327–1344.
24. Coates, A. G., McNeill, D. F., Aubry, M.-P., Berggren, W. A., & Collins, L. S. (2005). An introduction to the geology of the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama. Caribbean J Sci, 41(3), 374–391.
25. Coates, A. G., & Obando, J. A. (1996). The geologic evolution of the Central American Isthmus. In J. B. C. Jackson, A. F. Budd, & A. G. Coates (Eds.), Evolution and environment in tropical America (pp. 21–56). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
26. Collins, L. S., Aguilera, O., Borne, P. F., & Cairns, S. D. (1999). A Paleoenvironmental analysis of the Neogene of Caribbean Panama and Costa Rica using several phyla. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 357, 81–87.
27. Collins, J. S. H., Portell, R. W., & Donovan, S. K. (2009). Decapod crustaceans from the Neogene of the Caribbean: diversity, distribution and prospectus. Scripta Geológica, 138, 55–111.
28. Costa S (2011) Ictiólitos da Formação Pirabas, Mioceno do Pará, Brasil, e suas implicações Paleoecologicas. Tese Doutorado em Ciências. Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Geociências, Brazil
29. Costa, S., Ritcher, M., Toledo, M., & Moraes-Santos, H. (2009). Shark teeth from Pirabas formation (Lower Miocene), northeastern Amazonia, Brasil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Serie Geociências, 4, 221–230.
30. Costa, S., Toledo, M., & Moraes-Santos, H. (2004). Paleovertebrados. In D. E. Rossetti & A. Goes (Eds.), O Neogeno da Amazônia Oriental (pp. 135–166). Belém: Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi.
31. de Porta, J. (2003). La formación del istmo de Panamá. Su incidencia en Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias, 27(103), 191–216.
32. Días-Franco, S., & Rojas-Consuegra, R. (2009). Dientes fósiles de Sphyraena (Perciformes: Sphyraenidae) en el Terciario de Cuba occidental. Solenodon, 8, 124–129.
33. Donovan, S. K., & Gunter, G. C. (2001). Fossil sharks from Jamaica. Bull Mizunami Fossil Mus, 28, 211–215.
34. Donovan, S. K., Nagassar, V., & Sankar, K. (2001). A fossil shark from the Plio-Pleistocene of Tobago. Caribbean Journal of Science, 37(1–2), 119–122.
35. Fasham, M. J. R. (1977). A comparison of nonmetric multidimensional scaling, principal components and reciprocal averaging for the ordination of simulated coenoclines and coenoplanes. Ecology, 58, 551–561.
36. Foote, M., & Miller, A. I. (2007). Principles of paleontology (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman and Company.
37. Gillette, D. D. (1984). A marine ichthyofauna from the Miocene of Panamá, and the Tertiary Caribbean faunal province. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4, 172–186.
38. Hammer, O., Harper D. A. T., Ryan, P. D. (2001). PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4(1):9. http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm.
39. Harnik, P. G., Jablonski, D., Krug, A. Z., & Valentine, J. W. (2010). Genus age, provincial area and the taxonomic structure of marine faunas. Proceeding of the Royal Society, 277, 3427–3435.
40. Hoernle, K., van den Bogaard, P., Werner, R., Lissinna, B., Hauff, F., Alvarado, G., et al. (2002). Missing history (16–71 Ma) of the Galápagos hotspot: implications for the tectonic and biological evolution of the Americas. Geology, 30, 795–798.
41. Iturralde-Vinent, M. (2004–2005). La paleogeografía del Caribe y sus implicaciones para la biogeografía histórica. Revista del Jardín Botánico Nacional, 25–26, 48–78.
42. Iturralde-Vinent, M., & Case, G. R. (1998). First report of the fossil fish, Diodon (family Diodontidae) from the Miocene of Cuba. Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Paleontología, 8, 123–126.
43. Iturralde-Vinent, M., Hubbell, G., & Rojas, R. (1996). Catalogue of Cuban fossil Elasmobranchii (Paleocene to Pliocene) and paleogeographic implications of their lower to middle Miocene occurrence. Boletín de la Sociedad Jamaicana de Geología, 31, 7–21.
44. Iturralde-Vinent, M., Laurito, C., Rojas, R., & Gutierrez, M. R. (1998). Myliobatidae (Elasmobranchii: Batomorphii) del Terciario de Cuba. Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Paleontología, 8, 135–145.
45. Iturralde-Vinent, M. A., & MacPhee, R. D. E. (1999). Paleogeography of the Caribbean region: Implications for Cenozoic biogeography. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 238, 1–95.
46. Jackson, J. B. C., Jung, P., Coates, A., & Collins, S. (1993). Diversity and extinction of tropical American mollusks and emergence of the Isthmus of Panama. Science, 260, 1624–1626.
47. Jackson, D. A., Somers, K. M., & Harvey, H. H. (1989). Similarity coefficients: measures of co-occurrence and association or simply measures of occurrence. Am Nat, 133(3), 436–453.
48. Johnson, K. G., Sánchez-Villagra, M., & Aguilera, O. (2009). The Oligocene–Miocene transition on coral reefs in the Falcón Basin (NW Venezuela). Palaios, 24, 59–69.
49. Landau, B., Marques da Silva, C., & Vermeij, G. (2009). Pacific elements in the Caribbean Neogene gastropod fauna: the source-sink model, larval development, disappearance, and faunal units. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 180, 249–258.
50. Landau, B., Vermeij, G., & Marques da Silva, C. (2008). Southern Caribbean Neogene palaeobiogeography revisited. New data from the Pliocene of Cubagua, Venezuela. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 257, 445–461.
51. Landini, W., Bianucci, G., Carnevale, G., Ragaini, L., Sorbini, C., Valleri, G., et al. (2002a). Late Pliocene fossils of Ecuador and their role in the development of the Panamic bioprovince after the rising of Central American Isthmus. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39, 27–34.
52. Landini, W., Carnevale, G., & Sorbini, Ch. (2002b). Biogeographical significance of northern extraprovincial fishes in the Pliocene of Ecuador. Geobios, 24, 120–129.
53. Landini, W., Ragaini, L., Sorbini, L., Valleri, G., Varola, A., & Vera, R. (1991). Paleontologic and biostratigraphic observations on the Pliocene of Camarones (Esmeraldas, Ecuador). Atti della Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Rendiconti, Scienze Fisiche e Naturali, 9(2), 353–359.
54. Laurito, C. (1996). Análisis preliminar de la ictiofauna de Alto Guayacán (Costa Rica) con base en los otolitos, Formación Uscari (Mioceno superior-Plioceno inferior). Revista Geológica de América Central, 19(29), 93–109.
55. Laurito, C. (1999). Los seláceos fósiles de la localidad de Alto Guayacán (y otros ictiolitos asociados), Mioceno superior-Plioceno inferior de la Formación Uscari, provincia de Limón, Costa Rica. Costa Rica: San José.
56. Laurito, C. (2004). Ictiofauna de la Formación Punta Judas, Mioceno tardío, provincia de Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Brenesia, 62, 57–74.
57. Laurito, C., & Valerio, A. (2008). Ictiofauna de la localidad de San Gerardo de Limoncito, Formación Curré, Mioceno superior, cantón de Coto Brus, provincia de Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Revista Geológica de América Central, 39, 65–85.
58. Laurito, C., Valerio, A., Ovares, E., Hernández, A., & Pizarro, D. (2008). Peces fósiles de la localidad Lomas de Siquirres, cauce del río Reventazón, Formación Río Banano, Mioceno superior, provincia de Limón, Costa Rica. Revista Geológica de América Central, 38, 11–25.
59. Legendre, P., Ellingsen, K. E., Bjornbom, E., & Casgrain, P. (2002). Acoustic seabed classification: improved statistical method. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 59(7), 1085–1089.
60. Legendre, P., & Legendre, L. (1998). Numerical ecology (2nd English edn). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science BV.
61. Leriche, M. (1938). Contribution à L’étude des poisson fossiles des pays riverains de la Méditerranée Americaine (Venezuela, Trinité, Antilles, Mexique). Mémoires de la Société Paléontologique Suisse, 61, 1–42.
62. Legendre. P. (2001). Program K-means User’s Guide. Pierre Legendre. Département de sciences biologiques. Université de Montréal, Quebec. (http://www.bio.umontreal.ca/casgrain/en/labo/k-means.html).
63. Lingrey, S. (2007). Plate tectonic setting and cenozoic deformation of Trinidad: foldbelt restoration in a region of significant strike-slip. In O. Lacombe, J. Lavé, F. Roure, & J. Vergés (Eds.), Thrust belts and forelands basins, from fold kinematics to hydrocarbon systems (pp. 163–178). New York: Springer.
64. Malabarba, M. C. S. L. (1991). One new fish remain from the Pirabas formation, tertiary of the Pará State, Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (serie Ciências da Terra), 3, 3–10.
65. Mihaljević, M., Klug, C., Aguilera, O., Wyss, P., Lüthi, T., Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. (2010). Diversity of Caribbean echinoids including new material from the Venezuelan Neogene. Palaeontologia Electronica, 13(3):20A–36. http://palaeo-electronica.org/2010_3/224/index.html.
66. Milligan, G. W., & Cooper, M. C. (1985). An examination of procedures for determining the number of clusters in a data set. Psychometrika, 50, 159–179.
67. Newkirk, D. R., & Martin, E. E. (2009). Circulation through the Central American Seaway during the Miocene carbonate crash. Geology, 37, 87–90.
68. Nieves-Rivera, A. M. (1999). En el mar prehistórico de Puerto Rico: ancestro del tiburón blanco. Boletín Marino Sea Grant, 20(1–3), 1–6.
69. Nieves-Rivera, A. M., Ruiz-Yantín, M., & Gottfried, M. D. (2003). New record of the Lamnid shark Carcharodon megalodon from the Middle Miocene of Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Sciences, 39, 223–227.
70. Nolf, D. (1976). Les otolithes de Téléosteens néogènes de Trinidad. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 69, 703–742.
71. Nolf, D., & Aguilera, O. (1998). Fish otoliths from the Cantaure formation (Early Miocene of Venezuela). Bulletin de l′Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Bélgique, Sciences de la Terre, 68, 237–262.
72. Nolf, D., & Stringer, G. L. (1992). Neogene paleontology in the northern Dominican Republic: Otoliths of teleostean fishes. Bulletin of American Paleontology, 102, 41–81.
73. O’Dea, A., Herrera-Cubilla, A., Fortunato, H., & Jackson, J. (2004). Life history variation in cupuladriid bryozoans from eastern side of the Isthmus of Panama. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 280, 145–161.
74. O’Dea, A., & Jackson, J. B. C. (2009). Environmental change drove macroevolution in cupuladriid bryozoans. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 276, 3629–3634.
75. O’Dea, A., Jackson, J. B. C., Fortunato, H., Smith, J. T., D’Croz, L., Johnson, K. G., et al. (2007). Environmental change preceding Caribbean extinction by 2 million years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 104, 5501–5506.
76. Oliveira, S. F. C. C., Toledo, P. M., & Costa, S. R. F. (2008). Escamas de tubarões (Pisces: Chondrichthyes) da Formação Pirabas (Eomioceno), Pará, Brasil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Ciências Naturais, 3(3), 241–254.
77. Petuch, E. J. (1982). Geographical heterochrony: contemporaneous coexistence of Neogene and Recent molluscan faunas in the Americas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 37, 277–312.
78. Petuch, E. J. (1988). Neogene history of tropical American mollusks. Biogeography and evolutionary patterns of tropical western Atlantic Mollusca. Charlottesville: Coastal Education and Research Foundation.
79. Petuch, E. J. (2004). Cenozoic seas. The view from eastern North America. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
80. Pimiento, C., Ehret, D. J., MacFadden, B. J., & Hubbell, G. (2010). Ancient nursery area for the extinct Giant Shark Megalodon from the Miocene of Panama. PLoS ONE, 5(5), e10552. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010552.
81. Pindell, J. L., & Barrett, S. F. (1990). Geologic evolution of the Caribbean; A plate-tectonic perspective. In G. Dengo & J. E. Case (Eds.), The Caribbean region: the geology of North America (pp. 405–432). Boulder: Geological Society of America.
82. Pindell, J., Kennan, L., Maresch, W. V., Stanek, K.-P., Draper, G., & Higgs, R. (2005). Plate-kinematics and crustal dynamics of circum-Caribbean arc-continent interactions: Tectonic controls on basin development in Proto-Caribbean margins. In H. G. Avé Lallemant & V. B. Sisson (Eds.), Caribbean–South American late interactions Vol. 394 (pp. 7–52). Venezuela: Geological Society of America Special Paper.
83. Portell, R. W., Hubbell, G., Donovan, S. K., Green, J. L., Harper, D. A. T., & Pickerill, R. K. (2008). Miocene sharks in the Kendeace and Grand Bay formations of Carriacou, The Grenadines, Lesser Antilles. Caribb J Sci, 44(3), 279–286.
84. Purdy, R. W., Donovan, S. K., Pickerill, R. K., & Dixon, H. L. (1996). Fish teeth from the Pleistocene of Jamaica. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 165–167.
85. Quiróz, L., & Jaramillo, C. (2010). Stratigraphy and sedimentary environments of Miocene shallow to marginal marine deposits in the Urumaco Trough, Falcon Basin, western Venezuela. In M. Sánchez-Villagra, O. Aguilera, & F. Carlini (Eds.), Urumaco and Venezuelan Paleontology (pp. 153–172). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
86. Ramos, M., Santos, H., Costa, S., Toledo, M. (2009). Catálogo de Fosseis: Coleção Paleontológica do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Belém
87. Reis, M. (2005). Chondrichthyan Fauna from the Pirabas formation, Miocene of Northern Brazil, with comments on Paleobiogeography. Anuário do Instituto de Geociências, 28(2), 31–58.
88. Rosen, D. E. (1975). A vicariance model of Caribbean biogeography. Systematic Zoology, 24, 431–464.
89. Rossetti, D., & Góes, A. (2004). Geologia. In D. Rossetti & A. Goes (Eds.), O Neogeno da Amazônia Oriental (pp. 13–52). Belém: Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi.
90. Sánchez, M. (1920). Escuálidos del Mioceno y Plioceno de La Habana. Boletín de Minas, Dirección de Montes y Minas, 6, 1–16.
91. Sánchez-Villagra, M. R., Burnham, R. J., Campbell, D. C., Feldmann, R. M., Gaffney, E. S., Kay, R. F., et al. (2000). A new near-shore marine fauna and flora from the Early Neogene of northwestern Venezuela. Journal of Paleontology, 74, 957–968.
92. Santos, R. S., & Salgado, M. S. (1971). Contribuição a paleontologia do Estado do Pará. Novos restos de peixes da Formação Pirabas. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (Serie Geológica), 16, 1–13.
93. Santos, R. S., & Travassos, S. (1960). Contribuição a paleontologia do Estado do Pará. Peixes fósseis da Formação Pirabas. Monografia da Divisão de Geologia e Mineralogia, 16, 1–35.
94. Schneider, B., & Schmittner, A. (2006). Simulating the impact of the Panamanian seaway closure on ocean circulation, marine productivity and nutrient cycling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 246, 367–380.
95. Schwarzhans W (1993) A comparative morphological treatise of recent and fossil otoliths of the family Sciaenidae (Perciformes). Piscium Catalogus, Otolithi Piscium, Munich: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
96. Schwarzhans, W. (1997). A comparative morphological treatise of recent and fossil otoliths of the order Pleuronectiformes. Piscium Catalogus, Otolithi Piscium. Munich: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
97. Schweitzer CE, Iturralde-Vinent M (2005) Biogeography of Caribbean oligocene and Miocene decapods (Thalassinidea; Brachyura). http://www.redciencia.cu/cdorigen/arca/paper/bgcrabs.pdf.
98. Schweitzer, C. E., Iturralde-Vinent, M., Hetler, J. L., & Velez-Juarbe, J. (2006). Oligocene and Miocene decapods (Thalassinidea and Brachyura) from the Caribbean. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 75, 111–136.
99. Stringer, G. L. (1998). Otolitos-based fishes from the Bowden Shell Bed (Pliocene) of Jamaica: Systematic and Palaeoecology. Contribution of Tertiary and Quaternary Geology, 35, 147–160.
100. Távora, V., Rodrigues dos Santos, A., & Neto, I. (2010a). Eventos biológicos da Formação Pirabas (Mioceno Inferior). Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 40, 256–264.
101. Távora, V., Santos, A. A., & Araujo, R. N. (2010b). Localidades fossilíferas da Formação Pirabas (Mioceno Inferior). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Ciências Naturais, 5(2), 207–224.
102. Wadge, G., & Bunke, K. (1983). Neogene Caribbean plate rotation and associated Central American tectonic evolution. Tectonics, 2(6), 633–643.
103. Webb, S. D. (2006). The great American biotic interchange: patterns and processes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 93, 245–257.
104. Woodburne, M. O. (2010). The great American Biotic interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 17, 245–264.
105. Woodring, W. P. (1974). The Miocene Caribbean faunal Province and its subprovinces. Verhandlungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 84, 209–213.