The effect of payment and incentives on motivation and focus of community health workers: Five case studies from low- and middle-income countries

Human Resources for Health

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Singh, Debra ^a   Negin, Joel ^b   Otim, Michael ^c   Orach, Christopher Garimoi ^d   Cumming, Robert ^b  

^a Kimanya Ngeyo Foundation for Science and Education   (Uganda)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^c AUSTRALIAN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^d MAKERERE UNIVERSITY   (Uganda)

Author keywords

Altruistic capital; Community health workers; Motivation; Payment; Remuneration; Volunteerism

Indexed keywords

BANGLADESH; CHILD; EMPOWERMENT; ETHIOPIA; GOVERNMENT; GRASS; HEALTH AUXILIARY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INDIA; MARKET; MEDLINE; MODEL; MOTIVATION; NEPAL; REMUNERATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VOLUNTEER; DEMOGRAPHY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; EMPLOYMENT; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; IRAN; NEWBORN; RURAL POPULATION; SALARY AND FRINGE BENEFIT; WORK;

BANGLADESH; CHILD; COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; EMPLOYMENT; ETHIOPIA; HUMANS; INDIA; INFANT, NEWBORN; IRAN; MOTIVATION; NEPAL; REMUNERATION; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; RURAL POPULATION; SALARIES AND FRINGE BENEFITS; VOLUNTEERS; WORK;

EID: 84939202201     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14784491     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12960-015-0051-1     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Glenton C, Colvin CJ, Carlsen B, Swartz A, Lewin S, Noyes J, Rashidian A: Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of lay health worker programmes to improve access to maternal and child health: qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD010414. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010414.pub2 .
2. Scott K, Shanker S. Tying their hands: Institutional obstacles to the success of the ASHA community health worker programme in rural northern India. AIDS Care: Psychological and Socio-medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV. 2010;22(2):1606-12. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2010.507751 .
3. Bhattacharyya K, Winch P, Leban K, Tien M. Community Health Worker Incentives and Disincentives: How They Affect Motivation, Retention, and Sustainability. Arlington, Virginia: Published by the Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival Project (BASICS II) for the United States Agency for International Development; 2001.
4. Lehmann U, Friedman I, Sanders D. Review of the utilisation and effectiveness of community-based health workers in Africa. JLI Working Paper 4-1. Human Resources for Health & Development. 2004.
5. O'Brien J, Squires A, Bixby R, Larson S. Role Development of Community Health Workers. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37(6 Suppl 1):S262-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.08.011 .
6. Balcazar H, Rosenthal E, Brownstein J, Rush C, Matos S, Hernandez L. Community Health Workers Can Be a Public Health Force for Change in the United States: Three Actions for a New Paradigm. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(12):2199-203. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300386 .
7. Earth Institute, One Million Community Health Workers: Technical Task Force Report (2011) Earth Institute, Colombia University. http://www.millenniumvillages.org/uploads/ReportPaper/1mCHW_TechnicalTaskForceReport.pdf
8. MattHEW's D: Global rhetoric, local actors: community health workers and the concept of participation in Rwanda. In The meaning management challenge: making sense of health, illness and disease Edited by Z. Li & T. Long; 2010 http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/hid8ever2030510.pdf
9. UNICEF. What works for children in South Asia, community health workers. In: Regional Office for South Asia: The United Nations Children's Fund. 2004.
10. Alliance GHW, World Health Organization. Pakistan's Lady Health Worker Programme Case study. 2008. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/workforcealliance/knowledge/resources/casestudy_pakistan/en/ .
11. Heyman J, Ariely D. A tale of two markets. Psychol Sci. 2004;15(11):787-93.
12. Center for National Health Development in Ethiopia, Columbia University. Ethiopia Health Extension Program Evaluation Study, 2005-2010, Volume-I. Household Health Survey. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Center for National Health Development in Ethiopia, Columbia University; 2011.
13. Center for National Health Development in Ethiopia, Columbia University. Ethiopia Health Extension Program Evaluation Study, 2005-2010, Volume-IV. Support and management of HEP. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Center for National Health Development in Ethiopia, Columbia University; 2011.
14. Center for National Health Development in Ethiopia, Columbia University. Ethiopia Health Extension Program Evaluation Study, 2010, Volume-III. Model-family and voluntary Community Health Promoters study. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Center for National Health Development in Ethiopia, Columbia University; 2011.
15. Brunie A, Wamala-Mucheri P, Otterness C, Akol A, Chen M, Bufumbo L, et al. Keeping community health workers in Uganda motivated: key challenges, facilitators, and preferred program inputs. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2014;2(1):103-116. dx.doi.org/10.9745/ GHSP-D-13-00140
16. Ruiter S, De Graf N. National Context, Religiosity, and Volunteering: Results from 53 Countries. Am Soc Rev. 2006;71(2):191-210. doi: 10.1177/000312240607100202 .
17. Cherrington A, Ayala GX, Elder JP, Arredondo EM, Fouad M, Scarinci I. Recognizing the diverse roles of community health workers in the elimination of health disparities: from paid staff to volunteers. Ethn Dis. 2010;20:189.
18. Pink D. Drive: The surprising truth about what motivates us. New York: Riverside Books; 2011.
19. Dawney E, Shah H. Behavioural economics: seven principles for policy makers. London: New Economics Foundation; 2005.
20. Ashraf N: Harvard Business Review, working knowledge; January 2013 a. http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/7160.html
21. Hongoro C, McPake B. How to bridge the gap in human resources for health. Lancet. 2004;364:1451-56.
22. Baxter P, Jack S. Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers. Qual Rep. 2008;13(4):544-59. Retrieved from http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol13/iss4/2 .
23. Pandey MR, Daulaire NM, Starbuck ES, Houston RM, McPherson K. Reduction in total under-five mortality in western Nepal through community-based antimicrobial treatment of pneumonia. Lancet. 1991;338:993-7. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91847-N .
24. Pandey MR, Sharma PR, Gubhaju BB, Shakya GM, Neupane RP, Gautam A, et al. Impact of a pilot acute respiratory infection (ARI) control programme in a rural community of the hill region of Nepal. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1989;9:212-20.
25. Child Health Division, CDD/ARI Section. Proceedings of the dissemination meeting on the results of the ARI strengthening program assessment. Kathmandu: Department of health services, Ministry of Health; 1997.
26. Dawson, P, Pradhan Y, Houston R, Karki S, Poudel, D, Hodgins, S: From research to national expansion: 20 years' experience of community-based management of childhood pneumonia in Nepal. Bull World Health Organ 2008;86(5), doi: 10.1590/S0042-96862008000500010
27. Khanal S, Sharma J, Singh V, Dawson P, Houston R, Khadka N, et al. Community health workers can identify and manage possible infections in neonates and young infants: Mini-a model from Nepal. J Health Popul Nutr. 2002;29(3):255-64.
28. Shrestha S. Increasing contraceptive acceptance through empowerment of female community health volunteers in rural Nepal. J Health Popul Nutr. 2002;20(2):156-65.
29. Glenton C, Scheel I, Pradhan S, Lewin S, Hodgins S, Shreshta V. The female community health volunteer programme in Nepal: decisions makers' perceptions of volunteerism, payment and other incentives. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70:e1920-1927.
30. Ahmed S. Taking healthcare where the community is: the story of the Shasthya Sebikas of BRAC Bangladesh. BRAC University Journal. 2008;V(1):39-45.
31. Reichenbach L, Shimul S. Sustaining health: The role of BRACs's community health volunteers in Bangladesh, Afganistan and Uganda. BRAC Research Monograph Series. 2011;49.
32. Alam K, Tasneem S, Oliveras E: Performance of female volunteer community health workers in Dhaka's urban slums - a case-control study. Manoshi Working Paper. 2011;12.
33. Hadi A. Management of acute respiratory infections by community health volunteers: experience of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC). Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81:3.
34. Islam A, Wakai S, Ishikawa N, Chowdury A, Vaughan J. Cost-effectiveness of community health workers in tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;2002:80. doi: 10.1590/S0042-96862002000600007(3).
35. Shrivastava S, Shrivastava P. Evaluation of trained accredited social health activist (ASHA) workers regarding their knowledge, attitude and practices about child health. Rural Remote Health. 2012;12:2099.
36. Gopalan S, Mohanty S, Das A. Assessing community health workers' performance motivation: a mixed-methods approach on India's accredited social health activists (ASHA) programme. BMJ Open. 2012;2, e001557. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001557 .
37. Paul V, Sanchez H, Mavalankar D, Ramachandran P, Sankar M, Bhandari N, et al. Reproductive health, and child health and nutrition in India: meeting the challenge. Lancet. 2011;377(9762):332-49. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61492-4 .
38. Wang H, Juyal R, Miner S, Fischer E. Payment system for ASHAs in India: What does the international experience tell us? Vistaar: USAID; 2012.
39. Lim S, Dandona L, Hoisington J, James S, Hogan M, Gakidou E. India's Janani Suraksha Yojana, a conditional cash transfer programme to increase births in health facilities: an impact evaluation. Lancet. 2010;375(9730):5-11. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60744-1 .
40. Das A, Rao D, Hagopian A. India's Janani Suraksha Yojana: further review needed. Lancet. 2011;377(9762):295-6.
41. Nandan D, Jain N, Shivastva N, Khan A, Dhar N, Adhish V, Menon S. Assessment of the functioning of ASHAs under NRHM in Uttar Pradesh 2007. doi:nihfw.org/pdf/RAHI-I Reports/Lucknow/LUKNOW.pdf
42. Javanparast S, Baum F, Labonte R, Sanders D, Rajabi Z, Heidari G: The experience of community health workers training in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research. 2012;12(1):291. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/12/291/
43. Asadi-Laria M, Sayyarib A, Akbaric M, Graya D. Public health improvement in Iran -- lessons from the last 20 years. Public Health. 2004;118:395-402.
44. Azizi F, Gouya M, Vazirian P, Dolatshahi P, Habibian S. Screening for type 2 diabetes in the Iranian national programme: a preliminary report. La Revue de Santé de la Méditerranée orientale. 2003;9(5-6):1122-7.
45. Fazadfar F, Murray C, Gakidou E, Bossett T, Namdaritabar H, Alikhani S, Moradi G, Delavari A: Effectiveness of diabetes and hypertension management by rural primary health-care workers (Behvarz workers) in Iran: a nationally representative observational study. Lancet. 2012;379(9810):47-54. http://doi:10.1016/S01406736(11)61349-4
46. LeBaron S, Schultz S. Family medicine in Iran: The birth of a new speciality. International Family Medicine. 2005;37(7):502-5.
47. Mojtahedzadeh V, Razani N, Malekinejad M, Vazirian M, Shoaee S, Bagher M, et al. Injection drug use in rural iran: Integrating HIV prevention into Iran's rural primary health care system. AIDS Behav. 2008;12:S7-S12. doi: 10.1007/s10461-008-9408-y .
48. Javanparast S, Heidari G, Baum F: Contribution of Community Health Workers to the Implementation of Comprehensive Primary Health Care in Rural Settings. Teasdale-Corti Global Health Research Partnership Program 2011. Ottawa, Canada. http://www.globalhealthequity.ca/electronic%20library/Iran%20Final%20Project%20Report.pdf .
49. Mehryar, A: Primary health care and the rural poor in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Scaling up poverty reduction: a global learning process and conference 2004. http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/reducingpoverty/case/22/fullcase/iran%20rural%20healthcare%20full%20case.pdf
50. Medhanyie A, Mark S, Dinant G, Roman B. Knowledge and performance of the Ethiopian health extension workers on antenatal and delivery care: a cross-sectional study. Hum Resour Health. 2012;10(1):44.
51. UNICEF: Statistics: Ethiopia 2013 http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ethiopia_statistics.html
52. Datiko DG, Lindtjørn B. Health extension workers improve tuberculosis case detection and treatment success in southern Ethiopia: a community randomized trial. PLoS One. 2009;4(5), e5443.