Does this patient have posttraumatic stress disorder? Rational clinical examination systematic review

JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association

Volumn 314, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 501-510

  Spoont, Michele R ^a,b   Williams, John W ^c,d   Kehle Forbes, Shannon ^a,b   Nieuwsma, Jason A ^c,e   Mann Wrobel, Monica C ^c,e   Gross, Raz ^f,g  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c DURHAM VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^g GERTNER INSTITUTE FOR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND HEALTH POLICY RESEARCH   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY CARE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; DSM-5; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER CHECKLIST; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY CARE POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER SCREENING; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; CHECKLIST; MASS SCREENING; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; RISK; SELF REPORT; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

CHECKLIST; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; RISK; SELF REPORT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 84938781561     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: 15383598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.7877     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Davydow DS, Zatzick D, Hough CL, KatonWJ. A longitudinal investigation of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms over the course of the year following medical-surgical intensive care unit admission. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013;35(3):226-232.
2. Wake S, Kitchiner D. Post-traumatic stress disorder after intensive care. BMJ. 2013;346:f3232.
3. Kessler RC, Rose S, Koenen KC, et al. How well can posttraumatic stress disorder be predicted from pretrauma risk factors? an exploratory study in the WHOWorld Mental Health Surveys.World Psychiatry. 2014;13(3):265-274.
4. Atwoli L, Stein DJ, Koenen KC, et al. Epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: prevalence, correlates, and consequences. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2015;28(4):307-311.
5. Breslau N, Peterson EL, Schultz LR. A second look at prior trauma and the posttraumatic stress disorder effects of subsequent trauma: A prospective epidemiological study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(4):431-437.
6. Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoat HD, Schultz LR, Davis GC, Andreski P. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55(7):626-632.
7. Roberts AL, Gilman SE, Breslau J, Breslau N, Koenen KC. Race/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of posttraumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States. Psychol Med. 2011;41(1):71-83.
8. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5 ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association;2013:991.
9. Byers AL, Covinsky KE, Neylan TC, Yaffe K. Chronicity of posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of disability in older persons. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(5):540-546.
10. Perkonigg A, Pfister H, Stein MB, et al. Longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(7): 1320-1327.
11. Boyko EJ, Jacobson IG, Smith B, et al; Millennium Cohort Study Team. Risk of diabetes in US military service members in relation to combat deployment and mental health. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(8):1771-1777.
12. Yaffe K, Vittinghoff E, Lindquist K, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among US veterans. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67 (6):608-613.
13. Boscarino JA. Diseases among men 20 years after exposure to severe stress: implications for clinical research and medical care. Psychosom Med. 1997;59(6):605-614.
14. Andersen J, Wade M, Possemato K, Ouimette P. Association between posttraumatic stress disorder and primary care provider-diagnosed disease among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(5):498-504.
15. Boscarino JA. A prospective study of PTSD and early-age heart disease mortality among Vietnam veterans: implications for surveillance and prevention. Psychosom Med. 2008;70(6):668-676.
16. Deykin EY, Keane TM, Kaloupek D, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the use of health services. Psychosom Med. 2001;63(5):835-841.
17. Marshall RD, Olfson M, Hellman F, Blanco C, Guardino M, Struening EL. Comorbidity, impairment, and suicidality in subthreshold PTSD. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(9):1467-1473.
18. Tarrier N, Gregg L. Suicide risk in civilian PTSD patients-predictors of suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2004;39(8):655-661.
19. Savoca E, Rosenheck R. The civilian labor market experiences of Vietnam-era veterans: The influence of psychiatric disorders. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2000;3(4):199-207.
20. SmithMW, Schnurr PP, Rosenheck RA. Employment outcomes and PTSD symptom severity. Ment Health Serv Res. 2005;7(2):89-101.
21. Kessler RC, ChiuWT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (published correction appears in Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62[7]:709). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62 (6):617-627.
22. Edmondson D, Horowitz CR, Goldfinger JZ, Fei K, Kronish IM. Concerns about medications mediate the association of posttraumatic stress disorder with adherence to medication in stroke survivors. Br J Health Psychol. 2013;18(4):799-813.
23. Zen AL, Whooley MA, Zhao S, Cohen BE. Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with poor health behaviors: findings from the heart and soul study. Health Psychol. 2012;31(2):194-201.
24. Pietrzak RH, Goldstein RB, Southwick SM, Grant BF. Physical health conditions associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in US older adults: results from wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(2):296-303.
25. Durai UNB, ChopraMP, Coakley E, et al. Exposure to trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in older veterans attending primary care: comorbid conditions and self-rated health status. J AmGeriatr Soc. 2011;59(6):1087- 1092.
26. Boscarino JA. External-cause mortality after psychologic trauma: The effects of stress exposure and predisposition. Compr Psychiatry. 2006;47(6): 503-514.
27. Kartha A, Brower V, Saitz R, Samet JH, Keane TM, Liebschutz J. The impact of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder on healthcare utilization among primary care patients. Med Care. 2008;46(4):388-393.
28. Management of Post-Traumatic StressWorking Group. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline: management of posttraumatic stress, version 2.0. http://www.healthquality.va.gov/PTSD-full-2010c.pdf. Accessed January 18, 2013.
29. Jonas DE, Cusack KFC, Wilkins TM, et al. Psychological and pharmacological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). http://www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/ehc/products/347/1435/PTSD-adult-treatment-report-130403.pdf. Accessed June 26, 2015.
30. Eftekhari A, Ruzek JI, Crowley JJ, Rosen CS, Greenbaum MA, Karlin BE. Effectiveness of national implementation of prolonged exposure therapy in Veterans Affairs care. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(9): 949-955.
31. Foa EB, Hembree EA, Cahill SP, et al. Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: outcome at academic and community clinics. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2005;73 (5):953-964.
32. Resick PA, Nishith P, Weaver TL, Astin MC, Feuer CA. A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a waiting condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70(4):867-879.
33. Gill JM, Saligan L, Lee H, Rotolo S, Szanton S. Women in recovery from PTSD have similar inflammation and quality of life as nontraumatized controls. J Psychosom Res. 2013;74(4):301-306.
34. Royal College of Psychiatrists and British Psychological Society. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0015848/pdf/TOC.pdf. Available June 26, 2015.
35. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (published correction appears in Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62[7]:768). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593-602.
36. Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS, Milanak ME, Miller MW, Keyes KM, Friedman MJ. National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. J Trauma Stress. 2013;26(5):537-547.
37. Magruder KM, Frueh BC, Knapp RG, et al. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in Veterans Affairs primary care clinics. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2005;27(3):169-179.
38. Liebschutz J, Saitz R, Brower V, et al. PTSD in urban primary care: high prevalence and low physician recognition. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22 (6):719-726.
39. Stein MB, McQuaid JR, Pedrelli P, Lenox R, McCahill ME. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the primary care medical setting. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2000;22(4):261-269.
40. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, HughesM, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52(12):1048-1060.
41. Santiago PN, Ursano RJ, Gray CL, et al. A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: intentional and nonintentional traumatic events. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59236.
42. US Preventive Services Task Force. USPSTF A and B recommendations. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/uspstf-a-and-b-recommendations/. Accessed July 20, 2015.
43. IOM. National Research Council. Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military and Veteran Populations: Initial Assessment.Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2012.
44. Gerritsen AA, Bramsen I, DevilléW, van-Willigen LH, Hovens JE, van-der-Ploeg HM. Physical and mental health of Afghan, Iranian, and Somali asylum seekers and refugees living in the Netherlands. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2006;41(1):18-26.
45. Skogstad M, Skorstad M, Lie A, Conradi HS, Heir T, Weisæth L.Work-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Occup Med (Lond). 2013;63(3):175- 182.
46. US Dept of Veterans Affairs. Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in primary care: A systematic review. http://www.hsrd.research.va.gov/publications/esp/ptsd-screening.cfm. Accessed July 15, 2015.
47. US Dept of Veterans Affairs. Find assessment measures. http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/pilots-database/pilots-assessment.asp. Accessed January 6, 2015.
48. Weathers FW, Ruscio AM, Keane TM. Psychometric properties of nine scoring rules for the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Psychol Assess. 1999;11(2):124-133.
49. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
50. Calhoun PS, Hertzberg JS, Kirby AC, et al. The effect of draft DSM-5 criteria on posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence. Depress Anxiety. 2012; 29(12):1032-1042.
51. Miller MW, Wolf EJ, Kilpatrick D, et al. The prevalence and latent structure of proposed DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in US national and veteran samples. Psychological Trauma. 2013;5(6):501-512. doi:10.1037/a0029730.
52. Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, Bossuyt PM, Kleijnen J. The development of QUADAS: A tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med ResMethodol. 2003;3:25.
53. Simel D. Update: primer on precision and accuracy. In: Simel DL, Rennie D, eds. The Rational Clinical Examination: Evidence-Based Clinical Diagnosis. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008:9-16.
54. VA National Center for PTSD. Using the PTSD checklist for DSM-IV (PCL). http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/pages/assessments/assessment-pdf/PCL-handout.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2014.
55. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in ameta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002; 21(11):1539-1558.
56. Wright KM, Bliese PD, Thomas JL, Adler AB, Eckford RD, Hoge CW. Contrasting approaches to psychological screening with US combat soldiers. J Trauma Stress. 2007;20(6):965-975.
57. Andrykowski MA, Cordova MJ, Studts JL, Miller TW. Posttraumatic stress disorder after treatment for breast cancer: prevalence of diagnosis and use of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) as a screening instrument. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998; 66(3):586-590.
58. Dobie DJ, Kivlahan DR, Maynard C, et al. Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder in female Veteran's Affairs patients: validation of the PTSD checklist. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2002;24(6): 367-374.
59. Lang AJ, Laffaye C, Satz LE, Dresselhaus TR, Stein MB. Sensitivity and specificity of the PTSD checklist in detecting PTSD in female veterans in primary care. J Trauma Stress. 2003;16(3):257-264.
60. Walker EA, Newman E, Dobie DJ, Ciechanowski P, KatonW. Validation of the PTSD checklist in an HMO sample of women. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2002;24(6):375-380.
61. Lang AJ, Stein MB. An abbreviated PTSD checklist for use as a screening instrument in primary care. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43(5):585-594.
62. Insana SP, HallM, Buysse DJ, Germain A. Validation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum for posttraumatic stress disorder (PSQI-A) in US malemilitary veterans. J Trauma Stress. 2013;26(2):192-200.
63. Chiu S, Webber MP, Zeig-Owens R, et al. Performance characteristics of the PTSD checklistin retired firefighters exposed to theWorld Trade Center disaster. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2011;23(2):95- 104.
64. Arbisi PA, KalerME, Kehle-Forbes SM, Erbes CR, PolusnyMA, Thuras P. The predictive validity of the PTSD Checklist in a nonclinical sample of combat-exposed National Guard troops. Psychol Assess. 2012;24(4):1034-1040.
65. Bliese PD, Wright KM, Adler AB, Cabrera O, Castro CA, Hoge CW. Validating the primary care posttraumatic stress disorder screen and the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist with soldiers returning from combat. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008;76(2):272-281.
66. Calhoun PS, McDonald SD, Guerra VS, Eggleston AM, Beckham JC, Straits-Troster K; VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC OEF/OIF Registry Workgroup. Clinical utility of the Primary Care-PTSD Screen among US veterans who served since September 11, 2001. Psychiatry Res. 2010;178 (2):330-335.
67. Gore KL, McCutchan PK, Prins A, et al. Operating characteristics of the PTSD checklist in a military primary care setting. Psychol Assess. 2013;25(3):1032-1036.
68. Kimerling R, Ouimette P, Prins A, et al. Brief report: Utility of a short screening scale for DSM-IV PTSD in primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(1): 65-67.
69. Prins A, Ouimette PC, Kimerling RE, et al. The primary care PTSD Screen (PC-PTSD): development and operating characteristics [see Corrigendum]. Prim Care Psychiatry. 2003;9(1):9- 14. doi:10.1185/135525703125002360.
70. Skopp NA, Swanson R, Luxton DD, et al. An examination of the diagnostic efficiency of postdeployment mental health screens. J Clin Psychol. 2012;68(12):1253-1265.
71. Yeager DE, Magruder KM, Knapp RG, Nicholas JS, Frueh BC. Performance characteristics of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist and SPAN in Veterans Affairs primary care settings. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2007;29(4):294-301.
72. Gaynes BN, DeVeaugh-Geiss J, Weir S, et al. Feasibility and diagnostic validity of the M-3 checklist: A brief, self-rated screen for depressive, bipolar, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorders in primary care. Ann FamMed. 2010;8(2):160-169.
73. Houston JP, Kroenke K, Davidson JR, et al. PDI-4A: An augmented provisional screening instrument assessing 5 additional common anxiety-related diagnoses in adult primary care patients. Postgrad Med. 2011;123(5):89-95.
74. Freedy JR, Steenkamp MM, Magruder KM, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder screening test performance in civilian primary care. FamPract. 2010;27(6):615-624.
75. Means-Christensen AJ, Sherbourne CD, Roy-Byrne PP, Craske MG, Stein MB. Using 5 questions to screen for 5 common mental disorders in primary care: diagnostic accuracy of the Anxiety and Depression Detector. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2006;28(2):108-118.
76. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Monahan PO, Löwe B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(5):317-325.
77. Brewin CR, Fuchkan N, Huntley Z, Scragg P. Diagnostic accuracy of the Trauma Screening Questionnaire after the 2005 London bombings. J Trauma Stress. 2010;23(3):393-398.
78. Perrin M, Vandeleur CL, Castelao E, et al. Determinants of the development of posttraumatic stress disorder, in the general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49(3):447-457.
79. Kimerling R, Street AE, Pavao J, et al. Military-related sexual trauma among Veterans Health Administration patients returning from Afghanistan and Iraq. Am J Public Health. 2010;100 (8):1409-1412.
80. Weathers FW, Litz BT, Keane TM, Palmieri PA, Marx BP, Schnurr PP. The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). http://www.ptsd.va.gov. Accessed June 26, 2015.
81. Wang PS, Demler O, Olfson M, Pincus HA, Wells KB, Kessler RC. Changing profiles of service sectors used for mental health care in the United States. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(7):1187-1198.
82. US Dept of Veterans Affairs. PTSD screening instruments. http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/screens/index.asp. Accessed January 6, 2015.
83. VA National Center for PTSD. Primary Care PTSD Screen (PC-PTSD). http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/screens/pc-ptsd.asp. Accessed January 9, 2015.