Charge Carriers in Planar and Meso-Structured Organic-Inorganic Perovskites: Mobilities, Lifetimes, and Concentrations of Trap States

Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

Volumn 6, Issue 15, 2015, Pages 3082-3090

  Hutter, Eline M ^a   Eperon, Giles E ^b   Stranks, Samuel D ^c,d   Savenije, Tom J ^a  

^a DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

meso structured perovskites; nonradiative decay; organic inorganic metal halide perovskites; photoluminescence; time resolved microwave conductivity; trap states

Indexed keywords

CHARGE CARRIERS; DECAY (ORGANIC); KINETIC PARAMETERS; METAL HALIDES; PEROVSKITE; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; SEMICONDUCTOR DOPING; SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS;

BAND-TO-BAND RECOMBINATION; HALIDE PEROVSKITES; NONRADIATIVE DECAYS; OPTOELECTRONIC PROPERTIES; PARAMETERS CHARACTERISTICS; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE MEASUREMENTS; TIME-RESOLVED MICROWAVE CONDUCTIVITIES; TRAP STATE;

THIN FILMS;

EID: 84938773004     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19487185     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01361     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Etgar, L.; Gao, P.; Xue, Z.; Peng, Q.; Chandiran, A. K.; Liu, B.; Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Grätzel, M. Mesoscopic CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 Heterojunction Solar Cells J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 17396-17399 10.1021/ja307789s
2. Kojima, A.; Teshima, K.; Shirai, Y.; Miyasaka, T. Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 6050-6051 10.1021/ja809598r
3. Lee, M. M.; Teuscher, J.; Miyasaka, T.; Murakami, T. N.; Snaith, H. J. Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites Science 2012, 338, 643-647 10.1126/science.1228604
4. Xu, Y.; Zhu, L.; Shi, J.; Lv, S.; Xu, X.; Xiao, J.; Dong, J.; Wu, H.; Luo, Y.; Li, D. Efficient Hybrid Mesoscopic Solar Cells with Morphology-Controlled CH3NH3PbI3-xClx Derived from Two-Step Spin Coating Method ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 2242-2248 10.1021/am5057807
5. Noh, J. H.; Im, S. H.; Heo, J. H.; Mandal, T. N.; Seok, S. Il. Chemical Management for Colorful, Efficient, and Stable Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Nanostructured Solar Cells Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 1764-1769 10.1021/nl400349b
6. Zhou, H.; Chen, Q. Q.; Li, G.; Luo, S.; Song, T. T.-B.; Duan, H.-S. H.-S.; Hong, Z.; You, J.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. Interface Engineering of Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Science 2014, 345, 542-546 10.1126/science.1254050
7. Stranks, S. D.; Snaith, H. J. Metal-halide perovskites for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 391-402 10.1038/nnano.2015.90
8. Conings, B.; Baeten, L.; De Dobbelaere, C.; D'Haen, J.; Manca, J.; Boyen, H.-G. Perovskite-Based Hybrid Solar Cells Exceeding 10% Efficiency with High Reproducibility Using a Thin Film Sandwich Approach Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2041-2046 10.1002/adma.201304803
9. Edri, E.; Kirmayer, S.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Gartsman, K.; Hodes, G.; Cahen, D. Elucidating the Charge Carrier Separation and Working Mechanism of CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x) Perovskite Solar Cells Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 3461 10.1038/ncomms4461
10. Stranks, S. D.; Eperon, G. E.; Grancini, G.; Menelaou, C.; Alcocer, M. J. P.; Leijtens, T.; Herz, L. M.; Petrozza, A.; Snaith, H. J. Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths Exceeding 1 Micrometer in an Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Absorber Science 2013, 342, 341-344 10.1126/science.1243982
11. Yang, W. S.; Noh, J. H.; Jeon, N. J.; Kim, C.; Ryu, S.; Seo, J.; Seok, S. Il. High-Performance Photovoltaic Perovskite Layers Fabricated through Intramolecular Exchange Science 2015, 348, 1234-1237 10.1126/science.aaa9272
12. Leijtens, T.; Lauber, B.; Eperon, G. E.; Stranks, S. D.; Snaith, H. J. The Importance of Perovskite Pore Filling in Organometal Mixed Halide Sensitized TiO2-Based Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 1096-1102 10.1021/jz500209g
13. Ball, J. M.; Lee, M. M.; Hey, A.; Snaith, H. J. Low-temperature processed meso-superstructured to thin-film perovskite solar cells Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 1739-1743 10.1039/c3ee40810h
14. Jung, H. S.; Park, N.-G. Perovskite Solar Cells: From Materials to Devices Small 2015, 11, 10-25 10.1002/smll.201402767
15. Zhang, W.; Saliba, M.; Moore, D. T.; Pathak, S.; Horantner, M. T.; Stergiopoulos, T.; Stranks, S. D.; Eperon, G. E.; Alexander-Webber, J. A.; Abate, A. Ultrasmooth Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Thin-Film Formation and Crystallization for Efficient Planar Heterojunction Solar Cells Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 6142 10.1038/ncomms7142
16. Stranks, S. D.; Nayak, P. K.; Zhang, W.; Stergiopoulos, T.; Snaith, H. J. Formation of Thin Films of Organic-Inorganic Perovskites for High-Efficiency Solar Cells Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 3288-3297 10.1002/anie.201410214
17. Dar, M. I.; Arora, N.; Gao, P.; Ahmad, S.; Grätzel, M.; Nazeeruddin, M. K. Investigation Regarding the Role of Chloride in Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskites Obtained from Chloride Containing Precursors Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 6991-6996 10.1021/nl503279x
18. Unger, E. L.; Bowring, A. R.; Tassone, C. J.; Pool, V. L.; Gold-Parker, A.; Cheacharoen, R.; Stone, K. H.; Hoke, E. T.; Toney, M. F.; McGehee, M. D. Chloride in Lead Chloride-Derived Organo-Metal Halides for Perovskite-Absorber Solar Cells Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 7158-7165 10.1021/cm503828b
19. Williams, S. T.; Zuo, F.; Chueh, C.-C.; Liao, C.-Y.; Liang, P.-W.; Jen, A. K.-Y. Role of Chloride in the Morphological Evolution of Organo-Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Films ACS Nano 2014, 8, 10640-10654 10.1021/nn5041922
20. Edri, E.; Kirmayer, S.; Kulbak, M.; Hodes, G.; Cahen, D. Chloride Inclusion and Hole Transport Material Doping to Improve Methyl Ammonium Lead Bromide Perovskite-Based High Open-Circuit Voltage Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 429-433 10.1021/jz402706q
21. Eperon, G. E.; Burlakov, V. M.; Docampo, P.; Goriely, A.; Snaith, H. J. Morphological Control for High Performance, Solution-Processed Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 151-157 10.1002/adfm.201302090
22. Chen, C.-W.; Kang, H.-W.; Hsiao, S.-Y.; Yang, P.-F.; Chiang, K.-M.; Lin, H.-W. Efficient and Uniform Planar-Type Perovskite Solar Cells by Simple Sequential Vacuum Deposition Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 6647-6652 10.1002/adma.201402461
23. Tidhar, Y.; Edri, E.; Weissman, H.; Zohar, D.; Hodes, G.; Cahen, D.; Rybtchinski, B.; Kirmayer, S. Crystallization of Methyl Ammonium Lead Halide Perovskites: Implications for Photovoltaic Applications J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136 (38) 13249-13256 10.1021/ja505556s
24. Yu, H.; Wang, F.; Xie, F.; Li, W.; Chen, J.; Zhao, N. The Role of Chlorine in the Formation Process of 'CH3NH3PbI3-xClx' Perovskite Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 7102-7108 10.1002/adfm.201401872
25. Grancini, G.; Marras, S.; Prato, M.; Giannini, C.; Quarti, C.; De Angelis, F.; De Bastiani, M.; Eperon, G. E.; Snaith, H. J.; Manna, L. The Impact of the Crystallization Processes on the Structural and Optical Properties of Hybrid Perovskite Films for Photovoltaics J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 3836-3842 10.1021/jz501877h
26. Raga, S. R.; Jung, M.-C.; Lee, M. V.; Leyden, M. R.; Kato, Y.; Qi, Y. Influence of Air Annealing on High Efficiency Planar Structure Perovskite Solar Cells Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 1597-1603 10.1021/cm5041997
27. Colella, S.; Mosconi, E.; Fedeli, P.; Listorti, A.; Gazza, F.; Orlandi, F.; Ferro, P.; Besagni, T.; Rizzo, A.; Calestani, G. MAPbI3-xClx Mixed Halide Perovskite for Hybrid Solar Cells: The Role of Chloride as Dopant on the Transport and Structural Properties Chem. Mater. 2013, 25, 4613-4618 10.1021/cm402919x
28. Xing, G.; Mathews, N.; Sun, S.; Lim, S. S.; Lam, Y. M.; Grätzel, M.; Mhaisalkar, S.; Sum, T. C. Long-Range Balanced Electron- and Hole-Transport Lengths in Organic-Inorganic CH3NH3PbI3 Science 2013, 342, 344-347 10.1126/science.1243167
29. D'Innocenzo, V.; Srimath Kandada, A. R.; De Bastiani, M. De; Gandini, M.; Petrozza, A. Tuning the Light Emission Properties by Band Gap Engineering in Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskite J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 17730-17733 10.1021/ja511198f
30. De Quilettes, D. W.; Vorpahl, S. M.; Stranks, S. D.; Nagaoka, H.; Eperon, G. E.; Ziffer, M. E.; Snaith, H. J.; Ginger, D. S. Impact of Microstructure on Local Carrier Lifetime in Perovskite Solar Cells Science 2015, 348, 683-686 10.1126/science.aaa5333
31. Kroeze, J. E.; Savenije, T. J.; Vermeulen, M. J. W.; Warman, J. M. Contactless Determination of the Photoconductivity Action Spectrum, Exciton Diffusion Length, and Charge Separation Efficiency in Polythiophene-Sensitized TiO2 Bilayers J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 7696-7705 10.1021/jp0217738
32. Savenije, T. J.; Ferguson, A. J.; Kopidakis, N.; Rumbles, G. Revealing the Dynamics of Charge Carriers in Polymer:fullerene Blends Using Photoinduced Time-Resolved Microwave Conductivity J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 24085-24103 10.1021/jp406706u
33. Stranks, S. D.; Burlakov, V. M.; Leijtens, T.; Ball, J. M.; Goriely, A.; Snaith, H. J. Recombination Kinetics in Organic-Inorganic Perovskites: Excitons, Free Charge, and Subgap States Phys. Rev. Appl. 2014, 2, 034007 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.2.034007
34. Leijtens, T.; Stranks, S. D.; Eperon, G. E.; Lindblad, R.; Johansson, E. M. J.; Mcpherson, I. J.; Rensmo, H.; Ball, J. M.; Lee, M. M.; Snaith, H. J. Electronic Properties of Meso-Superstructured and Planar Organometal Halide Perovskite Films: Charge Trapping, Photodoping, and Carrier Mobility ACS Nano 2014, 8, 7147-7155 10.1021/nn502115k
35. Hao, F.; Stoumpos, C. C.; Chang, R. P. H.; Kanatzidis, M. G. Anomalous Band Gap Behavior in Mixed Sn and Pb Perovskites Enables Broadening of Absorption Spectrum in Solar Cells J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 8094-8099 10.1021/ja5033259
36. Shi, T.; Yin, W.-J.; Yan, Y. Predictions for P-Type CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskites J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 25350-25354 10.1021/jp508328u
37. Stoumpos, C. C.; Malliakas, C. D.; Kanatzidis, M. G. Semiconducting Tin and Lead Iodide Perovskites with Organic Cations: Phase Transitions, High Mobilities, and near-Infrared Photoluminescent Properties Inorg. Chem. 2013, 52, 9019-9038 10.1021/ic401215x
38. Docampo, P.; Ball, J. M.; Darwich, M.; Eperon, G. E.; Snaith, H. J. Efficient Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Planar-Heterojunction Solar Cells on Flexible Polymer Substrates Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2761 10.1038/ncomms3761
39. Wojciechowski, K.; Stranks, S. D.; Abate, A.; Sadoughi, G.; Sadhanala, A.; Kopidakis, N.; Rumbles, G.; Li, C.-Z.; Friend, R. H.; Jen, A. K.-Y. Heterojunction Modification for Highly Efficient Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells ACS Nano 2014, 8, 12701-12709 10.1021/nn505723h
40. Ponseca, C. S.; Savenije, T. J.; Abdellah, M.; Zheng, K.; Yartsev, A.; Pascher, T.; Harlang, T.; Chabera, P.; Pullerits, T.; Stepanov, A. Organometal Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Materials Rationalized: Ultrafast Charge Generation, High and Microsecond-Long Balanced Mobilities, and Slow Recombination J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 5189-5192 10.1021/ja412583t
41. Wehrenfennig, C.; Eperon, G. E.; Johnston, M. B.; Snaith, H. J.; Herz, L. M. High Charge Carrier Mobilities and Lifetimes in Organolead Trihalide Perovskites Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 1584-1589 10.1002/adma.201305172
42. Wang, Y. C.; Ahn, H.; Chuang, C. H.; Ku, Y. P.; Pan, C. L. Grain-Size-Related Transient Terahertz Mobility of Femtosecond-Laser- Annealed Polycrystalline Silicon Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 2009, 97, 181-185 10.1007/s00340-009-3580-2
43. Katoh, R.; Huijser, A.; Hara, K.; Savenije, T. J.; Siebbeles, L. D. A. Effect of the Particle Size on the Electron Injection Efficiency in Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films Studied by Time-Resolved Microwave Conductivity (TRMC) Measurements J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 10741-10746 10.1021/jp072585q
44. Prins, P.; Grozema, F. C.; Siebbeles, L. D. A. Efficient Charge Transport along Phenylene-Vinylene Molecular Wires J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 14659-14666 10.1021/jp0626115
45. Manser, J. S.; Kamat, P. V. Band Filling with Free Charge Carriers in Organometal Halide Perovskites Nat. Photonics 2014, 8 (9) 737-743 10.1038/nphoton.2014.171
46. De Bastiani, M.; D' Innocenzo, V.; Stranks, S. D.; Snaith, H. J.; Petrozza, A. Role of the Crystallization Substrate on the Photoluminescence Properties of Organo- Lead Mixed Halides Perovskites Role of the Crystallization Substrate on the Photoluminescence Properties of Organo-Lead Mixed Halides Perovskites APL Mater. 2014, 2, 081509 10.1063/1.4889845
47. Murthy, D. H. K.; Melianas, A.; Tang, Z.; Juška, G.; Arlauskas, K.; Zhang, F.; Siebbeles, L. D. a; Inganäs, O.; Savenije, T. J. Origin of Reduced Bimolecular Recombination in Blends of Conjugated Polymers and Fullerenes Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 4262-4268 10.1002/adfm.201203852
48. Chang, Y.; Park, C.; Matsuishi, K. First-Principles Study of the Structural and the Electronic Properties of the Lead-Halide-Based Inorganic-Organic Perovskites (CH3NH3)PbX3 and CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) J. Korean Phys. Soc. 2004, 44, 889-893
49. Giorgi, G.; Fujisawa, J. I.; Segawa, H.; Yamashita, K. Small Photocarrier Effective Masses Featuring Ambipolar Transport in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite: A Density Functional Analysis J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 4213-4216 10.1021/jz4023865
50. Quarti, C.; Mosconi, E.; De Angelis, F. Interplay of Orientational Order and Electronic Structure in Methylammonium Lead Iodide: Implications for Solar Cell Operation Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 6557-6569 10.1021/cm5032046
51. Wetzelaer, G.-J. A. H.; Scheepers, M.; Sempere, A. M.; Momblona, C.; Avila, J.; Bolink, H. J. Trap-Assisted Non-Radiative Recombination in Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 1837-1841 10.1002/adma.201405372
52. Wehrenfennig, C.; Liu, M.; Snaith, H. J.; Johnston, M. B.; Herz, L. M. Charge-Carrier Dynamics in Vapour-Deposited Films of the Organolead Halide Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3-xClx Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 2269-2275 10.1039/c4ee01358a
53. Snaith, H. J. Perovskites: The Emergence of a New Era for Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 3623-3630 10.1021/jz4020162
54. Agiorgousis, M. L.; Sun, Y.-Y.; Zeng, H.; Zhang, S. Strong Covalency-Induced Recombination Centers in Perovskite Solar Cell Material CH3NH3PbI3 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 14570-14575 10.1021/ja5079305
55. Chen, Q.; Zhou, H.; Song, T.-B.; Luo, S.; Hong, Z.; Duan, H.-S.; Dou, L.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. Controllable Self-Induced Passivation of Hybrid Lead Iodide Perovskites toward High Performance Solar Cells Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 4158-4163 10.1021/nl501838y
56. Noel, N. K.; Abate, A.; Stranks, S. D.; Parrott, E. S.; Burlakov, V. M.; Goriely, A.; Snaith, H. J. Enhanced Photoluminescence and Solar Cell Performance via Lewis Base Passivation of Organic-Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskites ACS Nano 2014, 8, 9815-9821 10.1021/nn5036476
57. Yin, W.-J.; Shi, T.; Yan, Y. Superior Photovoltaic Properties of Lead Halide Perovskites: Insights from First-Principles Theory J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119, 5253-5264 10.1021/jp512077m
58. Yin, W.-J.; Shi, T.; Yan, Y. Unusual Defect Physics in CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cell Absorber Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 104, 063903 10.1063/1.4864778
59. Kim, J.; Lee, S. H.; Lee, J. H.; Hong, K. H. The Role of Intrinsic Defects in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 1312-1317 10.1021/jz500370k
60. Wu, X.; Trinh, M. T.; Niesner, D.; Zhu, H.; Norman, Z.; Owen, J. S.; Yaffe, O.; Kudisch, B. J.; Zhu, X.-Y. Trap States in Lead Iodide Perovskites J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 2089-2096 10.1021/ja512833n
61. Moore, D. T.; Sai, H.; Tan, K. W.; Smilgies, D.-M.; Zhang, W.; Snaith, H. J.; Wiesner, U.; Estroff, L. A. Crystallization Kinetics of Organic-Inorganic Trihalide Perovskites and the Role of the Lead Anion in Crystal Growth J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 2350-2358 10.1021/ja512117e
62. Savenije, T. J.; Ponseca, C. S.; Kunneman, L.; Abdellah, M.; Zheng, K.; Tian, Y.; Zhu, Q.; Canton, S. E.; Scheblykin, I. G.; Pullerits, T. Thermally Activated Exciton Dissociation and Recombination Control the Carrier Dynamics in Organometal Halide Perovskite J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 2189-2194 10.1021/jz500858a