Blue urbanism: Exploring connections between cities and oceans

Blue Urbanism: Exploring Connections between Cities and Oceans

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-188

  Beatley, Timothy ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

biomass; bioremediation; carbon reduction; climate change adaptation; climate change mitigation; coastal resilience; distributed energy systems; geothermal energy; green streets; hydrogen power; infrastructural ecologies; renewable energy; siting public utilities; smart grid; solar power; stormwater management; urban resilience; waste combustion; waste to energy facilities; water scarcity; water treatment and storage

Indexed keywords

EID: 84938093011     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.5822/978-1-61091-564-9     Document Type: Book

References (149)

1. See, for example, Sylvia A. Earle, The World Is Blue: How Our Fate and the Oceans Are One (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2009)
2. Jeremy Jackson et al., Shifting Baselines: The Past and the Future of Ocean Fisheries (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2011)
3. Daniel Pauly, 5 Easy Pieces: The Impact of Fisheries on Marine Ecosystems (The State of the World's Oceans) (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2010).
4. See The Death of the Oceans, http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/death -oceans.
5. and the Jeremy Jackson evening lecture "Ocean Apocalypse," http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zMN3dTvrwY.
6. See, for example, Timothy Beatley, Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2000).
7. See Timothy Beatley, Biophilic Cities: Integrating Nature into Urban Design and Planning (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2011).
8. Joanna Chiu, "Runners Take Their Case for Shark Fin Ban to Hong Kong's Big Marathon," South China Morning Post, February 4, 2013.
9. Sylvia Earle, The World Is Blue: How Our Fate and the Ocean's Are One (Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2009), 11.
10. Earle, The World Is Blue, 11.
11. Dorothée Herr and Grant R. Galland, The Ocean and Climate Change: Tools and Guidelines for Action (Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 2009), http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/the-ocean-and-climate-change.pdf.
12. Herr and Galland, The Ocean and Climate Change, 12.
13. For a more detailed discussion of this problem, see Ocean Acidification Network, "How Will Ocean Acidification Affect Marine Life?," http:// www.ocean-acidification.net/FAQeco.html#HowEco.
14. "Progress Report: Seven US Offshore Wind Demonstration Projects," http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/04/progress -report-seven-us-offshore-wind-demonstration-projects.
15. Jason Dearen, "San Francisco Bay Whales: Feds to Reroute Ships for Marine Protection," Huff Post: San Francisco, July 13, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/14/san-francisco-bay-whales-n-1673663.html.
16. Peter Fimrite, "Ships in Blue Whales' Feeding Grounds Pose Threat," San Francisco Chronicle, September 6, 2011, http://www.sfgate.com /outdoors/article/Ships-in-blue-whales-feeding-grounds-pose-threat -2310930.php.
17. WWF, Living Planet Report 2012, 84, http://wwf.panda.org/about-our-earth/all-publications/living-planet-report/2012-lpr.
18. "Plastics and Chemicals They Absorb Pose a Double Threat to Marine Life," UC Davis News and Information, January 15, 2012, http://news.ucdavis.edu/search/news-detail.lassoid=10453.
19. "UNEP Studies Show Rising Mercury Emissions in Developing Countries," UNEP News Centre, January 9, 2013, http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspxDocumentID=2702&ArticleID=9366.
20. Quirin Schiermeier, "Marine Dead Zones Set to Expand Rapidly," Nature, November 14, 2008, http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081114 /full/news.2008.1230.html.
21. IUCN, Executive Summary: The Ocean and Climate Change: Tools and Guidelines for Action, http://cmbc.ucsd.edu/Research/publications/The%20Ocean%20and%20Climate%20Change-Executive%20Summary.pdf.
22. Global Partnership for Oceans, "Oceans: Our Living Resource" (infographic), http://www.globalpartnershipforoceans.org/oceans-our-living -resource-infographic.
23. NOAA's State of the Coast, "Coral Reef Biodiversity Benefits to Human Health," http://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/coral/coral-humanhealth.html.
24. "Oceanic Biomimicry: 13 Designs Inspired by the Sea," WebEcoist, http://webecoist.momtastic.com/2010/12/17/oceanic-biomimicry-13 -designs-inspired-by-the-sea.
25. The potential applications are many: "Due to the versatile and highly maneuverable design of rays, underwater autonomous vehicles based on this design could have potential industrial and military applications ranging from covert surveillance to long-term collection of data for scientists." See Shane Graber, "Ray-Inspired Underwater Robot Takes Flight at the University of Virginia," Advanced Aquarist, July 31, 2012, http://www.advancedaquarist.com/blog/ray-inspired-underwater-robot -takes-flight-at-the-university-of-virginia-video.
26. Skip Derra, "Researchers Find Photosynthesis Deep within Ocean," Arizona State University, June 25, 2005, http://www.asu.edu/feature /includes/summer05/readmore/photosyn.html.
27. Caribbean Tourism Organization, "Diving," http://www.onecaribbean .org/content/files/DivingCaribbeanNicheMarkets.pdf.
28. Florida Caribbean Cruise Association, "Cruise Industry Overview -2013," http://www.f-cca.com/downloads/2013-cruise-industry-overview .pdf.
29. A. M. Cisneros-Montemayor, U. R. Sumaila, K. Kaschner, and D. Pauly, "The Global Potential for Whale Watching," Marine Policy (2010), http:// www.seaaroundus.org/researcher/dpauly/PDF/2010/JournalArticles /GlobalPotentialForWhaleWatching.pdf.
30. Nancy Knowlton, Citizens of the Sea: Wondrous Creatures from the Census of Marine Life (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2010).
31. See Bruce H. Robison, "Conservation of Deep Pelagic Biodiversity," Conservation Biology 23, no. 4 (2009): 847-58.
32. Robison quoted in Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, "Understanding Human Threats to the Earth's Largest Habitat-the Deep Sea," press release, January 26, 2010, http://www.mbari.org/news/news-releases/2010/deep-conservation/deep-conservation-release.html.
33. The Clean Oceans Project, "Plastic to Fuel," http://thecleanoceans project.com/page-id=11.
34. Rebecca Boyle, "Plastic-Eating Underwater Drone Could Swallow the Great Pacific Garbage Patch," Popular Science, http://www.popsci.com /technology/article/2012-07/plastic-eating-underwater-drone-could -swallow-great-pacific-garbage-patch.
35. See Ralph Schneider, "Marine Litter Harvesting project," http://www .scribd.com/doc/84976224/Marine-Litter-Harvesting-project-Floating -Horizon
36. "Report: Seismic Research on East Coast Could Harm 140,000 Whales and Dolphins," April 16, 2013, http://fuelfix.com/blog/2013/04/16/report -seismic-research-on-east-coast-could-harm-140000-whales-dolphins.
37. American Public Health Association, The Hidden Health Costs of Transportation, February 2010, http://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/E71B4070 -9B9D-4EE1-8F43-349D21414962/0/FINALHiddenHealthCostsShort NewBackCover.pdf.
38. See also Peter Newman and Anna Matan, "Human Mobility and Human Health," Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4, no. 4 (October 2012): 420-26.
39. See Meridian, "West Wind: Wind Farm, Wellington, New Zealand," http://www.meridianenergy.co.nz/about-us/generating-energy/wind /west-wind.
40. See DONG Energy, "About Gunfleet Sands," http://www.dongenergy .com/Gunfleetsands/GunfleetSands/AboutGFS/Pages/default.aspx.
41. See DeepCwind Consortium, http://www.deepcwind.org.
42. Celine Rottier, "Floating Offshore Wind Energy: Possibility or Pipedream?" The Energy Collective, January 25, 2013, http://theenergycollective .com/celinerottier/176686/floating-offshore-wind-energy-possibility-or -pipedream.
43. See Ocean Power Technologies, "Mark 3 PowerBuoy," http://www .oceanpowertechnologies.com/mark3.html.
44. See Ocean Power Technologies, "Reedsport OPT Wave Park," http://www.oceanpowertechnologies.com/oregon.html.
45. Damian Carrington, "Seaweed Biofuels: A Green Alternative That Might Just Save the Planet," Guardian, July 1, 2013, http://m.guardiannews.com/environment/2013/jul/01/seaweed-biofuel-alternative-energy-kelp-scotlandCMP=twt-fd.
46. See also Scottish Association of Marine Science (SAMS), "Macroalgae for Biofuels," http://www.sams.ac.uk/marine -bioenergy-scotland/macroalgae-for-biofuels.
47. "Small-Scale Hydro Delivers Local Benefits," E&T Magazine, January 17, 2011, http://eandt.theiet.org/magazine/2011/01/small-hydro.cfm.
48. Beth Buczynski, "Seawater Saves Swedish Data Center a Cool Million," EarthTechling, June 10, 2013, http://www.earthtechling.com /2013/06/seawater-saves-swedish-data-center-a-cool-million.
49. Vision Project Inc./James Castonguay, "International Shipping: Globalization in Crisis," Witness: An Online Journal, http://www.visionproject.org/staging/images/img-magazine/pdfs/international-shipping.pdf.
50. International Chamber of Shipping, "Shipping and World Trade," http://www.ics-shipping.org/shipping-facts/shipping-and-world-trade; see also the World Shipping Council, http://www.worldshipping.org.
51. For more details, see Maersk, "Introducing the Triple-E," http:// www.worldslargestship.com/the-ship/#page/economy-of-scale.
52. John Vidal, "Maritime Countries Agree First Ever Shipping Emissions Regulation," Guardian, July 18, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk /environment/2011/jul/18/maritime-countries-shipping-emissionsregulation.
53. "Compared to industry average on the Asia-Europe trade"; see Maersk, "The Ship: Environment," http://www.worldslargestship.com/the -ship/#page/environment/the-right-mix.
54. See Maersk, "A Recyclable Ship," http://www.worldslargestship .com/the-ship/#page/environment/a-recyclable-ship. A brief video about the recycling design and the "cradle to cradle passport" prepared for the ship can also be found here.
55. John Vidal, "Cargo Boat and US Navy Ship Powered by Algal Oil in Marine Fuel Trials," Guardian.com, January 13, 2012, http://m.guardian news.com/environment/2012/jan/13/maersk-cargo-boat-algal-oil.
56. Universitat Bonn, "Bionic Coating Helps Ships to Economise on Fuel," http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Press-releases/bionic-coating-helps-ships -to-economise-on-fuel.
57. See also Melissa Mahony, "Bionic Cargo Ships: Riding Waves to Better Fuel Efficiency," SmartPlanet, May 6, 2010, http://www.smartplanet .com/blog/intelligent-energy/bionic-cargo-ships-riding-waves-to-better -fuel-efficiency.
58. John J. Geoghegan, "Designers Set Sail, Turning to Wind to Help Power Cargo Ships," New York Times, August 27, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/28/science/earth/cargo-ship-designers-turn-to-wind-to-cut-cost-and-emissions.html-r=0.
59. "The Greenheart Project," http://www.greenheartproject.org/en/proj ect.html.
60. Port of Long Beach, "Green Port Policy," http://www.polb.com/environ ment/green-port-policy.
61. See Port of Long Beach, "Air Quality," http://www.polb.com/environ ment/air/default.asp.
62. Port of Long Beach, "Clean Trucks," http://www.polb.com/environ ment/cleantrucks/default.asp.
63. Sea Shepherd, "Sea Shepherd Receives Honors from Western Australia," July 11, 2006, http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media /2008/11/03/sea-shepherd-receives-honors-from-western-australia-799.
64. Chicago Park District, "31st St. Harbor Wins ISS Fabien Cousteau Blue Award," November 17, 2012, http://www.chicagoparkdistrict .com/31st-st-harbor-wins-iss-fabien-cousteau-blue-award.
65. Susan Parks and Christopher Clark, "Acoustic Communication: Social Sounds and the Potential Impact of Noise," in Scott Kraus and Rosalind Rolland, eds., The Urban Whale: North Atlantic Right Whales at the Crossroads (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 310-32.
66. Rosalind M. Rolland et al., "Evidence That Ship Noise Increases Stress in Right Whales," Proceedings of the Royal Society B, February 8, 2012, http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/01/rspb .2011.2429.full.
67. "Oceans: Source of Food, Energy and Materials," WWF Living Planet Report, 2012.
68. Ocean Conservancy, "Right from the Start: Open-Ocean Aquaculture in the United States," http://www.oceanconservancy.org/our-work/aqua culture/right-from-the-start.pdf.
69. See Marine Stewardship Council, "MSC Principles and Criteria for Sustainable Fishing," http://www.msc.org/documents/email/msc-principles -criteria.
70. Marine Stewardship Council, "MSC in Numbers," http://www.msc .org/business-support/key-facts-about-msc.
71. Kenneth R. Weiss, "McDonald's Fast-Food Fish Gets Eco-label as Sustainable," Los Angeles Times, January 24, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013 /jan/24/science/la-sci-sn-mcdonalds-fastfood-fish-gets-ecolabel-as -sustainable-20130124.
72. Weiss, "McDonald's Fast-Food Fish Gets Eco-label as Sustainable."
73. See Aburto-Oropeza et al., "Large Recovery of Fish Biomass in a No- Take Marine Reserve," PLoS ONE 6, no. 8 (2011), http://www.plosone.org /article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023601.
74. L. Pichegru et al., "Marine No-Take Zone Rapidly Benefits Endangered Penguin," Biology Letters (2010), http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/6/4/498.
75. WWF, "Marine Protected Areas," http://www.wwf.org.hk/en/whatwedo /conservation/marine/protectedareas.
76. Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources, "Marine Life Conservation Districts," . http://hawaii.gov/dlnr/dar/mlcd-hanauma.html
77. "Wavedeck Curves, Dips on Waterfront," National Post, June 4, 2009, http://www.canada.com/story-print.htmlid=87d186b8-eedb-4078-a3ba-61c8153e524b&sponsor=.
78. Aquatic Habitat Toronto, http://aquatichabitat.ca/wp.
79. New York City Department of Planning, "Mayor Bloomberg and Speaker Quinn Unveil Comprehensive Plan for New York City's Waterfronts and Waterways," press release, March 14, 2011, http://www.nyc.gov /html/dcp/html/about/pr031411.shtml.
80. New York City Department of City Planning, Vision 2020: New York City Comprehensive Waterfront Plan, March 2011, http://www.nyc.gov/html /dcp/html/cwp/index.shtml.
81. See New York City Global Partners, "Best Practice: Waterfront Area Zoning," http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/gprb/downloads/pdf/NYC-Planning-WaterfrontZoning.pdf.
82. For detailed information about this project, see Port of Rotterdam, "Space for the Future," http://www.maasvlakte2.com/en/index.
83. See Port of Rotterdam Authority, Project Organization Maasvlakte, The Sustainable Port, May 2008, https://www.maasvlakte2.com/uploads/maas vlakte-2-the-sustainable-port.pdf.
84. City of Oslo, Fjord City Plan, Department of Urban Development, Oslo Waterfront Planning Office, Agency for Planning (n.d.).
85. City of Oslo, Fjord City Plan, 2.
86. Jon Otterveck, ed., Oslo Opera House (Opera Forlag, n.d.), 46.
87. See "Ithaa Undersea Restaurant," http://conradhotels3.hilton.com/en/hotels/maldives/conrad-maldives-rangali-island-MLEHICI/amenities/restaurants-ithaa-undersea-restaurant.html.
88. See http://www.yesemails.com/waterstuff/underwaterrestaurant.
89. "The Breathtaking Poseidon Undersea Resort in Fiji," http://luxatic .com/the-breathtaking-poseidon-undersea-resort-in-fiji.
90. Nicolai Ouroussoff, "Imagining a More Watery New York," New York Times, March 25, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/arts/design /26rising.html.
91. see also Thomas de Monchaux, "Save New York by Making It 'Soft,'" January 15, 2013, New Yorker Culture Desk, http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2013/01/how-to-protect-new-york-from-rising-waters-with-soft-infrastructure.html#slide-ss-0=1.
92. NYC Environmental Protection, "Blue Roof and Green Roof," http:// http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/stormwater/green-pilot-project-ps118.shtml.
93. Some fourteen schools constructed by the NYC School Construction Authority include blue roof designs. See NYC Environmental Protection, "Rooftop Detention," http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/rooftop-detention.pdf.
94. Emily Wax, "In Flood-Prone Bangladesh, a Future That Floats," Washington Post, September 27, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp -dyn/content/article/2007/09/26/AR2007092602582.html.
95. Cliff Kuang, "Floating Schools Designed to Fight Floods in Bangladesh," Fast Company Co.Design, December 7, 2012, http://www.fastcodesign .com/1671401/floating-schools-designed-to-fight-floods-in-bangladesh.
96. See also Shidhulai, http://www.shidhulai.org.
97. E.g., Derek Mead, "Recycled Island Is Hawaii on Floating Trash," Motherboard, October 26, 2011, http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/recy cled-island-is-hawaii-on-floating-trash.
98. For an excellent review of these ideas, see Zhongjie Lin, Kenzo Tange and the Metabolist Movement: Urban Utopias of Modern Japan (New York: Routledge, 2010).
99. Neil Chambers, "Re-imagining Infrastructure," http://livabilitylaw .com/archives/7143.
100. NYC Environmental Protection, "The Staten Island Bluebelt: A Natural Solution to Stormwater Management," http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep /html/dep-projects/bluebelt.shtml.
101. NYC Environmental Protection, "The Staten Island Bluebelt."
102. See NYC Environmental Protection, "The Staten Island Blue Belt."
103. See Laguna Bluebelt Coalition, http://lagunabluebelt.org.
104. E.g., see Seattle Parks and Recreation, "City Park Marine Reserves Rule," http://www.seattle.gov/parks/Publications/MarineReserveRule.htm.
105. See Hudson River Park, http://www.hudsonriverpark.org.
106. See "Biophilic Wellington" (video), http://www.youtube.com/watchv=4-BmwhdpLo.
107. Quoted in New York City Department of Planning, "Mayor Bloomberg and Speaker Quinn Unveil Comprehensive Plan for New York City's Waterfronts and Waterways," press release, March 14, 2011, http://www.nyc .gov/html/dcp/html/about/pr031411.shtml.
108. Milwaukee Riverkeeper, "Milwaukee Urban River Trail," http://www .mkeriverkeeper.org/content/milwaukee-urban-water-trail.
109. There are a growing number of similar nonprofits, including the Long Island City Community Boathouse and the North Brooklyn Boat Club, among others.
110. Cape Cod Commission, Cape Cod Ocean Management Plan, Barnstable, Massachusetts, October 13, 2011.
111. The Whale Tail is located a few feet away from the Route 250 bypass, and the Dairy Street Bridge, in the Greenbrier neighborhood of Charlottesville.
112. MarineBio, "Worldwide Aquariums and Marine Life Centers," http:// marinebio.org/marine-aquariums.asp.
113. National Aquarium, "Economic Impact," http://www.aqua.org/press//media/Files/Pressroom/National%20Aquarium-Economic%20Impact-AF.pdf.
114. "Biosphere Urban BioKit Edmonton," http://www.edmonton.ca/environmental/documents/Edmonton-BioKitLOW.pdf.
115. Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, Whale Watching Center, "Volunteering-Whale Watching Spoken Here," http://www.oregon.gov /oprd/PARKS/WhaleWatchingCenter.
116. See Ocean Discovery Institute, "Discover Ocean Leaders," http:// oceandiscoveryinstitute.org/education-2/after-school-initiatives.
117. Blair and Dawn Witherington, Florida's Living Beach: A Guide for the Curious Beachcomber (Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, 2007), 308.
118. Deborah Sullivan Brennan, "Citizen Scientists Play Key Roles in Research," San Diego Union Tribune, December 10, 2012, http://m.utsandiego .com/news/2012/dec/10/tp-citizen-scientists-play-key-roles-in-research.
119. Auckland Shell Club, http://nz-seashells.tripod.com.
120. See International Surfing Association, "Surfing Statistics," http:// www.statisticbrain.com/surfing-statistics.
121. DEMA: The Diving Equipment and Marketing Association, "Fast Facts: Recreational Scuba Diving and Snorkeling," http://www.dema.org/asso ciations/1017/files/Diving%20Fast%20Facts-2013.pdf.
122. PADI: Professional Association of Diving Instructors, "Worldwide Corporate Statistics 2013," http://www.padi.com/scuba/uploadedFiles/Scuba-Do-not-use-this-folder-at-al/About-PADI/PADI-Statistics/2012%20WW%20Statistics.pdff.
123. According to Oceania, a ship of two to three thousand passengers can generate one thousand metric tons of waste in a single day. The cruise ship industry, while subject to international treaties such as MARPOL, has a terrible track record, with many stories of flagrant disregard for marine environments.
124. Ross A. Klein, "Stop Rearranging Deck Chairs: Cruise Industry Needs Big Changes," Seattle Times, April 10, 2012, http://seattletimes.com /html/travel/2017948779-webcruiseships11.html.
125. Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association, Cruise Industry Overview- 2011, http://www.f-cca.com/downloads/2011-overview-book-Cruise%20Industry%20Overview%20and%20Statistics.pdf.
126. PRNewswire, "In Time for Earth Day 2012 Holland America Line Debuts 'Our Marvelous Oceans' Video Series in Partnership with Marine Conservation Institute," April 19, 2012, http://www.prnewswire.com/news -releases/in-time-for-earth-day-2012-holland-america-line-debuts-our -marvelous-oceans-video-series-in-partnership-with-marine-conser vation-institute-148157305.html.
127. See Conservation International, From Ship to Shore: Sustainable Stewardship in Cruise Destinations, January 1, 2005, http://www.conservation .org/global/celb/Documents/from-ship-to-shore-eng.pdf.
128. Sea-Changers, "How to Help-Cruise Passengers," http://www.sea -changers.org.uk/how-to-help/how-to-help-for-cruise-passengers.
129. "Dive into theBlu," . http://theblu.com/index.html
130. See Timothy Beatley, Biophilic Cities: Integrating Nature into Urban Design and Planning (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2011).
131. Rebecca Sarah Koss and Jonathon Yotti Kingsley, "Volunteer Health and Emotional Wellbeing in Marine Protected Areas," Ocean and Coastal Management 53, no. 8 (August 2010): 451.
132. As Koss and Kingsley ("Volunteer Health and Emotional Wellbeing in Marine Protected Areas," 451) note: "Sea Search volunteers who live locally to their MPA [marine protected area] are in effect the eyes and ears in reporting issues to the local management authorities (Parks Victoria) as one member of Friends of Mushroom Reef Marine Sanctuary, Victoria, points out: 'I knew it [Mushroom Reef] was there before and I had a little bit to do with it. I do feel like I belong, I am part of it, and if I see people out there trampling around or doing things, I start to get angry about it because they are upsetting my patch.'"
133. Washington State University, WSU Beach Watchers, http://beach watchers.wsu.edu/regional/index.php.
134. Deborah Young, "Squiggly Baby Eels Arrive in Staten Island Waterways," Staten Island Advance, April 12, 2012, http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2012/04/squiggly-baby-eels-arrive-in-s.html.
135. Heal the Bay, http://www.healthebay.org.
136. See RedMaps, "Tracking Wayward Snapper (and the History of Red- Map)," http://www.redmap.org.
137. Marine Resources Council, "North Atlantic Right Whale Program," http://www.mrcirl.org/our-programs/northern-right-whale-monitoring.
138. Nicole Flotterton, "Cornell Cooperative Extension Celebrates 20 Years at Southold's Cedar Beach," Hamptons.com, July 20, 2011, http:// www.hamptons.com/Community/Main-Articles/15132/Cornell-Coopera tive-Extension-Celebrates-20-Years.html.
139. See National Parks Board, Singapore, "About the Comprehensive Marine Biodiversity Survey," http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/doc/cmbs-annexa.pdf.
140. National Parks Board, Singapore, "More than 100 New Records and Discoveries of Marine Species in Singapore. More Possible Discoveries from Marine Biodiversity Expedition Now Underway at Southern Islands," http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.phpoption=com-news&task=view&id=329&Itemid=247.
141. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision, March 2012, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/pdf/WUP2011-Highlights.pdf.
142. Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre, "Visitor Centre," http://www .zeehondencreche.nl/wb/pages/visitors-centre.php.
143. "India Bans Captive Dolphin Shows as 'Morally Unacceptable,'" Environment News Service, May 20, 2013, http://ens-newswire.com/2013 /05/20/india-bans-captive-dolphin-shows-as-morally-unacceptable.
144. James Nye, "Fisherman Who Caught 'Biggest Mako Shark Ever' Sparks Worldwide Anger for Failing to Release 1323lb Monster . These Gruesome Trophy Photos Won't Help Then," MailOnline, June 5, 2013, http:// www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2336688/TV-crew-caught-biggest -mako-shark-sparks-outrage-animal-activists-world-upset-didnt-re lease-1323lb-sea-monster.html.
145. Associated Press, "Monster Mako Shark Caught off Southern California May Be a Record," New York Daily News, June 5, 2013, http://www .nydailynews.com/monster-shark-caught-california-record-article -1.1364397.
146. Benedict W. Wheeler, Mathew White, Will Stahl-Timmons, and Michael Depledge, "Does Living by the Coast Improve Health and Wellbeing?" Health and Place 18 (2012): 1198-1201.
147. Michael Depledge and William Bird, "The Blue Gym: Health and Wellbeing from Our Coasts," Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58 (2009): 947-48.
148. Mathew White et al., "Blue Space: The Importance of Water for Preference, Affect, and Restorativeness," Journal of Environmental Psychology 30 (2010): 482-93.
149. Susanna Curtin, "Wildlife Tourism: The Intangible, Psychological Benefits of Human-Wildlife Encounters," Current Issues in Tourism 12 (5-6): 451-74.