Safety Behavior Increases Obsession-Related Cognitions About the Severity of Threat

Behavior Therapy

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 521-531

  van Uijen, Sophie L ^a   Toffolo, Marieke B J ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Checking; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Safety behavior; Threat overestimation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ASSESSMENT OF HUMANS; BECK ANXIETY INVENTORY; BEHAVIOR; CHECKING COGNITIONS SCALE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE EXACERBATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; OBSESSIVE BELIEF QUESTIONNAIRE 44; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; RESPONSIBILITY AND THREAT ESTIMATION SCALE; SAFETY; THREAT; CLASSIFICATION; INDIVIDUALITY; OBSESSION; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGY;

COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; MALE; OBSESSIVE BEHAVIOR; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; SAFETY;

EID: 84937977028     PISSN: 00057894     EISSN: 18781888     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2015.04.001     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Abramowitz J.S., Khandker M., Nelson C.A., Deacon B.J., Rygwall R. The role of cognitive factors in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2006, 44:1361-1374. 10.1016/j.brat.2005.09.011.
2. Abramowitz J.S., Schwartz S.A., Whiteside S.P. A contemporary conceptual model of hypochondriasis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2002, 77:1323-1330.
3. American Psychological Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 2013, American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA. 5th ed.
4. Anholt G.A., van Oppen P., Cath D.C., Emmelkamp P.M., Smit J.H., van Balkom A.J. Sensitivity to change of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 2010, 17:154-159. 10.1002/cpp.641.
5. Beck A.T., Epstein N., Brown G., Steer R.A. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1988, 56:893-897.
6. Boschen M.J., Vuksanovic D. Deteriorating memory confidence, responsibility perceptions and repeated checking: Comparisons in OCD and control samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2007, 45:2098-2109. 10.1016/j.brat.2007.03.009.
7. Clark D.M. Anxiety disorders: Why they persist and how to treat them. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1999, 37:S5-S27.
8. Cordova-Middelbrink, J. A., Dek, E. C. P., & Engelbarts, M. M. B. (2007). Automatisering bij subklinische obsessief-compulsieve stoornis [Automatic processes in subclinical obsessive compulsive disorder]. (Unpublished master's thesis). Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
9. Cougle J.R., Lee H. Pathological and non-pathological features of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Revisiting basic assumptions of cognitive models. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 2014, 3:12-20. 10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.11.002.
10. Cox B.J., Cohen E., Direnfeld D.M., Swinson R.P. Does the Beck Anxiety Inventory measure anything beyond panic attack symptoms?. Behavior Research and Therapy 1996, 34:949-954. 10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00037-X.
11. Craske M.G.C., Tsao J.C.I. Self-monitoring with panic and anxiety disorders. Psychological Assessment 1999, 11:466-479.
12. Deacon B., Abramowitz J.S. Is hypochondriasis related to obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, or both? An empirical evaluation. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 2008, 22:115-127. 10.1891/0889-8391.22.2.115.
13. Deacon B., Maack D.J. The effects of safety behaviors on the fear of contamination: An experimental investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2008, 46:537-547. 10.1016/j.brat.2008.01.010.
14. Engelhard, I. M., van Uijen, S. L., van Seters, N., & Velu, N. (in press). The effects of safety behavior directed towards a safety cue on perceptions of threat. Behavior Therapy.
15. Festinger L. A theory of cognitive dissonance 1957, Row Peterson, Evanston, IL.
16. Festinger L., Carlsmith J.M. Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology 1959, 58:203-210. 10.1037/h0041593.
17. Field A. Discovering statistics using SPSS 2009, Sage, London, UK. 3rd ed.
18. Foa E.D., Huppert J.D., Leiberg S., Langner R., Kichic R., Hajcek R., Salkovskis P.M. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: The development and validation of a short version. Psychological Assessment 2002, 14:485-496. 10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.485.
19. Gangemi A., Mancini F., van den Hout M. Behavior as information: "If I avoid, then there must be a danger.". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2012, 43:1032-1038. 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.04.005.
20. Gillan C.M., Robbins T.W. Goal-directed learning and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2014, 369(1655). 10.1098/rstb.2013.0475.
21. Haidt J. The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science 2007, 316:998-1002. 10.1126/science.1137651.
22. Hajack G., Huppert J.D., Simons R.F., Foa E.B. Psychometric properties of the OCI-R in a college sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2004, 42:115-123. 10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.002.
23. Henry J.D., Crawford J.R. The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2005, 44:227-239. 10.1348/014466505X29657.
24. Leyfer O.T., Ruberg J.L., Woodruff-Borden J. Examination of the utility of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and its factors as a screener for anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2006, 20:444-458. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.05.004.
25. Myers S.G., Fisher P.L., Wells A. Belief domains of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-44 (OBQ-44) and their specific relationship with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2008, 22:475-484. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.03.012.
26. Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group Psychometric validation of the Obsessive Belief Questionnaire and interpretation of Intrusions Inventory-Part 2: Factor analyses and testing of a brief version. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2005, 43:1527-1542. 10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.010.
27. Olatunji B.O., Etzel E.N., Tomarken A.J., Ciesielski B.G., Deacon B. The effects of safety behaviors on health anxiety: An experimental investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2011, 49:719-728. 10.1016/j.brat.2011.07.008.
28. Rachman S. A cognitive theory of compulsive checking. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2002, 40:625-639.
29. Robbins T.W., Gillan C.M., Smith D.G., de Wit S., Ersche K.D. Neurocognitive endophenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity: Towards dimensional psychiatry. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2012, 16:81-91. 10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.009.
30. Ruscio A.M., Stein D.J., Chiu W.T., Kessler R.C. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Molecular Psychiatry 2010, 15:53-63. 10.1038/mp.2008.94.
31. Salkovskis P.M. The importance of behaviour in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: A cognitive account. Behavioural Psychotherapy 1991, 19:6-19.
32. Salkovskis P.M., Thorpe S.J., Wahl K., Wroe A.L., Forrester E. Neutralizing increases discomfort associated with obsessional thoughts: An experimental study with obsessional patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2003, 112:709-715. 10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.709.
33. Sloan T., Telch M.J. The effects of safety-seeking behavior and guided threat reappraisal on fear reduction during exposure: An experimental investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2002, 40:235-251.
34. Spielberger C.D. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 1983, Psychologists Press, Consulting Palo Alto, CA.
35. Telch M.J., Lancaster C.L. Is there room for safety behaviors in exposure therapy for anxiety disorders?. Exposure therapy: Rethinking the model-refining the method 2012, 313-334. Springer, New York, NY. 10.1007/978-1-4614-3342-2_18. P. Neudeck, H.U. Wittchek (Eds.).
36. Toffolo M.B.J., van den Hout M.A., Engelhard I.M., Hooge I.T.C., Cath D.C. Uncertainty, checking, and intolerance of uncertainty in subclinical obsessive compulsive disorder: An extended replication. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 2014, 3:338-344. 10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.08.004.
37. Toffolo M.B.J., van den Hout M.A., Hooge I.T.C., Engelhard I.M., Cath D.C. Mild uncertainty promotes checking behavior in subclinical obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychological Science 2013, 1:103-109. 10.1177/2167702612472487.
38. Tolin D.F., Worhunsky P., Maltby N. Are "obsessive" beliefs specific to OCD?: A comparison across anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2006, 44:469-480. 10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.007.
39. Van den Hout M., Gangemi A., Mancini F., Engelhard I.M., Rijkeboer M.M., van Dams M., Klugkist I. Behavior as information about threat in anxiety disorders: A comparison of patients with anxiety disorders and non-anxious controls. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2014, 45:489-495. 10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.07.002.
40. Van den Hout M., Kindt M. Repeated checking causes memory distrust. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2003, 41:301-316. 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00012-8.