A Debate on the Proposition that Self-report is the Gold Standard in Assessment of Pediatric Pain Intensity

Clinical Journal of Pain

Volumn 31, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 707-712

  Twycross, Alison ^a   Voepel Lewis, Terri ^b   Vincent, Catherine ^c   Franck, Linda S ^d   Von Baeyer, Carl L ^e,f  

^a LONDON SOUTH BANK UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HOSPITALS   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

gold standard; pain assessment; pain intensity; self report

Indexed keywords

AGE; ANALGESIA; CAREGIVER; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONSENSUS; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FACES PAIN SCALE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PAIN INTENSITY; PATIENT DECISION MAKING; PATIENT PREFERENCE; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SELF REPORT; CHILD; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PEDIATRICS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROCEDURES;

ANALGESIC AGENT;

ANALGESICS; CAREGIVERS; CHILD; CONSENSUS; HUMANS; PAIN MANAGEMENT; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PEDIATRICS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; SELF REPORT;

EID: 84937814426     PISSN: 07498047     EISSN: 15365409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000165     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (68)

1. McCaffery M. Nursing Practice Theories Related to Cognition, Bodily Pain and Main Environment Interactions. Volume 95. Los Angeles: University of Los Angeles; 1968.
2. Merskey M, Bogduk N. Classification of Chronic Pain: Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms. Seattle: IASP Press; 1994.
3. McGrath PJ, Unruh AM, Finley GA. Pain measurement in children. Pain: Clinical Updates. 1995;3:1-6.
4. Manne S, Jacobsen P, Redd W. Assessment of acute paediatric pain: do child self-report. parent ratings and nurse ratings measure the same phenomenon? Pain. 1992;48:45-52.
5. Craig KD, Badali MA. Introduction to the special series on pain deception and malingering. Clin J Pain. 2004;20:377-382.
6. Schiavenato M, Craig KD. Pain assessment as a social transaction beyond the "gold standard". Clin J Pain. 2010;26: 667-676.
7. Sullivan MD. Pain in language: from sentience to sapience. Pain Forum. 1995;4:3-14.
8. Venes D. ed. Gold Standard. In: Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary-22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company, 2013.
9. Pasero C, McCaffery M. Pain Assessment and Pharmacologic Management. St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby; 2011.
10. von Baeyer CL. What's the score in pain assessment? Med J Aust. 2012;196:379.
11. McGrath PA. Pain in Children: Nature, Assessment and Treatment. New York: Guildford Press; 1990.
12. von Baeyer CL, Spagrud LJ. Systematic review of observational (behavioral) measures of pain for children and adolescents aged 3 to18 years. Pain. 2007;127:140-150.
13. Stinson J, Yamada J, Kavanagh T, et al. Systematic review of the psychometric properties and feasibility of self-report pain measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents. Pain. 2006;125:143-157.
14. von Baeyer CL. Children's self-report of pain intensity: what we know, where we are headed. Pain Res Manag. 2009;14: 39-45.
15. Beyer JE, Denyes MJ, Villarruel AM. The creation, validation, and continuing development of the Oucher: a measure of pain intensity in children. J Pediatr Nurs. 1992;7:335-346.
16. Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, et al. The Faces pain scale-revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001;93:173-183.
17. Wong D, Baker C. Pain in children: a comparison of assessment scales. Pediatr Nurs. 1988;14:9-17.
18. Jensen MP, Karoly P, Braver S. The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of six methods. Pain. 1986; 27:117-126.
19. von Baeyer CL, Forsyth SJ, Stanford EA, et al. Response biases in preschool children's ratings of pain in hypothetical situations. Eur J Pain. 2009;13:209-213.
20. Twycross A, Finley GA, Latimer M. Pediatric nurses' postoperative pain management practices: an observational study. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2013;18:189-201.
21. Vincent CVH, Gaddy EJ. Pediatric nurses' thinking in response to vignettes on administering analgesics. Res Nurs Health. 2009;32:530-539.
22. Beyer JE, McGrath PJ, Berde CB. Discordance between self report and behavior measures in children aged 3-7 years after surgery. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1990;5:350-356.
23. Goodenough B, Champion GD, Laubreaux L, et al. Needle pain severity in children: does the relationship between self-report and observed behaviour vary as a function of age. Aust J Psychol. 1998;50:1-9.
24. Tesler MD, Holzemer WL, Savedra MC. Pain behaviors: postsurgical responses of children and adolescents. J Pediatr Nurs. 1998;13:41-47.
25. Nilsson S, Finnstrom B, Kokinsky E. The FLACC behavioral scale for procedural pain assessment in children aged 5-16 years. Pediatr Anesth. 2008;18:767-774.
26. Willis MH, Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, et al. FLACC Behavioral Pain Assessment Scale: a comparison with the child's self-report. Pediatr Nurs. 2003;29:195-198.
27. Zhou H, Roberts P, Horgan L. Association between self-report ratings of child and parent, child and nurses and parent and nurse dyads: meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63:334-342.
28. Johnston CC, Gagnon AJ, Rennick J, et al. One-on-one coaching to improve pain assessment and management practices of pediatric nurses. J Pediatr Nurs. 2007;22: 467-478.
29. Twycross A. Pain management: a nursing priority? J Child Health Care. 1999;3:19-24.
30. Byrne A, Morton J, Salmon P. Defending against patients' pain: a qualitative analysis if nurses' responses to children's postoperative pain. J Psychosom Res. 2001;50:69-76.
31. Vincent CVH. Nurses' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding children's pain. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2005;30:177-183.
32. Royal College of Nursing. The Recognition and Assessment of Acute Pain in Children-Recommendations: Revised. London: RCN Publishing; 2009.
33. Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists. Good practice in postoperative and procedural pain management, 2nd edition. Pediatr Anesth. 2012;22(S1):1-81.
34. American Academy of Pediatrics, American Pain Society. The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2001;108:793-797.
35. von Baeyer CL. Self-report: the primary source in assessment after infancy. In: McGrath PJ, Stevens B, Walker S, Zempsky W, eds. Oxford Textbook of Paediatric Pain. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013:370-378.
36. Huguet A, Stinson JN, McGrath PJ. Measurement of self-reported pain intensity in children and adolescents. J Psychosom Res. 2010;68:329-336.
37. McCaffery M. Nursing Management of the Patient in Pain. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1972.
38. Franck LS, Bruce EA. Putting pain assessment into practice: why is it so painful? Pain Res Manag. 2009;14:13-20.
39. Ista E, van Dijk M, van Achterberg T. Do implementation strategies increase adherence to pain assessment in hospitals? A systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2013;50:552-568.
40. Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2725-2732.
41. Apfelbaum JL, Chen C, Mehta SS, et al. Postoperative pain experience: results from a national survey suggest postoperative pain continues to be undermanaged. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:534-540.
42. Mularski RA, White-Chu F, Overbay D, et al. Measuring pain as the 5th vital sign does not improve quality of pain management. J Gen Int Med. 2006;21:607-612.
43. van Dijk JF, van Wijck AJ, Kappen TH, et al. Postoperative pain assessment based on numeric ratings is not the same for patients and professionals: a cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2012;49:65-71.
44. Miaskowski C, Nichols R, Brody R, et al. Assessment of patient satisfaction utilizing the American Pain Society's Quality Assurance Standards on acute and cancer-related pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1994;9:5-11.
45. Voepel-Lewis T, Burke CN, Jeffreys N, et al. Do 0-10 Numeric Rating Scores translate into clinically meaningful pain measures for children? Anesth Analg. 2011;112:415-421.
46. Twycross A, Finley GA. Children's and parents' perceptions of postoperative pain management: a mixed methods study. J Clin Nurs. 2013;22:3095-3108.
47. Vila H Jr. Smith RA, Augustyniak MJ, et al. The efficacy and safety of pain management before and after implementation of hospital-wide pain management standards: is patient safety compromised by treatment based solely on numerical pain ratings? Anesth Analg. 2005;101:474-480.
48. Taylor S, Voytovich AE, Kozol RA. Has the pendulum swung too far in postoperative pain control? Am J Surg. 2003; 186:472-475.
49. Lucas CE, Vlahos AL, Ledgerwood AM. Kindness kills: the negative impact of pain as the fifth vital sign. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;205:101-107.
50. Taylor S, Kirton OC, Staff I, et al. Postoperative day one: a high risk period for respiratory events. Am J Surg. 2005;190: 752-756.
51. McConahay T, Bryson M, Bulloch B. Defining mild, moderate, and severe pain by using the color analogue scale with children presenting to a pediatric emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13:341-344.
52. Bailey B, Daoust R, Doyon-Trottier E, et al. Validation and properties of the verbal numeric scale in children with acute pain. Pain. 2010;149:216-221.
53. Gauthier JC, Finley GA, McGrath PJ. Children's self-report of postoperative pain intensity and treatment: threshold: determining the adequacy of medication. Clin J Pain. 1998;14:116-120.
54. Page MG, Katz J, Stinson J, et al. Validation of the numerical rating scale for pain intensity and unpleasantness in pediatric acute postoperative pain: sensitivity to change over time. J Pain. 2012;13:359-369.
55. Demyttenaere S, Finley GA, Johnston CC, et al. Pain treatment thresholds in children after major surgery. Clin J Pain. 2001;17:173-177.
56. Versloot J, von Baeyer CL, Craig KD. Children give different self-reports of pain intensity to different people: the influence of social display rules. Pediatr Pain Lett. 2013;15:19-22.
57. Carlson CL. Use of three evidence-based postoperative pain assessment practices by registered nurses. Pain Manag Nurs. 2009;10:174-187.
58. von Baeyer CL, Chambers CT, Forsyth SJ, et al. Developmental data supporting simplification of self-report pain scales for pre-school children. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013; 14:1116-1121.
59. Stanford EA, Chambers CT, Craig KD. The role of developmental factors in predicting young children's use of a self-report scale for pain. Pain. 2006;120:16-23.
60. Spiers J. Expressing and responding to pain and stoicism in home-care nurse-patient interactions. Scand J Caring Sci. 2006;20:293-301.
61. Williams ACDC, Davies HT, Chadury Y. Simple pain rating scales hide complex idiosyncratic meanings. Pain. 2000;85: 457-463.
62. von Baeyer CL. Children's self-reports of pain intensity: scale selection, limitations and interpretation. Pain Res Manag. 2006;11:157-162.
63. White PF, Kehlet H. Improving pain management: are we jumping from the frying pan into the fire? Anesth Analg. 2007;105:101-102.
64. Joint Commission. Safe use of opioids in hospital. The Joint Commission Sentinel Event Alert. 2012;49:1-5. Available at: http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/SEA-49-opioids-8-2-12-final.pdf.
65. Voepel-Lewis T, Piscotty RJ, Annis A, et al. Empirical review supporting the application of the "Pain Assessment as a Social Transaction" model in pediatrics. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012;44:446-457.
66. McGrath PJ, Walco GA, Turk DC, et al. Core outcome domains and measures for pediatric acute and chronic/recurrent pain clinical trials: PedIMMPACT recommendations. J Pain. 2008;9:771-783.
67. Fulbrook P, Mooney S. Care bundles in critical care: a practical approach to evidence-based practice. Nurs Crit Care. 2003;8:249-255.
68. Herr K, Coyne PJ, Key T, et al. Pain assessment in the nonverbal patient: position statement with clinical practice recommendations. Pain Manag Nurs. 2006;7:44-52.