The dark side of the rural idyll: Stories of illegal/illicit economic activity in the UK countryside

Journal of Rural Studies

Volumn 39, Issue , 2015, Pages 219-228

  Somerville, Peter ^a   Smith, Robert ^b   McElwee, Gerard ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LINCOLN   (United Kingdom)

^b ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c SHEFFIELD HALLAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Criminal entrepreneurship; Ferdinand T nnies; Illegal rural enterprise; Illicit Rural enterprise; Roguery

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY; ENTREPRENEUR; INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE; RURAL ECONOMY; RURAL POPULATION;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84937811835     PISSN: 07430167     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.12.001     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Ackoff R.L. Business ethics and the entrepreneur. J.Bus. Ventur. 1987, 2(3):185-191.
2. Anderson A.R. The Arcadian Enterprise: an Enquiry into the Nature and Conditions of Rural Small Business 1995, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Stirling.
3. Anderson A., Smith R. The moral space in entrepreneurship: ethical imperatives and moral legitimacy. Entrepreneursh. Reg. Dev. 2007, 19(6):479-497.
4. Barclay E., Donnermeyer J.F., Jobes P.C. The dark side of Gemeinschaft: criminality within rural communities. Crime Prev. Community Saf. An Int. J. 2004, 6(3):7-22.
5. Bartel R.L. Compliance and complicity: an assessment of the success of land clearance legislation in New South Wales. Environ. Plan. Law J. 2003, 20:116-141.
6. Basran G., Gill C., MacLean B. Farmworkers and Their Children 1995, Collective Press, Vancouver.
7. Baumol W. Entrepreneurship: productive, unproductive and destructive. J.Polit. Econ. 1990, 98(5):893-921.
8. Baumol W.J. Economic Theory and Operations Analysis 1995, Prentice-Hall, London.
9. Beirne P. Criminology and animal studies: a sociological view. Soc. Anim. 2002, 10:381-386.
10. Bell D. Anti-idyll: rural horror. Contested Countryside Cultures 1997, 94-108. Routledge, London. P. Cloke, J. Little (Eds.).
11. Bell D. Variations on the rural idyll. Handbook of Rural Studies 2006, 149-160. Sage, London. P. Cloke, T. Marsden, P. Mooney (Eds.).
12. Bogdan R., Taylor S.J. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: a Phenomenological Approach to the Social Sciences 1975, Wiley and Sons, New York.
13. Bolton B., Thompson J. Entrepreneurs: Talent, Temperament, Technique 2000, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, London.
14. Browne K. Beyond rural idylls: imperfect lesbian utopias at Michigan Womyn's music festival. J.Rural Stud. 2011, 27(1):13-23.
15. Bryant C.R. Entrepreneurs in the rural environment. J.Rural Stud. 1989, 5(4):337-348.
16. Bryson B. AWalk in the Woods 1997, Doubleday, London.
17. Buckley P., Casson M. The moral basis of global capitalism: beyond the eclectic theory. Int. J. Econ. Bus. 2001, 8(2):303-327.
18. Bunce M. The Countryside Ideal 1994, Routledge, London.
19. Bunce M. Reproducing rural idylls. Country Visions 2003, 14-30. Pearson Education Limited, Harlow. P. Cloke (Ed.).
20. Cahnman W.J. The empirical sociology of Tönnies. Ferdinand Tönnies: a New Evaluation 1973, E.J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands. W.J. Cahnman (Ed.).
21. Carcach C. Size, Accessibility and Crime in Regional Australia. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 175 2000, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra.
22. Clinard M.B. Rural criminal offenders. Am. J. Sociol. 1944, 50(1):38-45.
23. Cloke P. Country Visions 2003, Pearson Education Limited, Harlow.
24. Cloke P. Conceptualizing rurality. Handbook of Rural Studies 2006, 18-28. Sage, London. P. Cloke, T. Marsden, P. Mooney (Eds.).
25. Contested Countryside Cultures: Otherness, Marginalisation and Rurality 1997, Routledge, London. P. Cloke, J. Little (Eds.).
26. Cope J. Researching entrepreneurship through phenomenological enquiry. Int. Small Bus. J. 2005, 23(2):163-189.
27. Costley C., Elliot G., Gibbs P. Doing Work Based Research: Approaches to Enquiry for Insider-researchers 2010, Sage, London.
28. Davis R., Potter G.W. Bootlegging and rural criminal entrepreneurship. J.Crime Justice 1991, 14(1):145-159.
29. DeKeseredy W.S., Schwartz M.D., Fagin D., Hall M. Separation/divorce and sexual assault: the contribution of male support. Fem. Criminol. 2006, 1:1-23.
30. Devins D., Gold J. Social constructionism: a theoretical framework to underpin support for the development of managers in SMEs?. J.Small Bus. Enterp. Dev. 2002, 9(2):111-119.
31. Dhalech M. Challenging Racism in the Rural Idyll 1999, National Association of Citizens Advice Bureaux, London.
32. Donnermeyer J.F. Crime in Rural Communities: the Impact, the Causes, the Prevention 2006, (Paper presented at a conference on Rural Crime: Roots and Restoration, at the University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales).
33. Donnermeyer J.F., Jobes P., Barclay E. Rural crime, poverty and community. Advancing Critical Criminology 2006, Lexington Books, Lanham. W.S. DeKeseredy, B. Perry (Eds.).
34. Ellickson R.C. Order Without Law: How Neighbours Settle Disputes 1991, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
35. Enticott G. Techniques of neutralising wildlife crime in rural England and Wales. J.Rural Stud. 2011, 27(2):200-208.
36. Eriksson M. People in Stockholm are smarter than countryside folks - reproducing urban and rural imaginaries in film and life. J.Rural Stud. 2010, 26(2):95-104.
37. Etzioni A. Entrepreneurship, adaptation and legitimization. J.Econ. Behav. Organ. 1987, 8(2):175-189.
38. Fadahunsi A., Rosa P. Entrepreneurship and illicitly: insights from the Nigerian cross-border trade. J.Bus. Ventur. 2002, 17(5):397-429.
39. Francisco J., Chenier C. Acomparison of large urban, small urban and rural crime rates, 2005. Stat. Can. Can. Centre Justice Stat. 2007, 27(3). catalogue no 85-002-XIE.
40. Freudenburg W.R. The density of acquaintanceship: an overlooked variable in community research. Am. J. Sociol. 1986, 92:27-63.
41. Frith K., McElwee G. An emergent entrepreneur? A story of a drug-dealer in a restricted entrepreneurial environment. Soc. Bus. Rev. 2008, 3(2):270-286.
42. Frith K., McElwee G. Value adding and value extracting entrepreneurship at the margins. J.Small Bus. Entrepreneursh. 2009, 22(1):39-54.
43. Frith K., McElwee G. The entrepreneurial wide boy: a modern morality tale. Int. J. Entrepreneursh. Small Bus. 2009, 5(5):16-26.
44. Galloway L. Entrepreneurship and the gay minority: why the silence?. Int. J. Entrepreneursh. Innov. 2007, 8(4):271-280.
45. Halfacree K.H. Locality and social representation: space, discourse and alternative definitions of the rural. J.Rural Stud. 1993, 9(1):23-37.
46. Halfacree K. Talking about rurality: social representations of the rural as expressed by residents of six English parishes. J.Rural Stud. 1995, 11(1):1-20.
47. Halfacree K. Landscapes of rurality: rural others/other rurals. Studying Cultural Landscapes 2003, Sage, London. I. Robertson, P. Richards (Eds.).
48. Halfacree K. Rural space: constructing a three-fold architecture. Handbook of Rural Studies 2006, 44-62. Sage, London. P. Cloke, T. Marsden, P. Mooney (Eds.).
49. Halfacree K. Trial by space for a 'radical rural': introducing alternative localities, representations and lives. J.Rural Stud. 2007, 23:125-141.
50. Heley J. Rounds, range rovers and rurality: the drinking geographies of a new squirearchy. Drugs: Educ. Prev. Policy 2008, 15(3):1-7.
51. Heley J. The new squirearchy and emergent cultures of the new middle classes in rural areas. J.Rural Stud. 2010, 26(4):321-331.
52. Heley J. On the potential of being a village boy: an argument for local rural ethnography. Sociol. Rural. 2011, 51(3):219-237.
53. Hobbs D. Doing the Business: Entrepreneurship, the Working Class and Detectives in the East End of London 1988, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
54. Hogg R., Carrington K. Crime, rurality and community. Aust. N. Z. J. Criminol. 1998, 31(2):160-181.
55. Hogg R., Carrington K. Policing the Rural Crisis 2006, The Federation Press, Sydney.
56. Jacobs J. The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1961, Penguin, Harmondsworth.
57. Jay E. Keep Them in Birmingham: Challenging Racism in South West England 1992, Commission for Racial Equality, London.
58. Jobes P., Barclay E., Wein H., Donnermeyer J. Astructural analysis of social disorganization and crime in rural communities in Australia. Aust. N. Z. J. Criminol. 2004, 37:114-140.
59. Kalantaridis C., Bika Z. In-migrant entrepreneurship in rural England: beyond local embeddedness. Entrepreneursh. Reg. Dev. 2006, 18(2):109-131.
60. Kirzner I. Competition and Entrepreneurship 1973, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
61. Knight F.H. Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit 1921, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA.
62. Lefebvre H. The Production of Space 1991/1974, Blackwell, Oxford.
63. Little J. Gender relations in rural areas: the importance of women's domestic role. J.Rural Stud. 1987, 3:335-342.
64. Little J., Austin P. Women and the rural idyll. J.Rural Stud. 1996, 12(2):101-111.
65. Little J., Panelli R., Kraack A. Women's fear of crime: a rural perspective. J.Rural Stud. 2005, 21(2):151-163.
66. McElwee G. Farmers as entrepreneurs: developing competitive skills. J.Dev. Entrepreneursh. 2006, 11(3):187-206.
67. McElwee G. The rural entrepreneur: problems of definition. Int. J. Entrepreneursh. Small Bus. 2008, 6(3):320-321.
68. Machan T.R. Entrepreneurship and ethics. Int. J. Soc. Econ. 1999, 26(5):596-609.
69. Mahar C. On the moral economy of country life. J.Rural Stud. 1991, 7(4):363-372.
70. Marshall B., Johnson S. Crime in Rural Areas: a Review of the Literature for the Rural Evidence Research Centre 2005, Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, University College London, London.
71. Massey D. Landscape as provocation. J.Mater. Cult. 2006, 11(1/2):33-48.
72. Miles M.B., Huberman A.M. Qualitative Data Analysis: a Sourcebook of New Methods 1984, Sage, California.
73. Millie A. Anti-social behaviour, behavioural expectations and an urban aesthetic. Br. J. Criminol. 2008, 48(3):379-394.
74. Mingay G.E. The Rural Idyll 1989, Routledge, London.
75. Mirrlees-Black C. Rural Areas and Crime: Findings from the British Crime Survey. Home Office Research Findings No.77 1998, Home Office, London.
76. Mood M.S. Opportunists, predators and rogues: the role of local state relations in shaping Chinese rural development. J.Agrar. Change 2005, 5(2):217-250.
77. Mooney P. My Own Boss? Class, Rationality, and the Family Farm 1988, Westview Press Inc.
78. Murdoch J., Lowe P., Ward N., Marsden T. The Differentiated Countryside 2003, Routledge, London.
79. Neal S., Walters S. 'You can get away with loads because there's no one here': discourses of regulation and non-regulation in English rural spaces. Geoforum 2007, 38:252-263.
80. Nurse A. Policing Wildlife: Perspectives on Criminality and Criminal Justice Policy in Wildlife Crime in the UK 2008, Birmingham City University, Birmingham.
81. Nurse A. Policing Wildlife: Perspectives on Criminality in Wildlife Crime 2011, 38-53. Papers from the British Society of Criminology 2011 conference 11.
82. Nurse A. Rural crime and policing. Interpreting Rurality: Multidisciplinary Approaches 2013, Routledge, London. G. Bosworth, P. Somerville (Eds.).
83. Pennings J. Crime in Rural New South Wales: a Police Perspective 1999, Paper presented at the conference on Crime in Rural Australia convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology and the Rural Development Centre. 1st March.
84. Pompe V. Moral entrepreneurship: resource based ethics. J.Agric. Environ. Ethics 2013, 26(2):313-332.
85. Pratt A. Discourses of rurality: loose talk or social struggle?. J.Rural Stud. 1996, 12:69-78.
86. Pretty J., Ward H. Social capital and the environment. World Dev. 2001, 29(2):209-227.
87. Rehn A., Taalas S. Crime and assumptions in entrepreneurship. Narrative and Discursive Approaches in Entrepreneurship: a Second Movements in Entrepreneurship Book 2004, 144-159.
88. Rehn A., Taalas S. 'Znakomstva i svyazi!' (acquaintances and connections) - Blat, the Soviet Union, and mundane entrepreneurship. Entrepreneursh. Reg. Dev. 2004, 16(3):235-250.
89. Rephann T.J. Links between rural development and crime. Pap. Reg. Sci. 1999, 78:365-386.
90. Schumpeter J. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 1942, Routledge, London.
91. Schutz A. Common-sense and scientific interpretation of human action. Philos. Phenomenol. Res. 1953, 14(1):1-37.
92. Scott J., Biron D. Wolf Creek, rurality and the Australian gothic. J.Media & Cult. Stud. 2010, 24(2):307-322.
93. Short B. Idyllic ruralities. Handbook of Rural Research 2006, 133-148. Sage, London. P. Cloke, T. Marsden, P. Mooney (Eds.).
94. Short J.R. Imagined Country: Society, Culture and Environment 1991, Routledge, London.
95. Smith R. Rural rogues: a case story on the 'smokies' trade. Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res. 2004, 10(4):277-294.
96. Smith R. Editorial. Int. J. Entrepreneursh. Innov. 2007, 8(4):245-250.
97. Smith R. Understanding entrepreneurial behaviour in organised criminals. J.Enterprising Communities: People Places 2009, 3(3):256-268.
98. Smith R. Policing the changing landscape of rural crime: a case study from Scotland. Int. J. Police Sci. Manag. 2010, 12(3):373-387.
99. Smith R. Developing a working typology of rural criminals: from a UK police intelligence perspective. Int. J. Rural Criminol. 2013, 2(1):126-145.
100. Smith R., Laing A., McElwee G. The rise of illicit rural enterprise within the farming industry: a viewpoint. Int. J. Agric. Manag. 2013, 2(4):185-188.
101. Smith R., McElwee G. Confronting social constructions of rural criminality: a case story on illegal pluriactivity in farming. Sociol. Rural. 2013, 53(1):112-134.
102. Smith R., Somerville P. The long goodbye: a research note on the closure of rural 'police stations' and the decline of rural policing in the UK. Polic. A J. Policy Pract. 2013, 348-358.
103. Sorokin P., Zimmerman C.C. Principles of Rural-urban Sociology 1929, H. Holt, New York.
104. Sorokin P., Zimmerman C.C., Galpin C.G. ASystematic Sourcebook in Rural Sociology 1931, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
105. Stathopoulou S., Psaltopoulos D., Skuras D. Rural entrepreneurship in Europe: a research framework and agenda. Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res. 2004, 10(6):404-425.
106. Swaffield S., Fairweather J. In search of Arcadia: the persistence of the rural idyll in New Zealand subdivisions. J.Environ. Plan. Manag. 1998, 41(1):111-127.
107. Tönnies F. Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft 1887, Fues's Verlag, Leipzig, translated in 1957 as "Community and Society" by C. P. Loomis, Michigan State University.
108. Vik J., McElwee G. Diversification and the entrepreneurial motivations of farmers in Norway. J.Small Bus. Manag. 2011, 49(3):390-410.
109. Weber M. An Outline of Interpretive Sociology 1978, vol. 1. University of California Press.
110. Wempe J. Ethical entrepreneurship and fair trade. J.Bus. Ethics 2005, 60(2):211-220.
111. Williams B. Rural victims of crime. Crime and Conflict in the Countryside 1999, University of Wales Press, Cardiff. G. Dingwall, S. Moody (Eds.).
112. Williams C.C. The Hidden Enterprise Culture: Entrepreneurship in the Underground Economy 2006, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
113. Williams C.C. Beyond necessity- versus opportunity-driven entrepreneurship: a study of informal entrepreneurs in England, Russia and Ukraine. Int. J. Entrepreneursh. Innovation 2008, 9(3):16-24.
114. Williams R. The Country and the City 1973, Chatto and Windus, London.
115. Woodward R. 'Deprivation' and 'the rural': an investigation into contradictory discourses. J.Rural Stud. 1996, 12(1):55-67.
116. Wortman M.S. Rural entrepreneurship research: an integration into the entrepreneurship field. Agribusiness 1990, 6(4):329-344.
117. Wylie J. Asingle day's walking: narrating self and landscape on the South West Coast Path. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 2005, 30:234-247.
118. Yarwood R. Crime and policing in the British Countryside: some agendas for contemporary geographical research. Sociol. Rural. 2001, 41(2):201-219.
119. Yarwood R. Beyond the rural idyll: images, countryside change and geography. Geography 2005, 90(1):19-31.
120. Yarwood R., Edwards B. Voluntary action in rural areas: the case of neighbourhood watch. J.Rural Stud. 1995, 11(4):447-459.