A theory of gendercide

Journal of Genocide Research

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 11-38

  Holter, Øystein Gullvåg ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84937384791     PISSN: 14623528     EISSN: 14699494     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14623520120113883     Document Type: Article

References (67)

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2. 1982. "Seksualitet og historie,". Materialisten, 3: 50–77. Historical sources on the change from eroticism to sexuatity are discussed in Øystein gullvig Holter
3. Solheim, Jorun. 1995. "Shelter from the storm," ”. In Labour of Love: Beyond the Self-Evidence of Everyday life, Edited by: Borchgrevink, Tordis, and Holter, Øystein GuIlvig. Aldershot: Avebury. which also features a critique of Foucault. For deep symbolic gender analysis
4. Solheim. 1998. Den åpne kroppen, Oslo: Pax.
5. Lorentzen, Jørgen. 1996. "Mannlighetens mutigheter. Om mannlig under, erfaring og etikk i dot moderne gjennombrudds litteratur" ”. University of Oslo. PhD dissertation
6. Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah. 1996. Hitler's Willing Executioner: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, London: Little, Brown &. Co.
7. Theweleit, Klans. 1987. Male Fantasies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Holter, Øystein Gullvig. 1984. "Gender as forms of value," ”. In Patriarchy In a Welfare State, Edited by: Holler, H., Oslo: The University Press.
9. Tuchman, Barbara. 1980. A Distant Mirror, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
10. Almedal, Rom, and Danielsen, Laila. 1994. Voldtekt påmenn, Hovedoppgave: Psykologisk Institutt Universitet I Oslo.
11. Larsen, Gunnar Rasi. 2000. "Mann utsatt for massevoldtekt nektes voldsoffererstatnig,". Oslopostten, June 7: 6–7. The denial occurs in the couru and the media as well
12. For mis and other principles of "patriarchal strategy" see Holter, Gender. Patriarchy ana Capitalism..
13. Griffin, Roger, ed. 1995. Fascism, 137Oxford: Oxford University Press. emphasis added
14. Griffin, ed. Fascism 136
15. Grunberger, Richard. 1971. A Social History of the Third Reich, 252London: Penguin.
16. Novikova, Irina. 2000. "Soviet and post-Soviet masculinities: after men's wars in women's memories," ”. In Male Roles, Masculinities and Violence: A Culture of Peace Perspective, Edited by: Breines, Ingeborg. 128Paris: Unesco Publishing.
17. Ottosen, Rune. 1994. Mediestrategier og fiendebilder l Internationale konfikkter-norske medier I skyggen av Pentagon, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
18. Schanz, Hans-Jørgen. 1995. "Tilbakebtikk på Marx (from Har det moderne menneske blevet voksent, Modtryk 1993)". Sosiolog i i dag, 1: 19–47.
19. Klen, Uta. "Our best boys': the making of masculinity in Iarseli society," ”. In Male Roles, Masculinities and Violence Edited by: Breines. On the "siege mentality," we
20. Conquest, Robert. 1971. The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties, 11Harmondsworth: Penguin.
21. See Holter, "Gender as forms of value."
22. Sinelnikov, Andrei. "Mascutinity à la Russe: gender issues in the Russian Federation today," ”. In Male Roles. Masculinities and Violence Edited by: Breines. 204
23. Sinelnikov, "Masculinity à la Russe.".
24. Jancar, Barbara. 1988. "Neofeminism in Yugoslavia: a closer look,". Women In Politics, 8 (1) The "first warning" gender conflict have been ignored in other cases too. In Yugoslavia, feminists drew attention to incresed oppression of women already in the middle of the 1980s, a neo-patriarchy that was "more pervasive and domineering than the old, traditional form"
25. Siber, Ivan. 1991. "Review of research on the 'authoritarian personality' in Yugoslav society,". Politics and the Individual, 1 (1): 21–28. This was not heeded, however: see
26. Flere, Sergej. 1991. "Explaining ethnic antagonism in Yugoslavia,". European Sociological Review, 7 (3): 183–193.
27. Ottosen, Kristian. 1989. Natt og tåke. Historien om Natzweiler-fangene, 154Oslo: Aschehoug. The treatment of democrats is another typical early warning sign, for example, in Nazi Germany
28. Ottosen. Natt og tåke, 39
29. Ottosen. Natt og tåke, 178–179. translation
30. Ottosen. Natt og tåke, 41 my translation
31. Skjørten, Kristin. 1994. Voidsbilder I hverdagen, Oslo: Pax. In order to create a similar, bat now sociological, sense of hysteria, the Nazis in 1939 started what they thought would be a limited takeover of Poland (in fact starting World War II) by mounting a mock attack on Germany by the Polish army, represented by Germans in Polish uniforms. When in doubt, fabricate a bigger lie-the classic Goebbels trick
32. Griffin, ed. Fascism 125 emphasis added
33. See, Bourke. An Intimate History of Killing.
34. Svetlana, Slapsak. "Hunting, ruling, sacrificing: traditional male practices in contemporary Balkan cultures," ”. In Male Roles, Masculinities and Violence. On hunter/warrior rationalizations Edited by: Breines. see Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing
35. Ottosen. 1990. Natt og tåke; Kristian Ottosen, Ltv og død. Historien om Sachsenhausen-fangen e, Oslo: Aschehong.
36. Heinrich, Fraenkel and Roger. 1960. Manvellu, Goebbels. Hans liv og død, translation cf Joseph Goebbels. His Life and Death, 36–37. Oslo: Aschehong.
37. Theweleit, Klans. 1987. Male Fantasies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "Body fascism" is not well studied (after the early empirical research of Wilhelm Reich before be became an "organe philosopher"), but, and more recently Frigga Hang and other feminist researchers' work on body memories
38. Gulrvåg Holter, Øystein. "Masculinities in context: on peace issues and patriarchal orders," ”. In Male Roles, Masculinities and Violence Edited by: Breines.
39. Richard, Grunberger. 1971. A Social History of the Third Reich, 339London: Penguin.
40. Griffin, ed. Fascism 3
41. See, Cohen. Heard Grown Brutal.
42. Safihios-Rotschild, Constantina. "The negative side of development interventions and gender transitions: impoverished male roles threaten peace," ”. In Male Roles, Masculinities and Violence Edited by: Breines.
43. Safitios-Rotschild. "The negative side," ”. 88
44. Rodney, Walter. 1983. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, 139London: Bogle-L'Ouverture.
45. Boswell. 1980. Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. John, Boswell documents the broader male roles regarding sexuality (in a more empirical vein than Foucault's); John Gillis shows that early-modern fathers took their caring and reproduction roles seriously; Clas Ekenstam and others show how men's legitimate emotional range was narrowed in the modernization process
46. Gillis. 1995. "En reise gjennom faderskapets historie: er vi pi feu spar?,". Kvinneforskning, 1: 14–31.
47. Ekenstam, eds. 1998. Rädd att folia: studier I manUghet, Stockholm: Gidlund.
48. Pateman, Carole. 1988. The Sexual Contract, Oxford: Polity Press. for a political analysis of the contractual element; I investigate current "market gender" from a similar perspective
49. Gullvåg, Øystein. 1983. Holler, Raggning, kärlek och kønnsmarknad, Stockholm: Hammarstrøm & Åberg.
50. Finley, Moses. 1983. Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Breadwinning meant so little in antiquity that a free man might well be the employee of a slave, or a slave might own the property used by a free man. It was held that work and economy should not "disturb" the politically oriented society of antiquity
51. Holter, Øystein Gullvåg. 1997. "Gender, patriarchy and capitalism: a social forms analysis" ”. University of OsIo. PhD thesis
52. Warren, Mary Anne. 1985. Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection, Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allenheld. For previous conceptuatizations of "gendercide,"
53. Jones, Adam. 2000. "Gendercide and genocide,". Journal of Genocide Research, 2 (2): 185–211.
54. John, Taylor. 1999. East Timor. The Price of Freedom, 68–69. London: Zed Books.
55. Cohen, Roger. 1998. Hearts Grown Brutal; Sagas of Sarajevo, New York: Random Home.
56. Maclear, Michael. 1981. Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War, 372London: Thames-Methuen. In some recent wars, soldiers have again become more unruly. In the Vietnam War, "the ratio of violence against officers was believed to be fifteen times as high as in the grim trench warfare in World War 1.
57. Boorke. 1999. An Intimate Hidtory of Killing, London: grants Books. Joanna, Boorke. shows that this role applies to twentieth-century wars also. Most men are in practice unwlling to fire at the enemy, at leet at close distance, despite training and orders. Also, many participants develop post-traumatic illness. The attempt to create obedient killers on the basis of "masculine aggression'' has met much greater opposition from men than is commonly recognized. Although the development of twentieth-century "he-man" masculinity widened the recruitment base, there was also increasing conflict between this gender logic and the reality of war
58. There it a large literature on how men in the terrible conditions of war go "beyond gender," no longer recognizing power and authority, trying to be fair and caring even in the mat unlikely circumsrances-and on how the military apparatus tries to coopt men's alienation as soldiers and redirect it towards murdering enemies (see Bourke, An Intimate Intimate of Killing)..
59. Thomas, Laqueur. 1992. Mating Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
60. Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing.
61. See, Slapsak. "Hunting, ruling, sacrificing.''
62. Kristian, Ottoten. 1991. Kvimeleiren. Historien om Ravensbruck-fangene, 30–41. OsIo: Ascheboug.
63. Michael, Kimmel. "Reducing men's violence: die personal meets die political,'' ”. In Male Roles, Masculinities and Violence Edited by: Breines.
64. Slapsak. "Hunting, ruling, sacrificing," ”. 133–134.
65. Slapsak. "Hunting, ruling, sacrificing," ”. 132
66. See, Stuart Stein. "Geno- and other cides," this issue.
67. Ottosen, Natt og tåke, pp 42-43; my translation..