The shot heard from ann arbor: Language research and public policy in African america

Howard Journal of Communications

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 5-24

  Smitherman, Geneva ^a   Baugh, John ^b  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

African American Language; Black English; Black Language; Ebonics; King V Ann Arbor

Indexed keywords

EID: 84937381850     PISSN: 10646175     EISSN: 10964649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/106461702753555012     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Bailey, R. 1965. Toward a new perspective in Negro English dialectology. American Speech, 40 (3):171–177.
2. Bailey, R. 1968. “ Somc aspects of the impact of linguistics on language teaching in disadvantaged communities ”. In On the dialects of children, Edited by:Davis, A. L., Champaign /Urbana, IL:National Council of Teachers of English.
3. Bailey, R (1969, Spring/Summer). Language and communicative styles of Afro-American children in the United States. The Florida Foreign Language Reporter, pp. 46, 153.
4. Bailey, G., and Maynor, N., 1989. The divergence controversy. American Speech, 64:12–39.
5. Baldwin, J. (1979, July 29). If Rack English isn't a language, then tell me what is. New Tork Times, p. 19.
6. Ball, A., 1999. “ Evaluating the writing of culturally and linguistically diverse students:The case of the African American Vernacular English speaker ”. In Evaluating writing:The role of teachers' knowledge about text, learning, and culture, Edited by:Cooper, C. R., and Odell, L., 225–248. Urbana, IL:National Council of Teachers of English.
7. Brown, J. (1979, June 22). Don't segregate kids for "Hack English."Detroit News, pp. 1B.8B
8. Butters, R. R., 1989. The death of black English:Divergence and convergence in black and white vernaculars, New Yorrk:Peter Lang.
9. DcBose, C (1988). Be in Samaná English. In Occasional Paper 21. Society for Caribbean Linguistics, University of West Indies.
10. DeBose, C., and Faraclas, N., 1993. “ An Africanist approach to the linguistic study of Black English:Getting to the roots of the tense-aspect-modality and copula systems in Afro-American ”. In Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties, Edited by:Mufwene, S. S., Athens:University of Georgia Press.
11. Dillard, J. L., 1972. Black English:Its history and usage in the United States, NewYork:Random House.
12. Spears, A. K., 1999. “ leaching minorities about language and culture ”. In Race and ideology:Language, symbolism, and popular culture, Edited by:Spears, A. K., Detroit:Wayne State University Press.
13. Spears, A. K. (2000, January). Stressed stay. Paper presented at the Linguistic Society of America Convention, Chicago.
14. Spears, A. K. (2001, January). African American English:Race, grammar and ideology Paper presented at the Linguistic Society of America Convention, Washington, DC.
15. Asantc, M. K., 1990. “ African elements in African-American English ”. In Africanisms in American culture, Edited by:Holloway, J. K. 19–33. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.
16. Bennett, J., 1909. Gullah:A Negro patois. South Atlantic Quarterly, 8:39–52.
17. Stanback, ML H., 1985. “ Language and black woman's place:Evidence from the black middle class ”. In Rr alma mater:Theory and practice in feminist scholarship, Edited by:Treichler, P. A., Kramarae, C, and Strafford, R. Chicago:University of Illinois Press.
18. Troutman, D. 1995. “ The tongue or the sword:Which is master? ”. In African American women speak out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, Edited by:Smitherman, G., Detroit:Wayne State University Press.
19. Troutman, D. 1997. “ Hack women's discourse ”. In Discourse as Social Interaction, 2, Edited by:Dijk, T. A. van. 148–156. London:Sage.
20. Troutman, D., 2000, October. “ We be strong women:A womanist analysis of black women's sociolinguistic behavior ”. In Communicalion and African American women:Studies of rhetoric and everyday talk, Edited by:Houston Stanback, M., Cresskill, NJ:Hampton.
21. Turner, L. D. 1949. Africanisms in the Gullah dialect, rev. ed, Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press.
22. Vass, W. K., 1979. The Bantu speaking heritage of the United States, Los Angeles:University of California Center for Afro-American Studies.
23. Baugh, J., 2000b. Racial identification by speech. American Speech, 75:362–364.
24. Bennett, J., 1908. Gullah:A Negro patois. South Atlantic Quarterly, 7:332–347.
25. Morgan, M. 1998. “ More than a mood or an attitude:Discourse and verbal genres in African-American culture ”. In African-American English:Structure, history and use, Edited by:Mufwene, S. S., London, New York:Routledgc.
26. Palacas, A., 2001. Liberating American Ebonics from Euro-English. College English, 63 (3):326–352.
27. Perry, T., and Dclpit, L., Eds. 1998. The real Ebonics debate:Power, language and the education of African-American children, Boston:Beacon.
28. Poplack, S., Ed. 2000. The English history of African American English, Oxford:Hackwell.
29. Ramircz, J. D., Wiley, T., deKlerk, G., and Lees, K, Eds. 2000. Ebonics in the urban education debate, Long Beach:California State University Center for Language Minority Education and Research.
30. Rickford, J., 1999. African American Vemacular English, Oxford:Hackwell.
31. Rickford, J., Ball, A., Jackson, R., and Martin, N., 1991. Rappin on the copula coffin:Theoretical and methodological issues in the analysis of copula variation in African American Vernacular English. Language Variation and Change, 3:103–132.
32. Adger, CT., Christian, D., and Taylor, O., Eds. 1999. Making the connection:Language and academic achievement among African American students, Washington, D.C.:Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems Ca, Inc.
33. Alim, H. (forthcoming). 'Wc arc the streets' African American Language and the strategic construction of a street conscious identity. In Makoni, S., Smitherman, G., Ball, A., Spears, A. (eds.) Block scholars on Black languages. New York & London:Routledge. Fbrthcoming.
34. Bereiter, G., and Engelmann, S., 1966. leaching disadvantaged children in pre-school, Engelwood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
35. Fasold, R. W., 1972. Tense marking in Hack English:A linguistic and social analysis, Washington, D.C.:Center for Applied Linguistics.
36. Fasold, R. W. (1999, May). Ebonics need not be English. Paper presented at the Georgetown University Round Table, Washington, D.C.
37. Fasold, R. W, and Shuy, R., 1970. Teaching standard English in the inner city, Washington, D.C.:Center for Applied Linguistics.
38. Fasold, R.W., and Wolfram, W., 1970. “ Some linguistic features of Negro dialect ”. In Teachingstandard English in the inner city, Edited by:Fasold, R. W., and Shuy, R., Washington, D. C.:Center for Applied Linguistics.
39. Gonzalcs, A., 1922. Black border, Columbia, SC:The State Company.
40. Green, L., 1998. Remote past and states in African-American English. American Speech, 73 (2):115–138.
41. Bereiter, C., 1965. Language program far culturally deprived children, in language programs for the disadvantaged (Report of the National Council of Teachers of English Task Force on Teaching English to the Disadvantaged, Champaign/Urbana, IL:National Council of Teachers of English.
42. Blackshire-Belay, G. A., 1996. The location of Ebonics within the framework of the Africological paradigm. Journal of Black Studies, 27 (1):5–23.
43. Smitherman, G., & Wright, S. (1983, March). Black sutdent Writers, storks and familiar places:What can we learn from the national assessment of educational progress? Paper presented at the Convention of the Conference on College Composition and Communication, Detroit, MI.
44. Spady, J. G., and Alim., H. S., 1999. “ Modes of being ”. In Street conscious rap, Edited by:Spady, J. G., Lee, C. G., and Alim, H. S., Philadelphia:Black History Museum.
45. Spears, A. K., 1982. The Hack English semi-auxiliary COME. Language, 55 (4):850–872.
46. Spears, A. K., 1998. “ African-American language use:Ideology and so-called obscenity ”. In African-American English:Structure, history and use, Edited by:Mufwene, S. S., London, NewYork:Routledge.
47. Vaughn-Cooke, F. R. 1987. Are black and white vernaculars diverging?. American Speech, 62 (1):12–32.
48. Williams, R. L. (Ed.). (1975). Ebonics:The true language of black folks. St. Louis:Institute for Black Studies.
49. Williams, S. W., 1993. “ Substantive Africanisms at the end of the African linguistic Diaspora ”. In Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties, Edited by:Mufwene, S. S., Athens:University of Georgia Press.
50. Wolfram, W. A., 1969. A sociolingtustic description of Detroit Negro speech, Washington, D.C.:Center for Applied Linguistics.
51. Green, L. (2001, January). Recent advances in research in African American English:Patterns-based approach and descriptive analysis. Paper presented at the Linguistic Society of American Convention, Washington, EXC.
52. Green, L. (2002). African American English:Character and contexts. Cambridge University Press.
53. Harrison, J. A., 1884. Negro English. Anglia, 7:232–279.
54. Herskovits, M. 1941. Myth of the Negro past, Boston:Beacon.
55. Holloway.J. K, & Vass, W. K. (1993). The African heritage of 'American English. Boomington:Indiana University Press.
56. Krapp, G.P., 1924. The English of the Negro. The American Mercury, 2:190–195.
57. Labov, W. (1969a). The logic of non-standard English. Linguistic-Cultural Differences and American Education. (From Florida Foreign Language Reporter, Spring/Summer, 60-74, 169).
58. Labov, W., 1969b. Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula. Language, 45:715–762.
59. Labov, W., 1972. Language in the inner city, Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press.
60. Labov, W., 1982. Objectivity and commitment in linguistic science:The case for the Rack English trial in Ann Arbor. Language in Society, 11:165–201.
61. Labov, W., 1987. Arc black and white vernaculars diverging?. American Speech, 62 (1):5–12.
62. Labov, W, Cohen, P., Robins, C., & Lewis, J. (1968). A study of the non-standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican speakers in Mew lark City (vol. 1). (Final research report, Cooperative Research Project No. 3288). Washington, D.C:US. Office of Education.
63. Labov, W, and Harris, W. A., 1986. “ De facto segregation of black and white vernaculars ”. In Diversity and diachrony, Edited by:Sankoff, D. 1–24. Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
64. Lanchart, S.L., 2002. Sista, speak! Black women kinfolk talk about language and literacy, Austin:University of Texas Press.
65. Major, C., 1994. Juba to jive:A dictionary of African-American slang, NewYork:Penguin Books.
66. McDavid, R., 1950. Review of Africanisms in the Gullah dialect by LorcnzoTumcr. Language, 26:328–330.
67. Mencken, H. L., 1919. The American language, NewYork:Alfred A. Knopf.
68. Mencken, H.L., 1936. The American language, 4th edition, NewYork:Alfred, A. Knopf.
69. Mitchell-Kernan, C., 1971. Language behavior in a black urban community, Berkeley:University of California, Language Behavior Laboratory.
70. Morgan, M (1989). From dawn south to up south:The language behavior of three generations of black women residing in Chicago. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
71. Morgan, M. 1991. Indirectness and interpretation in African American women's discourse. Pragmatics, 1 (4):421–451.
72. Morgan, M. 1993. “ The Africanncss of counter-language among Afro-Americans ”. In fricanisms in Afro-American language varieties, Edited by:Mufwene, S. S., Athens:University of Georgia.
73. Rickford, J., and McNair-Knox, E. 1994. “ Addressee and topic-influenced style shift:A quantitative sociolinguistic study ”. In Perspectives on register:Situating register variation within sociolinguistics, Edited by:Biber, D., and Fincgan, K. 235–276. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
74. Rickford, J., and Rickford, R., 2000. Spoken soul:The story of Black English, NewYork:John Wiley & Sons.
75. Simpkins, G., Holt, G., and Simpkins, C., 1974. Bridge, Boston:Houghton Mifflin.
76. Simpkins, G., and Simpkins, C., 1981. “ Cross-cultural approach to curriculum development ”. In Black English and the education of Black children and youth Proceedings of the National Invitational Symposium on the King Decision, Edited by:Smitherman, G., Detroit:Wayne State University Center for Hack Studies.
77. Smith, K. 1998. “ What is Black English? What is Ebonics? ”. In The real Ebonics debate:Power, language and the education of African-American children, Edited by:Perry, T., and Delpit, L., Boston:Beacon.
78. Smitherman, G., 1977. lalkin and testifyin:The language of Black America, Boston:Houghton Mifflin.
79. Smitherman, G. (Ed.). (1981). Black English and the education of Black children and youih:Proceedings of the National Invitational Symposium on Ute King decision. Detroit:Wayne State University, Center for Black Studies.
80. Smitherman, G., 1992. Black English, diverging or converging? The view from the national assessment of educational progress. Language and Education, 6 (1):47–61.
81. Smitherman, G., 1994. “ The blacker the berry, the sweeter the juice:African American student writers ”. In The need for story:Cultural diversity in classroom and community, Edited by:Dyson, A. H., and Genishi, C., Champaign/Urbana, Urbana, IL:National Council of Teachers of English.
82. Smitherman, G., 1997. 'The chain remain the same' Communicative practices in the Hip Hop Nation. Journal of 'Black Studies 20(1),:3–25.
83. Smitherman, G., 2000a. Talkin that talk:Language, culture and education in African America, London and NewYork:Routledge.
84. Smitherman, G. (2000b). Black talk:Words and phrases from the hood to the Amen Comer (rev. ed.). Boston, New York:Houghton Mifflin.
85. Baugh, J., 1995. The law, linguistics, and education:Educational reform for African American language minority. Linguistics and Education, 7 (2):87–105.
86. Baugh, J., 1999. Out of the mouths of slaves:African American language and educational malpractice, Austin:University of Texas Press.
87. Baugh, J., 2000a. Beyond Ebonics:Linguistic pride and racial prejudice, NewYork:Oxford University Press.
88. Baugh, J., 1983. Black street speech:Its history, structure, and survival, Austin:University of Texas Press.