"It cannot be that our graves will be here": The survival of Chechen and Ingush deportees in Kazakhstan, 1944-1957

Journal of Genocide Research

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 401-430

  Pohl, Michaela ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84937380937     PISSN: 14623528     EISSN: 14699494     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14623520220151989     Document Type: Article

References (57)

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2. Agubaev, Nurtai. 1994. "Zdes' nashi korni, ili o torn, kak Akmolinskaia oblast' stala mnogonatsional'noi,". Info-Tses, February 11: 7
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10. Pohl, J. J. Otto. 2000. "Stalin's genocide against the 'repressed peoples',". Journal of Genocide Research, 2 (2): 267–293. 268271–272.
11. Ibid, 11. 113-114..
12. Alieva, S. U., ed. 1993. Tak eto bylo: Natsional'nye repressli v SSSR, Vol 2, 88112222Moscow: Inspan. See, for instance, stories and memoirs in
13. Akmurzin, E., 1991. "I vse zhe gazavat-eto ne put',". Vechernyi Tselinograd, October 30: 2
14. See, for instance, the response by Dr. Martin Resnick, Chairman and Professor, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of Urology, to my question "Bladder ruptures of Chechen deportees in 1944," available online at:.
15. Bazorkina, Aza. "Terpenie,". Alieva, 114–115. op cit
16. GARF, f. 9479, op. 1, d. 153,1. 20, January 10, 1945, Mikoianu, "Po voprosu realizatsiia pazporiazheniia Sovnarkoma SSSR ob otgruzke Kazakhstan u khlopchato-bumazhnyk h tkanei cflia okazaniia pomoshchi spetspereselentsam."
17. Solzhenitsyn, Alexander. 1992. The Gulag Archipelago: 1918-1956. An Experiment in Literary Investigation, Vol V-VIII, 400–401. New York: New York University Press.
18. Trenkle, Louise. 1992. Tagebuch von 1927, das Jahr 1992 44Lahr, Germany unpublished manuscript
19. BiI, Leonid. 1994. "Chechentsy,". Azamat Times, March 18: 6
20. Akmdinskii oblastnoi Istoriko-Kraevedcheski i Musei, No. NVF Kp 14-11924, 1. 5..
21. BiI, Leonid. "Obretaia budushchee,". 3 op cit
22. GARF, f. 9479, op. l, d. 532, 11. 1-34, 9-11, April 28, 1950, "Doklad o rezultatakh raboty po vyselentsam i spetsposelentsam v MVD Kazakhskoi SSR."
23. Ibid, I. 3.
24. Ibid, 1. 4..
25. Ibid..
26. GARF, f. 9479, op., d 248, 11. 264-267, 265, January 9, 1946, "O nastroeniiakh spetspereselentsev, rasselennykh v Kazakhskoi SSR v sviazi s vyborami v Verkhovnyi Soviet SSSR."
27. Streltsova, N., 1990. "Ne ostanavlivat'sia na perevale,". Tselinogradskaia pravda, May 23: 3
28. BiI', "Chechentsy," op cit, p 6..
29. GARF, f. 9479, op. l, d. 903, 11. 43-44, 43, January 19, 1955, Seitmukhambetov, "Spravka."
30. Ibid, I. 44.
31. Bennigsen, Alexandre, and Lemercier-Quelquejay, Chantai. 1980. "L' 'Islam Parallle' en Union Soviétique: Les organizations soufies dans la République tchétchéno-ingouche,". Cahiers Du Monde Russe et Soviétique, 21 (1): 49–63. 50
32. Damrel, David. "The religious roots of conflict: Russia and Chechnya,". Religious Studies News, 10 (3) 10
33. Akhmadov, Yavus Z., 2000. "Kunta Hadji and the Kunta Hadjists: the Kunta Hadji Chechen Religious Movement," ”. In Religious Brotherhoods in Chechnya, William R. Nelson Institute. available online at
34. Bryan, Fanny E., 1984. "Anti-religious activity in the Chechen-Ingush Republic of the USSR and the Survival of Islam,". Central Asian Survey, 3 (2): 99–115. see also Damrel, op cit, p 10
35. Ibid..
36. Ibid..
37. Pohl, Michaela. 1999. "The Virgin Lands between memory and forgetting: people and transformation in the Soviet Union, 1954-1960" ”. 176–187. Indiana University. PhD dissertation
38. Ibid, d. 903, 1. 127..
39. Zemskov, Viktor. 1990. "Spetsposelentsy (po dokumentam NKVD-MVD SSSR),". Satsiologicheskie issledovaniia, 11
40. Zemskov. 1991. "Massovoe osvobozhdenie spetsposelentsev i ssyl'nykh (1954-1960 gg.),". Satsiologicheskie issledovaniia, 1: 5–26.
41. Zemskov. "Massovoe osvobozhdenie," ”. 10–13.
42. Zemskov. "Massovoe osvobozhdenie," ”. 11
43. Zemskov. "Massovoe osvobozhdenie," ”. 15–16.
44. OPDAO, f. 1, op. 1, d. 2336, 11. 1-4, February 2, 19S6, "Spetszapiska ob osvobozhdenii iz pod administrativnogo nadzora organov MVD nekotoroi kategorii spetsposelentsev i nastroeniiakh spetskontingentov po oblasti.".
45. Archive of the President of Kazakhstan (APRK), f. 708, op. 28, d. 1339a, 11.56-57, September 17, 19SS, "Spravka o rabote partiinikh organizatsii respubliki sredi spetsposelentsev.".
46. APRK, ibid, d. 133, 1. 135..
47. OPDAO, f. 1, op. 1, d. 2336, 11. 152-153, "Spetszapiska: O khode raboty po ob'iavleniiu Ukaza Presidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR ot 16.7.1956 goda."
48. Zemskov. "Massovoe osvobozhdenie," ”. 16
49. OPDAO, f. 1, op. 1, d. 2336,11. 128-131, June 25, 1956, "Dokladnaia zapiska nastroeniiakh i povedenii spetsposelentsev"; and ibid, 11. 171, September 15, 1956.
50. APRK, f. 708, op. 30, d. 625, 11. 3-4, January 1957, Abazatov, "Dokladnaia v TsK KPK."
51. OPDAO, f. l, op. l, d. 2336,11.128-131, June 25, 1956, "Dokladnaia zapiska o nastroeniiakh i povedenii spetsposelentsev"; ibid, I. 200.
52. Lieven, Anatol. 1998. Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power, 320New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. and London
53. Simon, Gerhard. 1991. Nationalism and Policy Toward the Nationalities in the Soviet Union: From Totalitarian Dictatorship to Post-Stalinist Society, 242–244. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs.
54. Bachmann, Berta. 1983. Memories of Kazakhstan: A Report on the Life Experiences of a German Woman in Russia Lincoln, NE For German religious life in Akmola, see
55. Schnurr, Joseph, ed. 1972. Die Kirchen und das religiöse Leben der Russlanddeutschen 265–268. Stuttgart
56. Medvedev, Roy A., and Medvedev, Zhores A., 1978. Khrushchev: The Years in Power, Edited by: Durkin, Andrew R., 122New York: Oxford University Press.
57. 1991. Ekonamicheskoe i sotsial'noe razvitie Tselinogradskoi ablast i, 3Tselinograd: Regional Statistics Office. Ingush made up 0.5% of the region's total population of 871,100 in 1989, about 4,350 people, and the number of Chechen s was under 0.3%, up to 2,600 individuals