Casualties of Aboriginal Displacement in Canada: Children at Risk among the Innu of Labrador

Refuge

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 21-33

  Denov, Myriam ^a   Campbell, Kathryn ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84937380199     PISSN: 02295113     EISSN: 19207336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.25071/1920-7336.21251     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. B. Nurcombe, G. Bianchi, J. Money, and J. Cawte, "A Hunger for Stimuli: The Psychosocial Background of Petrol Inhalation," British Journal of Medical Psychology 43 (1970): 367-74.
2. R. Cohen and G. Sanchez-Garzoli, "Internal Displacement in the Americas: Some Distinctive Features," an occasional paper (New York: Brookings CUNY Project on Internal Displacement,2001); F.M. Deng, Specific Groups and Individuals: Mass Exoduses and Displaced Persons, Report of the Representative of the Secretary General on Internally Displaced Persons (Submitted pursuant to the United Nations Committee on Human Rights Resolution 2000/53, 2001); A. Helton, "Displacement and Human Rights: Current Dilemmas in Refugee Protection," Journal of International Affairs 47 (1994): 379-98; M. Stavropoulou, "Displacement and Human Rights: Reflections on UN Practice," Human Rights Quarterly 20 (1998): 515-54.
3. Toronto Star, "Canada Now Third in UN Rating," 3 July 2001.
4. S. Loring, "Keeping Things Whole: Nearly Two Thousand Years of Indian (Innu) Occupation of Northern Labrador," Boreal Forest and Sub-Arctic Archaeology 6 (1988): 157-82.
5. C. Samson, J. Wilson, and J. Mazower, Canada's Tibet: The Killing of the Innu (London: Clement and Foster, 1999).
6. Innu Nation Community Research Project, Gathering Voices: Discovering Our Past, Present, and Future (Nitassi-nan, 1993).
7. Samson, Wilson and Mazower.
8. M. Wadden, Nitassinan: The Innu Struggle to Reclaim Their Homeland (Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 1991).
9. Stavropoulou.
10. Although this section deals specifically with the experience of forced migration of the Innu of Davis Inlet, it should be noted that the Innu of Sheshatshiu have also suffered from the effects of forced migration.
11. D. McRae, Report on the Complaints of the Innu of Labrador to the Canadian Human Rights Commission (Ottawa: University of Ottawa, 1993).
12. Ibid.
13. Samson, Wilson, and Mazower, 17.
14. McRae.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Innu Nation and the Mushuau Innu Band Council, Gathering Voices: Finding Strength to Help Our Children (Nitassinan: Utshimassits, 1992).
18. Samson, Wilson, and Mazower; Wadden.
19. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services Canada, 1996).
20. Ibid.
21. Samson, Wilson, and Mazower, 19.
22. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1996.
23. Samson, Wilson, and Mazower, 13.
24. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1996.
25. Samson, Wilson, and Mazower, 23.
26. Wadden.
27. Ibid., 65.
28. Ibid.
29. Samson, Wilson, and Mazower, 21.
30. Complete reliance on a traditional lifestyle may not be practical in modern society. However, decisions regarding choice of lifestyle should, ideally, be left to the Innu.
31. Wadden.
32. Wadden.
33. Wadden, 55.
34. Department of Indian and Northen Affairs, 1996.
35. Assembly of First Nations, Fact Sheet: Socio-economic Exclusion of First Nations in Canada (Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services, 2001a).
36. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1996.
37. Ibid.
38. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Choosing Life: Special Report on Suicide among Aboriginal People (Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services Canada, 1995).
39. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1996.
40. S. Manson, L. Ackerson, D. Wiegman, A. Baron, and C. Fleming, "Depressive Symptoms among American Indian Adolescents: Psychometric Characteristics of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale," Psychological Assessment. A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2, no. 3, (1990): 231-37.
41. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1996.
42. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1996.
43. M. Gagne, "The Role of Dependency and Colonialism in Generating Trauma in First Nations Citizens: The James Bay Cree," in Intergenerational Handbook of Multi-generational Legacies of Trauma, ed. Y. Danieli (New York: Plenum, 1998); G. York, The Dispossessed: Life and Death in Native Canada (London: Vintage UK, 1990).
44. Wadden.
45. Samson, Wilson, and Mazower.
46. W. Warry, "Unfinished Dreams: Suicide, Self-determination and Healing in Aboriginal Communities," draft research study (Ottawa: Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1993).
47. L. Kirmayer, B. Hayton, M. Malus, V. Jimenez, D. Dufour, C. Quesney, Y. Ternar, T. Yu, and N. Ferarra, "Suicide in Canadian Aboriginal Populations: Emerging Trends in Research and Intervention," draft research study (Ottawa: Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1993).
48. Warry.
49. Samson, Wilson, and Mazower.
50. Ibid.
51. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1995, 10.
52. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1995.
53. Gagne.
54. Manson, Ackerson, Wiegman, Baron, and Fleming.
55. S. Manson, J. Beals, T. O'Nell, J. Piaseki, D. Bechtold, and E. Keane, "Wounded Spirits, Ailing Hearts: PTSD and Related Disorders among American Indians," in Ethnographic Aspects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues, Research and Clinical Applications, ed. A. Marsella, M. Friedman, E. Gerrity, and R. Scurfield (Washington: American Psychological Association, 1996).
56. T. O'Nell, "Psychiatric Investigations among American Indians and Alaska Natives: A Critical Review," Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 13 (1989): 58-87.
57. B. Raphael, P. Swan, and N. Martinek, "Intergenerational Aspects of Trauma for Australian Aboriginal People," in Intergenerational Handbook of Multi-generational Legacies of Trauma, ed. Y. Danieli (New York: Plenum, 1998).
58. Gagne.
59. Assembly of First Nations, Fact Sheet Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), (Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services, 2001b).
60. Samson, Wilson, and Mazower.
61. Gagne; York.
62. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1995, 8.
63. M. Howard, R. Walker, P. Walker, L. Cottler, and W. Compton, "Inhalant Use among Urban American Indian Youth," Addiction 94, no. 1 (1999): 83-95.
64. Ibid; Gagne.
65. York.
66. B. Gfellner and J. Hundleby, "Patterns of Drug Use among Native and White Adolescents: 1990-1993," Canadian Journal of Public Health 86 (1995): 95-97.
67. R. Smart, "Inhalant Use and Abuse in Canada," in Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An Update, eds. R. Crider and B. Rouse (Rockville, MD: NIDA, 1988).
68. York.
69. York.
70. E. Mc Garvey, R. Canterbury, and D. Waite, "Delinquency and Family Problems in Incarcerated Adolescents with and without a History of Inhalant Use," Addictive Behaviors 21 (1996): 537-42.
71. W. Compton, L. Cottler, S. Dinwiddie, D. Mager, and G. Asmus, "Inhalant Use: Characteristics and Predictors," American Journal on Addictions 3 (1994): 263-72; B. Reed and P. May, "Inhalant Abuse and Juvenile Delinquency: A Control Study in Albuquerque, NM," International Journal of the Addictions 19 (1984): 789-803.
72. S. Dinwiddie, "Abuse of Inhalants: A Review," Addiction 89 (1994): 925-39; Howard et al.; York.
73. As quoted in York.
74. M. Fox, "Frozen Out," Sydney Morning Herald, 2 February 2001.
75. As noted by Neuwelt et al. (P. Neuwelt, R. Kearns, D. Hunter, and J. Batten, "Ethnicity, Morbidity and Health Service Utilization in Two Labrador Communities," Social Sciences and Medicine 34, no. 2 [1992]: 151-60), native statistics in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador continue to be pooled with those of the rest of the province. This reality ultimately masks the distinctive health experiences of the Innu and explains the difficulty in obtaining statistical data concerning the problem of gas-sniffing and suicide among Innu children.
76. M. MacDonald, "Last of Gas-sniffing Innu Slated to Leave Detox Facility in Newfoundland," The Canadian Press, 23 April 2001.
77. M. Wadden, Interview with Shelagh Rogers, This Morning, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 13 March 2001.
78. B. Sweet, "Staff Say Program Failed at Newfoundland Detox Facility for Gas-sniffing Innu," The Canadian Press, 9 June 2001.
79. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1995, 29.
80. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1996.
81. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1995, 2.
82. Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, 1996.
83. S.J. Toope, "The Convention on the Rights of the Child: Implications for Canada," in Children's Rights: A Comparative Perspective, ed. E. Freeman (Alder shot, UK: Dartmouth Publishing, 1996).
84. D. Haydon and P. Scraton, " 'Condemn a Little More, Understand a Little Less': The Political Context and Rights Implications of the Domestic and European Rulings in the Venables-Thompson case," Journal ofLaw and Society27, no. 3 (2000): 416-48.
85. Toope, 39.
86. Toope, 45.
87. The Canadian government also entered a reservation to section 21 for Aboriginal children. This section ensures that the best interests of children are respected regarding adoptions. The reasons for this reservation relate to the many historical abuses of adoption laws that facilitated the removal of Aboriginal children from their homes.
88. Samson, Wilson, and Mazower, 22.
89. Toope, 39.
90. Toope, 51.
91. Gathering Strength: Canada's Aboriginal Action Plan (Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services, 1998).
92. J. Wherrett, The Indian Act: Proposed Modifications (Ottawa: Library of Parliament, 1997).
93. Royal Commission on Aboriginal People, 1996.
94. R. Armitage and J.C. Kennedy, "Redbaiting and Racism on Our Frontier: Military Expansion in Labrador and Quebec," Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 26, no. 5 (1989): 798-817.
95. Wadden.
96. McRae.
97. Samson, Wilson, and Mazower, 28.
98. L.A. Brand, "Displacement for Development: The Impact of Changing State-Society Relations," World Development 29, no. 6 (2001): 961-76.
99. J. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
100. As quoted in Brand, 961.
101. Scott.
102. L. Diamond, "Rethinking Civil Society: Toward Democratic Consolidation," Journal of Democracy 5, no. 7 (1994): 4-17 [italics original].
103. Samson, Wilson, and Mazower, 17.
104. Ibid., 31.
105. Ibid., 34.
106. Stavropoulou.
107. Ibid.