Campaigns and Potato Chips; or Some Causes and Consequences of Political Spending

Journal of Policy History

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 4-29

  Baker, Paula ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84937375642     PISSN: 08980306     EISSN: 15284190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jph.2002.0002     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Bradley A. Smith, Unfree Speech: The Folly of Campaign Finance Reform (Princeton, 1991), 42.
2. A handy compilation and discussion of national campaign laws is Corrado, Mann, Ortiz, Potter, and Soraf, eds. Campaign Finance Reform: A Sourcebook (Washington, D.C. 1997).
3. I take some inspiration from the “new institutionalist” work on political economy. I have in mind, for example, John H. Aldrich, Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America (Chicago, 1995)
4. Terry M. Moe, “The Politics of Bureaucratic Structure,” in John E. Chubb and Paul E. Peterson, Can the Government Govern? (Washington, D.C. 1989)
5. Barry R. Weingast and William Marshall, “The Industrial Organization of Congress,” Journal of Political Economy 96 (February 1988): 132–63.
6. But on electioneering, see Robert J. Dinkin, Campaigning in America: A History of Electoral Practices (Westport, Conn. 1989)
7. Michael E. McGerr, The Decline of Popular Politics: The American North, 1865—1928 (New York, 1986).
8. For an overview of the issues and candidates, see John Hope Franklin, “Election of 1868,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-1968, vol. 3 (New York, 1985), 1247-66.
9. The most concise account of patronage, payoffs, and parties as financial organizations is Clifton K. Yearley, The Money Machines: The Breakdown and Reform of Party Finance in the North, 1860-1920 (Albany, N.Y. 1970), especially 97- 134.
10. A description of party structure is Jesse Macy, Party Organization and Machinery (New York, 1912).
11. On building infrastructure, see Richard H. Abbott, “The Republican Party Press in Reconstruction Georgia, 1867-1874,” Journal of Southern History 61 (November 1995): 725-60
12. Abbott, The Republican Party and the the South, 1855-1877: The First Southern Strategy (Chapel Hill, N.C. 1986)
13. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York, 1988), 346-79
14. Lawrence M. Powell, “The Politics of Livelihood: Carpetbaggers in the Deep South,” in J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson, eds. Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward (New York, 1982), 281-348.
15. D. N. Cooley, Secretary, Union Executive Congressional Committee, 28 October 1864, to Edwin D. Morgan, Morgan Papers, New York State Archives.
16. Untitled, 9 July 1868, and undated, “Plan for Raising Funds,” Chandler Papers.
17. Abbott, Republican Party in the South, 201.
18. William E. Chandler, Republican (New York, 1940).
19. Oliver P. Morton to Republican National Executive Committee, 7 September 1868;
20. Chandler to Orth, 10 October 1868 (quote)
21. J. Russell Jones to Chandler, 11 September 1868;
22. C. M. Allen to Chandler, 12 September 1868;
23. D. W. Voyles to Chandler, 20 October 1868;
24. Conner to Chandler, 24 December 1868.
25. For relatively optimistic early reports and the trouble in Florida, see Jack B. Scroggs, “Southern Reconstruction: A Radical View,” Journal of Southern History 24 (November 1958): 410-15.
26. On rallies and speakers, see John H. Caldwell to Claflin, 4 July 1868 (quote)
27. Tullock to Chandler, 30 June 1868.
28. Also see J. H. Jenks to Chandler, 17 June 1868;
29. J. M. Edmunds to Chandler, 13 June 1868 and
30. F. W. Kellog to Chandler, 1 August
31. On newspapers, see A. C. Fisk to Chandler, 29 August 1868
32. Abbott, “Republican Party Press.”
33. Claflin to Chandler, 22 July 1868 (quote)
34. Tullock to Chandler, 17 September 1868 (quote).
35. John H. Caldwell to Claflin, 7 October 1868;
36. Chandler Papers; Scroggs, “Southern Reconstruction”
37. Olive Hall Shadgett, The Republican Party in Georgia: From Reconstruction Through 1900 (Athens, Ga. 1964), 1-20.
38. On the pace of funding, see Tullock to Chandler, 6 October 1868;
39. Tullock to Chandler, 9 October 1868;
40. Charles A. Miller to Tullock, 13 October 1868;
41. M. A. Southworth to Chandler, 21 October 1868
42. Tullock to Chandler, 13 October 1868, Chandler Papers
43. Abbott, Republican Party in the South, 196-200.
44. John M. Morris to Claflin, 14 September 1868;
45. Foner, Reconstruction, 291–345
46. Franklin, “Election of 1868.”
47. John M. Morris to Claflin, 24 September 1868;
48. Scroggs, “Southern Reconstruction.”
49. Foster Blodgett to Chandler, 13 September 1868;
50. Joseph E. Brown to Chandler, 8 October 1868, Chandler Papers;
51. Franklin, “Election of 1868”
52. James G. Dauphine, “The Knights of the White Camelia and the Election of 1868: Louisana's White Terrorists, A Benighting Legacy,” Louisiana History 30 (1989): 173-90
53. Allen W. Trelease, White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction (New York, 1971).
54. Tullock to Chandler, 27 October 1868, listed the amount the URCC spent on Southern campaigns, which included some contributions from the RNC. Louisiana received another contribution, Southworth to Chandler, 5 November 1868, perhaps of #x0024;1,000. It seems likely that both Chandler's office and the regional offices also provided funds. See also Abbott, Republican Party and the South, 175-203.
55. Abbott, Republican Party and the South;
56. Virginia, Vincent P. De Santis, “President Arthur and the Independent Movements in the South in 1882,” Journal of Southern History 19 (August 1953): 346-73
57. Jane Dailey, Before Jim Crow: The Politics of Race in Postemancipation Virginia (Chapel Hill, N.C. 2000).
58. P. M. Wagenhols to Chandler, 11 September 1868.
59. Another Ohio congressman who would lose his race pleaded for the #x0024;1,000 he believed he had been promised and complained about a #x0024;50 state assessment, J. M. Ashley to Chandler, 13 September 1868. On the Soldiers and Sailors
60. see, for example, Joshua T. Owen and Charles H. T. Russel to Claflin, 12 September 1868, a request for #x0024;5,000;
61. N. P. Chipman, 19 September 1868, to Chandler;
62. John A. Logan to Republican National Executive Committee, 19 September 1868.
63. On later requests from other parts of the country, see E. W. Fox (Missouri) to Chandler, 24 September 1868 (who received #x0024;2,500, Claflin to Chandler, 20 October 1868)
64. W. C. Doane, 4 October 1868, to Chandler (Pennsylvania)
65. George Wilkes, 7 October 1868, to Committee on Finance of the National Committee (New York)
66. J. H. Kemble to Chandler (Pennsylvania), 20 October 1868.
67. On transportation fund, see Tullock to Chandler, 20 October 1868;
68. New Jersey received #x0024;4,000 (Claflin to Chandler, 24 October 1868, Chandler Papers
69. David Wood to Chandler, 24 July 1868
70. Charles H. Ham to Chandler, 13 November 1868.
71. A similar complaint from Iowa is John Runnells (Republican Union State Central Committee), 25 July 1868 to Chandler. Jones had collected #x0024;15,046, with #x0024;14,000 going to Indiana; Jones to Chandler, 15 November 1868, Chandler Papers.
72. J. R. Jones to Chandler, 26 June 1868; and 27 June 1868, Chandler Papers.
73. Claflin to “My Dear Sir,” 27 July 1868, Chandler Papers. On the pace of assessments, see Tullock to Chandler, 4 September 1868; 9 September 1868; 16 September 1868; 17 September 1868; 20 October 1868; and 26 October 1868, Chandler Papers.
74. James Kelly to Chandler, 18 September 1868;
75. Iver Phillips to Chandler, 15 August 1868
76. Chandler Papers. 81, 1868.
77. Daniel B. Sickles to Chandler, 31 August 1868.
78. On other contributions, see, for example, Tom Scott to Chandler, 6 July 1868;
79. John D. Perry to Chandler, 14 August 1868;
80. Tullock to Claflin, 4 September 1868;
81. Jay Cooke to Chandler, 7 1868;
82. Chandler to “My Dear General,” 15 October 1868
83. On Grinnell, see Ari Hoogenboom, Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865—1883 (Urbana, Ill. 1968), 75, 90.
84. and “Receipts and Expenditures of William E. Chandler,” Ocober 1872, Edwin D. Morgan Papers.
85. Hoogenboom, Outlawing the Spoils.
86. On the persistence of government workers as a source of intelligence and, at times, funds, see, for example, Dorthy Ganfield Fowler, The Cabinet Politician: The Postmasters General, 1829-1909, rpt. ed. (New York, 1943, 1967), 246-303;
87. Richard L. McCormick, “The Discovery That Business Corrupts Politics”
88. Edward Chase Kirkland, Dream and Thought in the Business Community, 1860-1900 (Chicago, 1956), 115-43.
89. Louise Overarcker, Money in Elections (New York, 1932)
90. Elizabeth Clemens, The People's Lobby; Arthur H. Samish and Bob Thomas, The Secret Boss of California: The Life and High Times of Art Samish (New York, 1971).
91. Stanley Kelley Jr. Professional Public Relations and Political Power (Baltimore, 1956), 39-66;
92. Carey McWilliams, “Government by Whitaker and Baxter,” The Nation (14 and 21 April and May 1951)
93. Baxter quoted in Kelley Jr. Professional Public Relations, 44.
94. Whitaker and Baxter to Howard Ahmanson, 23 February 1954. A 1952 state law made winning both primaries more difficult, since primary ballots of all parties would identify candidates with party labels. Richard B. Harvey, The Dynamics of California Government and Politics (Belmont, Calif. 1970), 14—15;
95. Robert J. Pitchell, “The Electoral System and Voting Behavior: The Case of California's Cross- Filing,” Western Political Quarterly 12 (June 1959): 459–84;
96. Dean E. McHenry, “Invitation to the Masquerade,” reprinted in David Farrelly and Ivan Hinderaker, The Politics of California: A Book of Readings (New York, 1951), 75-81.
97. Kelley Jr. Professional Public Relations, 47;
98. Whitaker and Baxter to “Fellow Campaigner,” 20 August 1954, Whitaker and Baxter Papers.
99. Whitaker and Baxter to Russell Lockwood, 16 January 1954, Whitaker- Baxter Papers.
100. “McWilliams, “Government by Whitaker and Baxter.”
101. Larry J. Sabato, The Rise of Political Consultants: New Ways of Winning Elections (New York, 1981).
102. E. J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics (New York, 1991).