Patterns of government funding to third sector organizations as reflecting a de facto policy and their implications on the structure of the sector in israel

International Journal of Public Administration

Volumn 24, Issue 11, 2001, Pages 1133-1159

  Gidron, Benjamin ^a   Katz, Hagai ^a  

^a BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84937338244     PISSN: 01900692     EISSN: 15324265     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1081/PAD-100105233     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. In 1998, central government direct allocations to the Third Sector totaled over NIS 25 billion, which amounted to 10.8% of the overall government budget that year. In 1995, central and local government allocated NIS 21 Billion to the Third Sector, which constituted 63% of all Third Sector revenues
2. E.g., the Wolf Foundation Law that was legislated for one foundation; and the exemption of labor unions and employers' associations from the Amutot Law, designed specifically for the Histadrut and Industrialists' Union
3. Aharoni, Y., 1991. The Political Economy of Israel Tel Aviv: Am Oved/Eshkol/Hebrew University. See for example (Hebrew)
4. Horowitz, D., and Lissak, M., 1977. The Origins of the Israeli Polity Tel Aviv: Am Oved. (Hebrew)
5. Horowitz, D., and Lissak, M., 1989. Trouble in Utopia Albany: State University of New York.
6. Yatziv, G., 1999. The Sectorial Society Jerusalem: The Bialik Institute.
7. Shapiro, Y., 1996. Politicians as a Hegemonic Class: The Case of Israel Tel Aviv: Sifriat Poalim. (Hebrew)
8. Burger, A., Dekker, P., van der Ploeg, T., and van Veen, W., 1997. Defining the Nonprofit Sector: The Netherlands Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University, Institute for Policy Studies, The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project Working Papers. A similar system called “Pillarization” (based on distinct “pillars” of service systems for different population groups) existed in the Netherlands. See
9. 1997. Horowitz & Lissak.
10. Eran, Y., 1992. Voluntary Organizations in the Welfare System Tel Aviv: Ramot.
11. Gidron, B., 1992. “ A Resurgent Third Sector and its Relationship to Government in Israel ”. In Government and The Third Sector Edited by: Gidron, B., Salamon, L. M., and Kramer, R. M., 176–195. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
12. Gidron, B., 1997. The Evolution of Israel's Third Sector: The Role of Predominant Ideology. Voluntas, 8 (1): 11–38.
13. Kramer, R. M., 1994. Reflections on the Voluntary Nonprofit Sector in Israel. Journal of Communal Jewish Life, 70 (4): 253–263.
14. As was also the case with the Business Sector
15. Kramer, R. M., 1976. The Voluntary Service Agency in Israel 12Berkeley: University of California, Institute of International Studies.
16. Kramer. 1976.: 14
17. Gidron. 1997.
18. Galnoor, I., 1980. “ Transformation in the Israeli Political System since the Yom Kipur War ”. In The Elections in Israel 1977 Edited by: Arian, A., Jerusalem: Jerusalem University Press.
19. Telias, M., Katan, Y., and Gidron, B., 2000. Central and Local Government Policy Towards the Third Sector in Israel Beer Sheva: The Israeli Center for Third Sector Research. (Hebrew)
20. Aharoni. 1991.: 132–142.
21. De-Hartoch, A., 1998. State Support of Public Institutions–The Blooming of Specific Funds. Law, 29 (75): 75–107. (Hebrew)
22. Up to a limit of NIS 450, 000 (this sum was recently raised to NIS 2, 000, 000) or 35% of the donation
23. 1996. “ Central Bureau of Statistics ”. In Nonprofit Institutions in Israel 1991 Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics.
24. Rotter, R. N., Shamay, N., Wood, F., and Gluksberg, D., 1985. The Voluntary Sector and Nonprofit Institutions Jerusalem: The Center for Social Policy Research.
25. Gidron, B., Katz, H., Salamon, L. M., and Anheier, H. K., 1999. “ Israel: An Overview of Major Economic Parameters ”. In Global Civil Society Edited by: Salamon, L. M., and Anheier, H. K., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies. All the data pertaining to 1995 in this paper is based on the analyses done within the Israeli component of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project. See: The data on public funding in this study includes all the different public funding sources allocating funds to Third Sector organizations
26. Submitted the annual report to income tax authorities, as required by law
27. In a recent report to the Prime Minister's office, the number of Amutot receiving grants from the Support Budget from government as well as local authorities (not analyzed in this article) was 5100
28. The 1998 public funding data include only the four large direct funding sources included in the Israeli third Sector Database and displayed in Table 2. These sources account for most of the public funding of the sector
29. Central government direct funding in the four types included in the Third Sector database and shown in Table 2. A “funded” organization is an organization that received any funding from one or more of these four sources in the respective year
30. Organizations that submitted the annual report to income tax authorities in the respective year, as required by law
31. Gidron, B., Katz, H., and Bar, M., 2000. The Israeli Third Sector 2000: Roles of the Sector Beer Sheva: The Israeli Center for Third Sector Research.
32. Gidron, B., Katz, H., Brauner, E., Nativ-Ronen, E., and Bechar-Fuchs, A., 1999. The Israeli Third Sector Database: Primary Findings Beer Sheva: The Israeli Center for Third Sector Research.
33. This figure may be somewhat misleading, as in many religious educational institutions there are no formally paid employees–the teachers are themselves students in Yeshivas (Torah learning institutions) and receive scholarships in return for their work, not salaries. This status exempts them from army service. Consequently these organizations augment the group of employment-free organizations in our data, and probably account for most of the publicly funded organizations in that group
34. Telias, Katan and Gidron. 2000.
35. While his analysis pertains to the 1980s and since then, a major reform has taken place under the leadership of the Chancellor of the Bank of Israel in Israel's economy, laying the foundations for its integration in the world economic system. The same has not happened vis-a-vis the Third Sector (Aharoni, 1991)
36. Dror, Y., 1978. Improving Policy and Administration in Israel Tel Aviv: The Administration Library.
37. Dror. 1978.: 33–34.
38. Salamon, L. M., and Anheier, H. K., 1998. Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining The Nonprofit Sector Cross-nationally. Voluntas, 9 (3): 231–248.
39. Moore, B., Jr. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World Boston: Beacon Press.
40. Esping-andersen, G., 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism Princeton: Princeton University Press.
41. Evers, A., 1995. Part of the Welfare Mix: The Third Sector as an Intermediate Area. Voluntas, 6 (2): 159–182. See, for example
42. Putnam, R., 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy New Jersey: Princeton university press. See also
43. Salamon and Anheier. 1998.
44. Salamon and Anheier. 1998.: 226–231. for more details see
45. Kramer. 1976.
46. Eisenstatd, S. N., 1985. The Transformation of Israeli Society London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
47. Horowitz and Lissak. 1989. and many others
48. Gidron, Katz, Salamon and Anheier. 1999.
49. Gidron, Katz and Bar. 2000.
50. Gidron, Katz and et al. 1999.
51. Although, with the decline in the centrality of political parties and other such sectorial structures (Histadrut) their service provision organs had to change their orientation. They have become “ideology-free” service providers, competing with each other and with the business sector over clients, using quality of service, not ideology as their major tool