Asean and non-interference: a principle maintained

Contemporary Southeast Asia

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 60-88

  Ramcharan, Robin ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84937335357     PISSN: 0129797X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1355/CS22-1C     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Halle in R. Klein, Sovereign Equality Among States: The History of An Idea (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974), p.ix.
2. Charter of the United Nations.
3. Klein, op.cit., p.151.
4. F.H. Hinsley, Sovereignty (Basu Books, 1966), p.219.
5. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Human Rights and Foreign Policy (1979), p.10.
6. See, for example, Francis Deng et al., Sovereignty as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1999), p.xviii.
7. Quoted in Times of India, “UN Cannot Ignore Rights Abuses,” 22 September 1999.
8. Quoted in Times of India, “Clinton Seeks Right to Bypass UN in Trouble Spots,” 23 September 1999.
9. Hindu, 22 September 1999, op.cit.
10. Ketanahan Nasional or “national resilience” is an Indonesian concept for nation-building which is defined as “the tenacity and resistance of a nation, bearing the capability to develop national strength and power, in responding to inside as well as outside challenges and threats that directly or indirectly endanger the national life and in achieving the national goal.” It requires a comprehensive approach to security which calls for endurance in all fields – ideology, politics, economy, socio-cultural and military. “The Build Up of National Endurance in Developing Countries,” Strategic Studies (Jakarta: Departmen Pertahanan, Keamanan, Lembaga Pertahanan Nasional, n.d.)
11. M. Leifer, “ASEAN as a Model of a Security Community?” ASEAN in a Changed Regional and Political Economy, edited by H. Soesastro (Jakarta: CSIS, 1994), pp.129-42. On the ASEAN “security community”, see also Leszek Buszynski, “ASEAN Security Dilemmas,” Survival 34, no.4 (Winter 1992-93): 90-107; and Shaun Narine, “ASEAN and the Management of Regional Security,” Pacific Affairs 71, no.2 (Winter 1992-93): 195-214.
12. See Robin Ramcharan, “ASEAN Regional Forum: A Pitfall in Pacific Asia’s Security”, World Affairs (New Delhi, Fall 1999). For a theoretical perspective on the ARF, see Sorpong Peou, The ASEAN Regional Forum and Post-Cold War IR Theories: A Case For Constructive Realism? Working Paper (Singapore: ISEAS, 1999)
13. Carlyle Thayer, “ASEAN: From Constructive Engagement to Flexible Intervention,” Harvard Asia Pacific Review (Spring 1999). http://www.pol.adfa.edu/resources/asean.html
14. Jurgen Haacke, “Flexible Engagement: On the Significance, Origins and Prospects of a Spurned Policy Proposal, International Politics and Security Issues No.3, ISEAS Working Papers (Singapore: ISEAS, 1999), p.12.
15. Thayer, op.cit., pp.3-4.
16. Thayer, op.cit., p.3.
17. Simon Tay, “What Should Be Done About the Haze?” Indonesian Quarterly 26, no.2 (1998): 99-117.
18. Simon Tay, “What Should Be Done About the Haze?” Indonesian Quarterly 26, no.2 (1998), p.102.
19. Haacke, op.cit., p.13.
20. Haacke, op.cit., p.101.
21. World Wildlife Fund, quoted in Address by H.E. Rodolfo Severino, Secretary-General of ASEAN, “Regionalism: The Stakes for Southeast Asia,” at the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS), Singapore, 24 May 1999. http://www.asean.or.id.
22. World Wildlife Fund, quoted in Address by H.E. Rodolfo Severino, Secretary-General of ASEAN, “Regionalism: The Stakes for Southeast Asia,” at the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS), Singapore, 24 May 1999. http://www.asean.or.id., p.100.
23. Tay, op.cit., p.110.
24. Tay, op.cit., p.112.
25. Some of the information is taken from various entries on Myanmar in Michael Leifer’s Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia (London and New York: Routledge, 1995).
26. Robert Taylor, “Myanmar: Army Politics and the Prospect for Democratization”, Asian Affairs, Journal of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs 29, Part I (February 1998): 5. See Kay Merrill, “Myanmar’s China Connection: A Cause for Alarm?” Asia-Pacific Defence Review, Annual Reference Edition (1998), pp.20-21. See also Abu Taher Salahuddin Ahmed, “Myanmar: Politics, Economy and Foreign Relations,” BIIS Journal 18, no.2 (Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, April 1997) for a discussion of the economic and political ties between Myanmar and China (pp.139-43).
27. The release came after a U.S. delegation visited Burma in November 1994, the most senior delegation since 1988. It was led by Thomas Hubbard, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State.
28. See Roger Mitton, “A Tale of Two Countries,” Asiaweek, 12 November 1999, pp.46-51. On his fourth trip to Myanmar, Mitton sought to “bust a few myths” about Myanmar, such as foreign publications are not available (he had access to the International Herald Tribune, Asian Wall Street Journal, while CNN and BBC World were on TV), and Suu Kyi is under house arrest (she is not as people see her out and about at markets and receptions). Mitton debunks some of the myths of an overly repressive country.
29. Xinhua News Agency, “ASEAN Becomes Myanmar’s Largest Trading Partner”, 9 September, 1999.
30. Joseph Tan, Singapore’s Foreign Direct Investment in Indochina & Myanmar: Opportunities and Challenges (New Delhi: Research and Information System for the Non-Aligned and Other Developing Countries, 1997), pp.5-6.
31. Joseph Tan, Singapore’s Foreign Direct Investment in Indochina & Myanmar: Opportunities and Challenges (New Delhi: Research and Information System for the Non-Aligned and Other Developing Countries, 1997), Appendix 4-a, p.70.
32. Thomas Hubbard, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, “Prospects for Progress in Burma,” at the Asia Society, New York, 8 March 1995. U.S. Department of State, http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bureaus/eap/950308HubbardBurma.html.
33. “UNOCAL in Myanmar: Background” at http://www.unocal.com/myanmar/brmabkgd.htm.
34. “Partners Should Nudge Burma”, International Herald Tribune, 5 June 1997.
35. “Crisis Prevention,” Newsweek International, 21 July 1997.
36. Thayer, op.cit., p.4.
37. Surin Pitsuwan, “Currency Turmoil in Asia: The Strategic Impact,” Remarks at the 12th Asia-Pacific Roundtable, Kuala Lumpur, 1 June 1998.
38. Surin Pitsuwan, Keynote address by the Minister of Foreign Affairs at Thammasat University, on the occasion of the 49th anniversary of the Faculty of Political Science, 12 June, 1998.
39. “Thailand’s Non-paper on the Flexible Engagement Approach,” 27 July 1998. Quoted in Thayer, op.cit., p.4.
40. Amnesty International, Regional Organizations. ASEAN Regional Forum: Human Rights Integral to Regional Security. 23July 1998, IOR64/01/98. http://www.amnesty. org/ailib/aipub/1998/IOR/I6400198.htm.
41. Joakim Ojendal and Hans Antlov, “Asian Values and Its Political Consequences: Is Cambodia the first domino?” in Pacific Review 11, no.4, (1998): 535.
42. Roger Mitton and Alejandro Reyes, “ASEAN is divided, but trying to hang together,” Asiaweek, 25 December 1998.
43. Statement by the ASEAN Secretary-General, H.E. Rodolfo Severino, welcoming the Kingdom of Cambodia as the tenth member state of ASEAN, 30 April 1999. http://www.asean.or.id.
44. “Indonesia and the future of ASEAN,” Keynote address by H.E. Rodolfo Severino, at a conference on “ASEAN Into the New Millenium: The Road Ahead,” sponsored by the Indonesian Council of World Affairs, Jakarta, ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta, 26 August 1999. http://www.asean.or.id.
45. Amnesty International Report 1999 (London: AI Publications), p.196.
46. “ASEAN Failure: The Limits of Politeness,” The Economist, 6 March 1998. Habibie has incurred the dislike of Singaporean leaders for seeking to transform the neighbouring Indonesian territory of Batam as a competitor to Singapore.
47. Haacke, op.cit., pp.24-33.
48. Haacke, op.cit., pp.23-24.
49. R. Ramcharan, Southeast Asian Security: Pitfalls of the Regional Approach, PSIS Occasional Paper No.1 (Geneva: Programme for Strategic and International Studies, 1998), pp.49-52.
50. Haacke, op. cit., p. 28.
51. Goh Chok Tong, Keynote address, “ASEAN Meeting the Challenges Ahead,” at the opening of the 32nd ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, Singapore, 23 July 1999. http://www.asean.or.id.
52. Badawi, quoted in Haacke, op. cit., p.25.
53. John Funston, “Challenges Facing ASEAN in a More Complex Age”, Contemporary Southeast Asia 21, no.2 (August 1999): 207-8.
54. Carolina Hernandez, “Towards Re-Examining the Non-Intervention Principle in ASEAN Political Co-operation,” Indonesian Quarterly 26, no.3 (1998): 169.
55. ASEAN Secretary-General Rodolfo Severino points out that Indonesia’s actions were undertaken “not as part of ASEAN but as an additional member of the OIC (Organization of the Islamic Conference) committee handling the matter”. Address at the IDSS, Singapore, 24 May 1999.
56. Haacke, op.cit., pp.3-4; and John Funston, “Challenges Facing ASEAN in a More Complex Age,” Contemporary Southeast Asia 21, no.2 (August 1999): 207-8.
57. Haacke, op.cit., p.3.
58. See Ramcharan, Southeast Asian Security: Pitfalls of the Regional Approach.
59. Human Rights Watch, World Report 1996 (New York, London: HRW, 1995), p.123.
60. Funston, op.cit., p.215. See also John Funston, “Thai Foreign Policy: Seeking Influence,” in Southeast Asian Affairs 1998, edited by Derek da Cunha and John Funston (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1998), pp.301-5. Thailand took pains to restore its credentials as a transparent and democratic society. At meetings of the ASEAN Regional Forum Intersessional Group on Confidence Building Measures in November 1998, Thai representatives spoke of the “people-oriented” approach of ASEAN. Co-chairman’s Summary Report of the Meetings of the ARF ISG on Confidence Building Measures, Honolulu, USA, 4-6 November 1998, and Bangkok, 3-5 March, 1999. http://www.asean.or.id.
61. H.E. Rodolfo Severino, “Regionalism: The Stakes for Southeast Asia,” Address at the IDSS, Singapore, 24 May 1999.
62. Statement on Bold Measures, 6th ASEAN Summit, Hanoi, 16 December 1998. http://www.asean.or.id.
63. “ASEAN Finance Cooperation,” at http://www.asean.or.id.
64. Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong, Keynote address, 23 July 1999.
65. “Vision 2020”, at http://www.asean.or.id/.
66. “Towards a New ASEAN,” Asiaweek, 6 November 1998. See http://www.singapore-window.org/81106aw.htm
67. Reuters, “Wahid Says to Outline Plan for Government in 2000 Paper,” 21 December 1999. http://www.cnn.com
68. A total force of 7,000-8,000 troops was led by Australia, which committed 4,500 military personnel. Other countries offering personnel and other aid were: Argen-tina, Bangladesh, Brazil (30-50 military police), Britain (270 Nepali Gurkhas, HMS Glasgow from Singapore, $5 million to restore UN operations in E.Timor), Canada (600 troops, and possibly ships), China (civilian police), Fiji, Finland ($1 million), France (500 soldiers), Italy (600 troops), Japan (funding for humanitarian efforts), South Korea (400-500 troops), Malaysia (team of military officers), New Zealand (800 troops), Norway (5 officers), Pakistan, Philippines (240 engineers, medical and dental units; follow-up with 1,200 non-combat personnel), S. Korea (400 troops), Singapore (21 medical personnel and logistic support), Sweden (10 civilian police officers and $1.2 million in aid), Thailand (1,000 troops, 25-member advance team) and United States (100 troops, but significantly under foreign control). Source: http://www.cnn.com.