Asean’s relations with major external powers

Contemporary Southeast Asia

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 258-278

  Ganesan, N ^a  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84937331465     PISSN: 0129797X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1355/CS22-2B     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. For an exceptional work on Southeast Asian political history, see David Joel Steinberg, ed., In Search of Southeast Asia, revised edition (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1987).
2. It is arguable that notwithstanding the involvement of external powers in the Second Indochina War, developments after the partitioning of Vietnam should be viewed as a domestic conflict.
3. A good treatment of the involvement of external powers in Southeast Asia can be found in Muthiah Alagappa, “The Major Powers and Southeast Asia”, International Journal 44 (Summer 1989): 541-97.
4. See Johan Saravanamuthu and Pushpa Thambipillai, ASEAN Negotiations: Two Insights (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985).
5. The classic study of threat perceptions in Southeast Asia is Robert O. Tilman, The Enemy Beyond: External Threat Perceptions in the ASEAN Region (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1984).
6. For a discussion on U.S.-Philippine security relations, see Salvador E. Lopez, “The Foreign Policy of the Republic of the Philippines”, in Government and Politics of the Philippines, edited by Raul de Guzman and Mila A. Reforma (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 241-64.
7. For a discussion of Thai-U.S. security relations, see Randolph R. Sean, The United States and Thailand: Alliance Dynamics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
8. The polarization of Southeast Asia is detailed in Donald Weatherbee, Southeast Asia Divided (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1985).
9. The conceptualization of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore constituting the geostrategic core of ASEAN can be found in Michael Antolik, ASEAN and the Diplomacy of Accommodation (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1990). A detailing of the tensions that existed in maritime Southeast Asia in the 1960s can be found in Bernard K. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict in Southeast Asia (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1966).
10. See Barry Buzan, ”The Southeast Asian Security Complex”, Contemporary Southeast Asia 10, no. 1 (June 1988): 1-16. A refinement of the concept can be found in Muthiah Alagappa, “The Dynamics of International Security in Southeast Asia: Change and Continuity”, Australian Journal of International Affairs 45, no. 1 (May 1991): 1-37.
11. See Michael Leifer, Indonesia’s Foreign Policy (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1983), p. xiv.
12. See Donald Hindley, “Indonesia’s Confrontation with Malaysia: A Search for Motives”, Asian Survey 4, no. 6 (June 1964): 904-13.
13. See Lau Teik Soon, “Malaysia-Singapore Relations: Crisis of Adjustment, 1965-1968”, Journal of Southeast Asian History 10 (March 1969): 155-76; and R.S. Milne, “Singapore’s Exit from Malaysia: The Consequences of Ambiguity”, Asian Survey 6, no. 3 (March 1966): 175-84.
14. An elaboration of these military alliances is detailed in Chin Kin Wah, The Five Power Defence Arrangements and AMDA (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1974).
15. The evolution of ASEAN is examined in Michael Leifer, ASEAN and the Security of Southeast Asia (London: Routledge, 1989).
16. ASEAN initiatives in dealing with the Cambodian conflict are detailed in Muthiah Alagappa, “Regionalism and the Quest for Security: ASEAN and the Cambodian Conflict”, Journal of International Affairs 46, no. 2 (Winter 1993): 439-67.
17. See Sukhumbhand Paribatra, From Enmity to Alignment: Thailand’s Evolving Relations with China (Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University, 1987).
18. See Justus van der Kroef, “ASEAN, Hanoi, and the Kampuchean Conflict: Between ‘Kuantan’ and a ‘Third Alternative’”, Asian Survey 21, no. 5 (May 1981): 515-35.
19. See Katharya Um, “Thailand and the Dynamics of Economic and Security Complex in Mainland Southeast Asia”, Contemporary Southeast Asia 13, no. 3 (December 1991): 245-70; and Surin Maisrikrod, “The ‘Peace Dividend’ in Southeast Asia: The Political Economy of New Thai-Vietnamese Relations”, Contemporary Southeast Asia 16, no. 1 (June 1994): 60.
20. The Indonesian decision to normalize relations with China is studied in Leo Suryadinata, “Indonesia-China Relations: A Recent Breakthrough”, Asian Survey 30, no. 7 (July 1990): 682-96.
21. For a preliminary study of this turbulent period, see N. Ganesan, “Taking Stock of Post-Cold War Developments in ASEAN”, Security Dialogue 25, no. 4 (December 1994): 457-68; and Bilateral Tensions in Post-Cold War ASEAN, Pacific Strategic Paper No. 9 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1999).
22. The literature on this subject is voluminous. For a sampling of views, see Amitav Acharya, “Ideas, Identity, and Institution-building: From the ‘ASEAN Way’ to the ‘Asia-Pacific Way’?” Pacific Review 10, no. 3 (1997): 319-46; Richard Higgott et al., “Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation: An Evolving Case-study in Cooperation and Leadership Building”, International Journal 45, no. 2 (Autumn 1990): 823-66; Helen E. S. Nesadurai, “APEC: A Tool for U.S. Regional Domination?” Pacific Review 9, no. 1 (1996): 31-57; and Sheldon W. Simon, “Alternative Visions of Security in the Asia-Pacific”, Pacific Affairs 69, no. 3 (Fall 1996): 381-96.
23. See the text of the speech by Surin Pitsuwan entitled, “Prospects of Trade and Investment in Southeast Asia”, Thailand Foreign Affairs Newsletter (Information Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs), July-September 1994, pp. 9-10; Squadron Leader Prasong Soonsiri, “Southeast Asia: The Current Situation”; and Surin Pitsuwan, “Thailand’s Vision for Southeast Asia”, Thailand Foreign Affairs Newsletter, October-December 1994, pp. 5-6 and 2-3.
24. See Michael Leifer, The ASEAN Regional Forum, Adelphi Paper 302 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); and Malcolm Chalmers, “Openness and Security Policy in Southeast Asia”, Survival 38, no. 3 (Autumn 1996): 82-98.
25. Jusuf Wanandi, “Boost ARF — and Security”, Asiaweek 24, no. 30 (31 July 1998): 59.
26. See Amitav Acharya, “Transnational Production and Security: Southeast Asia’s ‘Growth Triangles’”, Contemporary Southeast Asia 17, no. 2 (September 1995): 173-85; and Puspha Thambipillai, “The ASEAN Growth Triangle: The Convergence of National and Sub-National Interests”, Contemporary Southeast Asia 13, no. 3 (December 1991): 299-314.
27. See, for example, Paul Bowles, “ASEAN, AFTA, and the ‘New Regionalism’”, Pacific Affairs 70, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 219-33; and Bilson Kurus, “The ASEAN Triad: National Interest, Consensus-Seeking, and Economic Co-operation”, Contemporary Southeast Asia 16, no. 4 (March 1995): 404-20.
28. For a recent survey of the relationship between the major powers in the Asia-Pacific, see Michael Yahuda, The International Politics of the Asia-Pacific 1945-1995 (London: Routledge, 1996); and Thomas J. Christensen, “China, the U.S.-Japan Alliance, and the Security Dilemma in East Asia”, International Security 23, no. 4 (Spring 1999): 467-92.
29. See Donald K. Emmerson, “U.S. Policy Themes in Southeast Asia in the 1990s”, in Southeast Asia in the New World Order, edited by David Wurfel and Bruce Burton (London: Macmillan, 1996), pp. 103-27.
30. Appraisals of ASEAN’s security problems and requirements can be found in Leszek Buszynski, “ASEAN’s New Challenges”, Pacific Affairs 70, no. 4 (Winter 1997-98): 555-77; Shaun Narine, “ASEAN and the Management of Regional Security”, Pacific Affairs 71, no. 2 (Summer 1998): 195-214; and David B.H. Denoon and Evelyn Colbert, “Challenges for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)”, Pacific Affairs 71, no. 4 (Winter 1998-99): 505-23.
31. A recent appraisal of China’s foreign policy towards Southeast Asia is Qingxin Ken Wang, “In Search of Stability and Multipolarity: China’s Foreign Policy towards Southeast Asia after the Cold War”, Asian Journal of Political Science 6, no. 2 (December 1998): 57-78.
32. See Leszek Buszynski, “China and the ASEAN Region”, in China as a Great Power: Myths, Realities and Challenges in the Asia-Pacific Region, edited by Stuart Harris and Garry Klintworth (New York. St. Martin’s Press, 1995), pp. 161-84.
33. For a recent appraisal of Japan’s policy towards Southeast Asia, see Lam Peng Er, “Japan’s Search for a Political Role in Southeast Asia”, Southeast Asian Affairs 1996 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1996), pp. 40-55.
34. For indigenous appraisals of Japan’s role in East Asian security, see Seiichiro Takagi, “In Search of a Sustainable Equal Partnership: Japan-China Relations in the Post-Cold War Era”, Japan Review of International Affairs 13, no. 1 (Spring 1999): 17-38; and Yoshihide Soeya, “Japan: Normative Constraints Versus Structural Imperatives”, in Asian Security Practice, edited by Muthiah Alagappa (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), pp. 198-233.
35. See Akihiko Tanaka, “Issues for Japan’s East Asian Diplomacy”, Japan Review of International Affairs 13, no. 1 (Spring 1999): 3-16.
36. The clearest evidence of this perception was Indonesia’s conclusion of a Mutual Defence Agreement with Australia in 1995. The Agreement was concluded after Australia identified China as the threat to regional stability in its 1993 Strategic Review.
37. For an assessment of Vietnam–China relations, see D.R. Sardesai, Vietnam: The Struggle for National Identity, second edition (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1992), especially chapter 8.
38. On Indonesian diplomatic efforts to broker the Spratly Islands dispute, see Lee Lai To, “ASEAN and the South China Sea Conflicts”, Pacific Review 8, no. 3 (August 1994): 531-43.
39. See Bertil Lintner, “Arms for Eyes”, Far Eastern Economic Review 156, no. 50 (16 December 1993): 26; and “Enter the Dragon”, Far Eastern Economic Review 157, no. 51 (22 December 1994): 22-24.
40. See N. Ganesan, “Singapore: A Realist Cum Trading State”, in Asian Security Practice, edited by Muthiah Alagappa (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), pp. 579-607.
41. Straits Times (Singapore), 20 May 1999.
42. See Rodney Tasker and Murray Hiebert, “Dysfunctional Family”, Far Eastern Economic Review 161, no. 30 (23 July 1998): 20; and Nayan Chanda and Shada Islam, “In the Bunker”, Far Eastern Economic Review 161, no. 32 (6 August 1998): 24-25.
43. Straits Times (Singapore), 30 July 1998.
44. See Roger Mitton, “Shootout – and Fallout”, Asiaweek 26, no. 4 (4 February 2000): 22-25.