From Luxembourg to Helsinki: Turkey, the politics of EU enlargement and prospects for accession

Contemporary Politics

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 331-343

  Rumford, Chris ^a  

^a ISTANBUL KULTUR UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84937323157     PISSN: 13569775     EISSN: 14693631     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/713658374     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. White, P., 1999. “ 'Ethnicity, Racialization and Citizenship as Divisive Elements in Europe' ”. In Divided Europe: Society and Territory Edited by: Hudson, R., and Williams, A. M., 230London
2. Narli, N., 1999. 'Turkey and the European Union: The Turkish Point of View'. Insight Turkey, 1 (1) January-March: 43
3. Huntington, S., 1993. "The Clash of Civilizations?'. Foreign Affairs, Summer: 44
4. Huntington, S., 1996. The dash of Civilizations and OK Remaking of World Order 158New York
5. Barry, A., 1993. "The European Community and European Government: Harmonization, Mobility and Space'. Economy and Society, 22 (3): 321 It has been argued that the EU should be understood as an economic space constructed 'through a whole series of specific competitive and co-operative networks'. See
6. 1996. "The European Network'. New Formations, Autumn: A. Barry
7. Commission of the European Communities, 'Connecting the Union's Transport Infrastructure to its Neighbours: Towards a Cooperative Pan-European Transport Network Policy', COM (97) 172 final, Luxembourg, 1997, p. 1c.
8. Duna, C., “ 'On the Verge of Customs Union with the EU' ”. In Turkey Almanac 1996 49Istanbul Duna was one of the chief architects of the customs union agreement on the Turkish side
9. 1999. Commission of the European Communities. Euromed Report, 16 December
10. For the CEECs, pre-accession aid falls into two main categories: cohesion support and the PHARE programme (PHARE is the financial instrument of the EU's pre-accession strategy for the CEECs). In terms of cohesion support, from the year 2000 the EU will give aid to the value of ECU1 billion. Additional aid will also be given for agricultural development, amounting to ECU500 million per year. The PHARE programme was worth ECU1.2 billion a year until 1999 and is due to be increased to ECU1.5 billion to facilitate enlargement in the period 2000-06. See Commission of the European Communities, 'Agenda 2000: For a Stronger and Wider Europe', Bulletin of UK European Union: Supplement 5/97, Luxembourg, 1997.
11. Kramer, H., 1996. "The Turkey/EU Customs Union: Economic Integration Amid Political Turmoil'. Mediterranean Politics, 1 (1)
12. Commission of the European Communities, Regular Report from the Commission on Progress towards Accession: Composite: 13 October 1999. Accessed from Web site: on 27 January 2000.
13. Rumford, C., 1998. 'Turkey and European Union Enlargement: Cross-border Projects and the Pre-accession Strategy for Non-members'. New Perspectives an Turkey, Fall
14. Luxembourg's Prime Minister Junker was quoted as saying that Turkey was guilty of human rights abuses, and that torture happens every day. Such a country, he said, 'could not sit down at the EU table'. See Electronic Telegraph, 12 December 1997, and the Guardian, 12 December 1997.
15. Qnis, Z., 1999. 'Turkey, Europe, and Paradoxes of Identity: Perspectives on the International Context of Democracization'. Mediterranean Quarterly, Summer: 129
16. See, for example, the Guardian, 16 December 1997, and The Economist, 20 December 1997.
17. European Council, Luxembourg European Council, Presidency Conclusions 12-13 December 1997, Luxembourg, p. 7.
18. Barchard, D., 1998. Turkey and UK European Union (working draft of a future pamphlet for the CER) London
19. European Strategy for Turkey. The Commission's Initial Operating Proposals, COM (98) 124 final, Luxembourg.
20. See, for example, D. Swann, The Economics of UK Common Market Integration in UK European Union, 8th edn, Harmondsworth, 1995, p. 364; and M. Williams, The European Community, Oxford, 1994, p. 220.
21. Quoted in the Financial Times, 5 March 1997.
22. Palmer, J., 1997. 'Dutch Diplomat Turns Turkey'. The Bulletin, 20 February
23. See The Economist, 23 October 1999. It should be mentioned that The Economist has a record of supporting Turkey's EU candidature. For example, it roundly criticized the EU for snubbing Turkey at the Luxembourg summit of December 1997, portraying the EU decision as 'foolish and clumsy' and a great error of judgement.