The ‘Second-generation’ Post-communist Elections in Hungary in 1994

Europe-Asia Studies

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 1995, Pages 251-279

  Racz, Barnabas ^a   Kukorelli, Istvan ^a  

^a EÖTVÖS LORÁND UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

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EID: 84937298205     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: 14653427     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668139508412255     Document Type: Article

References (91)

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2. B., Racz, Barnabas, The Parliamentary Infrastructure and Political Reforms in Hungary, Soviet Studies, 41, 39, 66, 1, January 1989
3. I., Kukorelli, Istvan, The Birth, Testing and Results of the 1989 Hungarian-Electoral law, Soviet Studies, 43, 1, 107, 136, see also 1991
4. 1989: XXXIV Law on the Parliamentary Elections, Magyar Közlöny, 77, 1305, 1328, (Official Gazette), 30 October 1989
5. Magyar Nemzet, E.g., 10 April 1990
6. Radio Free Europe (RFE) Research, 24, 25, 6 April 1990
7. The Ann Arbor News, 9 April 1990
8. The New York Times, 16, 9 April 1990
9. C., Gombar, Csaba, The Antall Government's Economic Policy, Balance—The Hungarian Government, 162, 181, The peak of unemployment was reached in February 1993 with 705 000 registered, or 13.6% nationally. This figure declined to 650 000 by 1994, but non-registered unemployment was estimated at 150 000–200 000. The overall employment declined by one million between 1990 and 1993. Zoltan Farkas, (eds), 1994, (Budapest, Korridor, Centre for Political Research, 1994) et al. 1990
10. B., Racz, Barnabas, The Socialist-Left Opposition in Post-Communist Hungary, Europe-Asia Studies, 45, 4, 647, 670 1993
11. Balance—the Hungarian Government, For a thorough critique of Hungarian politics see, Gombár et al., (eds), 1994 1990
12. 1989: XXXIV Law on the Parliamentary Elections, Magyar Kozlony, 77, 1305, 1328, See the, (Official Gazette), 30 October, and the 1994: III Law on the Election of Parliamentary Representatives, ibid., 7, 20 January 1994, pp. 285–299. The ‘Unified Text’ of these was published in Election Communiques No. 3 by the National Election Office (Ministry of Interior, 1994, pp. 61–114) and all references in this study are based on the ‘Election Law—Unified Text’ 1989
13. Pártélet, 3, 15, See document in, September, and commentary in RFE Research, 8 July 1989, pp. 33–36 1988
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15. M., Dezso, Marta, Választási Rendszerek Nyugat-Europában, Jogtudományi Kozlöny, 7, 258, 262, (Electoral Systems in Western Europe) 1989
16. Választási Kezikonyv, 101, For the amendment see Istvan Balázs & Tibor Csiba (eds), (Budapest, BM Valasztasi Iroda) 1990
17. C.G., Szoboszlai, Consult Gyorgy, Választási rendszer és politikai tagoltság, Parlamenti Választások 1990—politikai szociologiai korkep, 12, 26, in Gyorgy Szoboszlai (ed.), (“Parliamentary Elections 1990—Political/Sociological View”) (Budapest, MTA Tarsadalomtudomanyi Intezet) 1990
18. winners, In 105 districts the, took less than 50% in, there was a wide spread in returns; see Magyar Hirlap, 10 April 1990; for 1994 data, see Parliamentary Elections 1994, Report of the National Election Office (Ministry of Interior, 1994) 1990
19. Political Parties, Electoral Change and Structural Response, 22, Although the parties are more crystallised compared with 1990, they are still fluid and ‘catch all’ parties, i.e. they have weak ties to the electorate under conditions of modernisation. See Alan Ware (ed.), (New York, Basil Blackwell) 1987
20. Magyar Nemzet, 14 November 1992
21. Heti Világgazdaság, 97, 5 February 1994
22. Népszabadság, 4 March 1994
23. K., Sándor, Kurtán, Magyarország Politikai Evkönyve, 494, 500, Programme of the II. Congress, (eds), (Budapest, Aula Kiadó, 1990) et al. 1990
24. Népszabadság, Szonda-Ipsos polls show the AYD leading with 38% of those voters who had chosen a party and 25% of the polled sample preferring AYD, 17 April, the HSP numbers are respectively 16% and 10%. In September 1993 the AYD was still on top with 34% and 23%, with the HSP trailing at 22% and 15%, ibid., 3 September 1993 1993
25. J., Pataki, Judith, Hungary's Leading Opposition Party torn by dissension, RFE/RL Research, 24, 38, 17 December 1993
26. Népszabadśg, In March 1994 the AYD showed only 14% against the HSP 33%, 18 March, in April the respective numbers were 12% and 37%, ibid., 11 April 1994. On territorial lists the AYD captured only 7.02% 1994
27. Népszabadság, 19 February 1994
28. Magyarország Politikai Evkönyve, 511, 519, CDPP Programme, Sandor Kurtán et al., (eds), (Budapest, Aula Kiado, 1990) 1990
29. Lakitelek Meeting September 1987, RFE Research, 21, Originally organised as a ‘movement’ in 1987, transforming itself formally into a party in 1989; see, 29 November 1987
30. RFE Research, 23, 36, 15 September, 1–11, 16 March 1990 1989
31. M., Bihari, Mihaly, Ket Kongresszus Magyarországon, Társadalmi Szemle, 1, 19, 30 1990
32. HSP Election Programme, Népszabadság, 18, 19, 3 February 1990
33. Népszabadság and Magyar Nemzet, See press reports in, 26 April and 21 May, for theoretical discussion of the left and socialism, Népszabadság, 26 May 1990 1990
34. C., Racz, Consult, The Socialist-Left Opposition in Hungary, 647, 670
35. Magyar Szakszervezetek Orszagos Szovetsege (MSZOSZ), Magyar Nemzet, In Hungarian, 7 February 1994
36. Magyar Szakszervezetek Orszagos Szovetsege (MSZOSZ), Magyar Nemzet, In Hungarian, 7 February, 17 April 1993, and 18 March 1994, 17 April 1993, and 18 March 1994 1994
37. Népszabadság, For the Bekesi economic programme see, 4 and 11 February 1994
38. HSP Election Programme, Népszabadság, 10, 11, Consult, endorsed by the IV. Congress, 4 March 1994
39. H.G., Heinrich, Hans Georg, Hungary: Politics, Economics and Society, 27, 29, (Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner Publications Inc.) 1976
40. Magyarország Politikai…, 501, 505, ISP Programme, Kurtan
41. Magyar Nemzet, 5 March 1994
42. J., Pataki, Judith, Hungary's Smallholders Fail to Unite Before the National Elections, RFE/RL Research, 15, 19, 11 March, consult also 1994
43. K., László, Kéri, Szétmálló Hangardő, 11, (The Smallholders before the Elections), Népszabadság, 20 October 1993
44. Political System and Party System, Magyarország Politikai Evkönyve, 38, 49, Consult the study by Mihaly Bihari, in Sandor Kurtan, Peter Sador & Laszlo Vass (eds), (Budapest: Demokracia Kutata-sok Magyar Központja Alapitvany) 1994
45. undecided, Magyar Nemzet, The March 1994 survey by Szonda-Ipsos still reports 40%, and/or abstainer (non-) voters, 11 April 1994
46. Political Parties, Electoral Change and Structural Response, 1, 23, Such study should include the analysis of party organisations, elite-member relations, voter relations and financing; for an excellent study of 10 constitutional democracies see Ware (ed.), esp.
47. E., Oltay, Edith, Former Communists Win First Round of Hungarian Elections, RFE/RL Research, 1, 5, For report on the campaign, see, 27 May 1994
48. Magyar Nemzet, 27 May 1994
49. Magyar Hirlap, For detailed analysis of campaign costs, methods and exit polls see, special edition, 8 May 1994
50. Report of the National Election Committee, Magyar Kbzlony, 70, 28 June 1994
51. Report of the National Election Committee, The HSP led after the first round in 160 districts
52. Report of the National Election Committee, Magyar Közlöny, 70, (Official Gazette), 28 June 1994
53. Magyar Nemzet, Szonda-Ipsos poll, 11 April 1994
54. T., Moldovan, Tamás, Szabadon Valasztott—Parlamenti Almanach, 42, 43, In the nine Trasndanubian counties the AFD won 15 districts; in the other ten counties only ten districts and in Budapest nine out of 32; see, (eds), (Budapest, Idegenforgalmi Propaganda Kiadó,), also et al. 1990
55. Magyar Hirlap, 10 April 1990
56. Racz, Political Participation and Developed Socialism: The Hungarian Elections of 1985, 40, 62, especially Table 1, p. 61
57. Magyar Közlöny, 70, 28 June, for detailed numbers see 1994
58. Népszabadság, 30 May 1994
59. Magyar Nemzet, See Szonda-Ipsos survey, 1 June 1994
60. Kritika, June 1994
61. Statement by President Goncz, 16 July 1994
62. Országgyülési Napló, See, (Parliamentary minutes). Sessions no. 61 and 62, 19 and 20 October 1989
63. C.G., Fabian, Consult Gyorgy, Választási Rendszerek es a magyar megoldás, Társadalmi Szemle, 4, 29, 38, (Electoral Systems and the Hungarian Solution), and the literature cited; also 1994
64. A., Lijphart, Arend, Democracies, Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries, (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press) 1984
65. B., Racz, Barnabas, The Hungarian Parliament's Rise and Challenges, RFE/RL Research, 22, 27, 14 February 1992
66. Z., Dr., Gal, Zoltan, Népszabadság, See interviews with, the new President of Parliament, 29 June and 4 July 1994
67. P., Hack, Peter, P.V., AFD, Pal Vastagh, Magyar Nemzet, Statement in the Constitutional Law Committee by, HSP, 17 June 1994
68. Dezsö, Választási Rendszerek Nyugat-Europában, 258, 262, E.g, (Electoral Systems in Western Europe)
69. Népszabadság, Interview with Pal Vastagh, Justice Minister designate, 27 June 1994
70. Z., Gal, Zoltan, Népszabadság, Statement by, President of Parliament, 29 June and 4 July 1994
71. Két Hét, 102–103, June 1994
72. Oltay, Former Communists Win First Round of Hungarian Elections, 1, 5, Two assessments in RFE/RL Research appear to be centered around the defence of the Antall coalition and the summary criticism of the HSP as ‘former communists’. The analysis while in some respects valuable is based neither on a grassroots knowledge of Hungarian society nor of what the party stands for today. See, and also
73. E., Oltay, The Former Communists' Election Victory in Hungary, RFE Research, 1, 6, 24 June 1994
74. HSP Congress, Népszabadság, 6 June 1994
75. P., Tolgyessy, Peter, Hosszu Atmenet, Népszabadság, See essay by, (Long Transition), 18 June 1994
76. Nepszabadsag, The total number of votes was 749, 6 June 1994
77. Nepszabadsag, For text of the documents see, 25 and 27 June, The following data are based on these sources 1994
78. Magyar Nemzet, 27 June, For complete list of government ministries see ibid., 25 June 1994 1994
79. G., Horn, Gyula, Nepszabadsag, Statement by, 2 July 1994
80. Népszabadság, The National Federation of Hungarian Unions (NFHU) is the largest labour organisation. The NFHU President quickly committed the union in principle to the social compact, expected tough negotiations and disagreements but also expressed confidence in the government and in a reasonable compromise, 29 June and 1 July 1994
81. C.A., Agh, Consult Attila, Koaliciós kormanyok—europai tapasztalatok, Tarsadalmi Szemle, 6, 19, 31, (Coalition Governments, European Experiences) 1994
82. Beyond 1992: The Left and Europe, New Left Review, 5, 17, Consult Patrick Camiller, May-June, also 1989
83. A., Heller, Agnes, Socialista mozgalmak es tarsadalmi igazsagossag, Tarsadalmi Szemle, 11, 3, 12, and 1992
84. L., Gazdag, Laszlo, A szocial-demokracia alkonya?, Társadalmi Szemle, 3, 19, 28 1992
85. D.S., Mason, David S., Attitudes Towards the Market and the State in Post-communist East Europe, paper delivered at the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies Conference, Phoenix AZ, November 1992
86. K., Tausz, Katalin, The Government and the Welfare of Citizens, Balance—the Hungarian Government, 251, 266, in Gombar et al. (eds)
87. Népszabadság, 9, In a series of by-elections in 1991–93 the HSP won impressive victories; for data see, 8 April 1993
88. The Ann Arbor News, E.g., 9 May and 5 June 1994
89. The New York Times, 10 May 1994
90. The Wall Street Journal, 11 May and 31 May 1994
91. G., Horn, Gyula, Népszabadság, 25, Statement by, HSP President, May 1994