The Russian Elections of December 1993

Europe-Asia Studies

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 1995, Pages 195-227

  Sakwa, Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84937293799     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: 14653427     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668139508412253     Document Type: Article

References (166)

1. O poetapnoi konstitutsionnoi reforme v Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Izvestiya, 1, 22 September 1993
2. Izvestiya, 3, 5, 24 September 1993
3. Moscow News, 43, 1, 22 October 1993
4. Polozhenie o vyborakh deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy v 1993 godu, Rossiiskaya Federatsiya, 7, 20, El'tsin decreed the increase in numbers to the State Duma on 1 October, a decree of 11 October allowed the election of the upper house (‘O vyborakh v Sovet Federatsii Federal'nogo Sobraniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii’); and El'tsin's decree of 6 November added yet another clause ensuring that a category of votes ‘against all’ was added to ballot papers., 13 1993
5. Moskovskie novosti, 25, A9, 20 June 1993
6. The Guardian, 8 October 1993
7. Sovetskaya Rossiya, 1, 25 September 1993
8. Rossiiskaya Federatsiya, 17, Decree of 11 October, 13 1993
9. 6 November 1993; The 7 November 1993
10. Russian Politics and Society, 248, For details, see Richard Sakwa, (London, Routledge) 1993
11. O provedenii vsenarodnogo golosovaniya po proektu konstitutsii Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Rossiiskaya Federatsiya, 22, 24, accompanied on the same date by ‘Polozhenie o vsenarodnom golosovanii po proektu konstitutsii Rossiiskoi Federatsii 12 dekabrya 1993 goda’, 13, Rossiiskie vesti, 21 October 1993. The word ‘plebiscite’ (golosovanie) was used rather than referendum. 1993
12. Rossiiskaya gazeta, The October 1990 RSFSR Referendum Law stipulated that matters affecting the constitution could be adopted by a simple majority of all registered voters, while non-constitutional matters could be decided by a simple majority of those participating in the referendum. A referendum would only be valid if turnout exceeded 50% of registered voters, 2 December 1990
13. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 3, 6, 10 November 1993
14. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 2, A conference of 58 political parties and associations on 3 December subjected the draft constitution to withering criticism, 4 December 1993
15. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 1, 27 November 1993
16. Izvestiya, 2, 30 November 1993
17. Ryabov, Rossiiskaya gazeta, 11, 1, December 1993
18. EPIcenter, The Political Situation in Russia: Political Parties in Russia, 26, (Moscow) 1993
19. A., Rahr, Alexander, The Future of the Russian Democrats, RFE/RL Research Report, 2, 39, 4, 1 October 1993
20. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 3, 14 October 1993
21. Pravda, 16 October 1990
22. Izvestiya, 4, 14 October 1993
23. Izvestiya, 2, 9 November 1993
24. 3, Put', 31 1994
25. The Guardian, 11 November 1993
26. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 1, 11 December 1993
27. Izvestiya, 2, Figures from, 9 November 1993
28. Moscow News, 46, 1, 12 November 1993
29. In addition to specific notes, details about the programmes can be found, Rossiiskie vesti, 11, 2, December 1993
30. Izvestiya, 4, Preliminary information in, 28 October, and 1993
31. Izvestiya, 13, 4, October, 14 October, p. 4
32. The Political Situation in Russia, 16
33. The Independent, 18 October 1993
34. Izvestiya, 2, 15 February 1994
35. Moscow News, 43, 2, 22 October 1993
36. Moskovskie novosti, 37, A5, E.g. 1993
37. Moscow News, 43, 2, 22 October 1993
38. Predvybomaya platforma, (Moscow, November 1993
39. Laissez-Faire” v eks-SSSR, Rossiiskaya gazeta, 27 November 1993. The programme's ideas had already been outlined in Yavlinsky's book Uroki ekonomicheskoi reformy, (Moscow) 1993
40. Izvestiya, 2, 4 December 1993
41. Moscow News, 43, 2, 22 October 1993
42. Moscow News, 45, 2, 5 November 1993
43. Rossiiskie vesti, 2, 11 December 1993
44. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 10 November 1993
45. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 2, 7 December 1993
46. M., McFaul, Michael, Russian Centrism and Revolutionary Transitions, Post-Soviet Affairs, 196, 222, See, 9, 3 1993
47. Izvestiya, 4, 24 November 1993
48. Moscow News, 43, 2, 22 October 1993
49. Izvestiya, 4, 2 December 1993
50. Pravda, 2, 2 April 1993
51. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 23 October 1993
52. G.M., Hahn, Gordon M., Opposition Politics in Russia, Europe-Asia Studies, 46, 305, 306, See, for example, 2, nn. 1 and 2 1994
53. V.V., Zhirinovsky, Poslednii brosok na yug, (Moscow, TOO “Pisatel”) 1993
54. Yuridicheskaya gazeta, The entire issue of, 40–41 (110–111), 1993, was devoted to the LDPR and its programme
55. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 1, 18 December, 2 1993
56. A., Guroff, Alexander, G., Kile, Gretchen, C., Lamber, Christine, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Special Election Watch: A Report on the Russian Parliamentary Elections, 19, 7 December 1993
57. R., Sakwa, Richard, Parties and the Multiparty System in Russia, RFE/RL Research Report, 7, 15, See, 2, 31, July 1993
58. Moscow News, 22, 2, October 1993
59. Izvestiya, 4, 24 November 1993
60. Byulleten, Tsentral'noi izbiratel'noi kommissii Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 82, 105, (henceforth Byulleten TsIK) 12 1994
61. O reforme predstavitel'nykh organov vlasti i organov mestnogo samoupravleniya v Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Rossiiskaya Federatsiya, 25, Decree of 9 October, 13 1993
62. Osnovnye polozheniya, 6, 27, The, for local elections were confirmed by presidential decree on 27 October, Byulleten' TsIK, 12, 1994 1993
63. Rossiiskie vesti, 26, October 1993
64. Ob osnovnykh nachalakh organizatsii gosudarstvennoi vlasti v sub'ektakh Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Byulleten, 3, 6, Decree of 22 October 1993, TsIK, 12 1994
65. Izvestiya, 2, 11 December 1993
66. Izvestiya, 1, 10 December 1993
67. Russkaya mysl', 4010, 7, 23 December 1993
68. Izvestiya, 4, Cf., 10 December 1993
69. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 1, 18 December 1993
70. J., Wishnevsky, Julia, The Role of the Media in the Parliamentary Election Campaign, RFE/RL Research Report, 8, 12, 2, 46, 19 November 1993
71. Ostankino, Nezavisimaya gazeta, 1, For an attack against the bias shown towards Russia's Choice on, TV, whose head, Vyacheslav Bragin, was on that bloc's list, see Irina Petrovskaya, 19 November 1993
72. Moscow News, 44, 3, 29 October 1993
73. Izvestiya, 4, 10 December, gives a full table 1993
74. S., Kiselev, Stepan, Moscow News, 43, 2, 22 October 1993
75. The Observer, 7 November 1993
76. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 1, 11 December 1993
77. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 1, 13 July 1994
78. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 1, 11 December 1993
79. Moscow News, 46, 2, 12 November 1993
80. Moscow News, 47, 2, 19 November 1993
81. Moskovskie novosti, 18, A7, 1 May, These figures assume accurate reporting by the electoral blocs themselves, something that is far from guaranteed. Cf. the figures given by Ryabov, Byulleten' TsIK, 12, 1994, pp. 30–31. 1994
82. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 1, These figures have been the subject of controversy (see below) and the turnout given here is that given in the official results, 21 December 1993
83. For example, turnout in the Polish elections of September, was only 52% 1993
84. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 1, 21 December 1993
85. Byulleten' TsIK, 34, 38, 12 1994
86. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 25 December 1993
87. Byulleten' TsIK, 82, 105, 12 1994
88. Byulleten' TsIK, 31, 12 1994
89. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 1, 21 December 1993
90. Byulleten, TsIK, 39, 51, 12, New elections were ordered by the CEC (Rossiiskaya gazeta, 31 December 1993, p. 6), and took place in Tatarstan on 13 March 1994, in which the president of Tatarstan, Mintimer Shaimiev, and the chairman of the Supreme Soviet, Farid Mukhametshin, were elected to the Federation Council, and five deputies elected to the State Duma. Elections in the Yamal—Nenets autonomous okrug on 15 March saw the acting governor elected to the upper house. The two deputies from Chelyabinsk oblast' were elected on 15 May 1993. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, SU/1999 B/3 1994
91. Byulleten' TsIK, 31, 12 1994
92. Sovetskaya Rossiya, 3, 28 December 1993
93. Byulleten, TsIK, 31, 12 1994
94. W., Slater, Wendy, The Diminishing Center of Russian Parliamentary Politics, RFE/RL Research Report, 13, 3, 17, 29 April 1994
95. V., Tolz, Vera, Russia's New Parliament and Yeltsin: Cooperation Prospects, RFE/RL Research Report, 1, 6, See, 3, 5, 4 February 1994
96. Rossiiskie vesti, 18 December 1993
97. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 1, 15 December 1993
98. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 2, 28 December 1993
99. Byulleten' TsIK, 68, 80, 12 1994
100. V., Tolz, Vera, Russia's Parliamentary Elections: What Happened and Why, RFE/RL Research Report, 4, 3, 2, 14 January 1994
101. Byulleten' TsIK, 52, 66, 12 1994
102. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 1, 18 December 1993
103. An interpretation of the results put forward, for example, by the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nezavisimaya gazeta, 1, Economics Section, 3 February, 4 1994
104. Byulleten' TsIK, 52, 66, 12 1994
105. A., Zubov, V., Kolosov, Chto ishchet Rossiya?, Polls, 93, 112, Cf. 1994
106. oblast', E.g. in three out of four single-member constituencies in Novosibirsk, Russia's Choice candidates were opposed by Democratic Russia nominees
107. Moscow News, 47, 1, Opinion surveys reveal that support for Russia's Choice peaked in early November and fell steadily thereafter, 19 November 1993
108. The LDPR (in contrast to Russia's Choice) made effective use of its financial resources, while support for the CPRF, Segodnya, the APR and Women of Russia was less susceptible to the vicissitudes of campaigning and less dependent on financial factors, 28 December 1993
109. Moskovskie novosti, 52, A9, This, at least, was Yavlinsky's view, 31 December 1993
110. An interview on the eve of the elections revealed Gaidar's exasperation with the failure of the democrats to unite, Moskovskii komsomolets, 1, 4, 11 December 1993
111. if the reformist forces had not divided into openly pro-presidential and a democratic opposition, the result of the elections would have been even more painful, Nezavisimaya gazeta, 2, This view is supported by Russian political scientists. For example, Vyacheslav Nikonov argued that, 28 December, 1; see also Vladislav Chernov, Nezavisimaya gazeta, 15 December 1993 1993
112. Byulleten' TsIK, 12, 52, 54 1994
113. C., Slater, Cf, The Diminishing Center of Russian Parliamentary Politics, 13, 18
114. P., Lentini, Peter, Zhirinovsky is a Cause for Alarm, The Prague Post, 5–11, 17, January 1994
115. Russkaya mysl', 3, 4011, 6–12 January 1994
116. Segodnya, 2, The figure for Russia's Choice was 56% and for Yabloko 37%, 25 December 1993
117. Byulleten' TsIK, 12, 52, 54, The APR was strongest in Bashkortostan, taking 24.76% of the vote, while the CPRF gained an astonishing 54% in Dagestan 1994
118. Sovetskaya Rossiya, 1, 14 December 1993
119. S., Kondrashev, Stanislav, Izvestiya, 4, 16 December 1993
120. Pravda, 1, 17 June, In June 1991 Al'bert Makashov received 3.7% (2.97 million votes), representing potential Zhirinovsky supporters 1991
121. P., Lentini, Peter, T., McGrath, Troy, The Rise of the Liberal Democratic Party and the 1993 Elections, The Harriman Institute Forum, 7, 1, 2, 6 February 1994
122. A., Sobyanin, V., Sukhovol'sky, Segodnya, 4023, 8, 10 March 1994; Arkadii Murashev, Russkaya mysl', 31 March 1994
123. K., Lyubarsky, Kronid, Novoe vremya, 7, 8, 12 1994
124. This was the view of Aleksandr Saburov, the head of a presidential analytical group, Russkaya mysl', 4010, 7, 23 December 1993
125. Byulleten' TsIK, 12, 52, 66 1994
126. Estonia: A Year of Challenges, RFE/RL Research Report, 94, In Estonia about 4000 of Narva's 11 500 Russians participated, and of these 60% voted for the LDPR. Villu Kand, 3, 1, 7 January 1994
127. Social-psychological analysis of the elections, Russian Academy of Management, Moscow, 24 December 1993
128. Izvestiya, 4, These findings were by the All-Russian Centre for Public Opinion Research (VTsIOM), 30 December, For a more detailed analysis, see V. Shokarev & A. Levinson, ‘Elektorat Zhirinovskogo’, Ekonomicheskie i sotsial'nye peremeny: monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya, 2, 1994, pp. 30–33 1993
129. Novaya ezhednevnaya gazeta, 1, However, only 36% of officers voted for the LDPR, but 80% of warrant officers, 24 December 1993
130. Sovetskaya Rossiya, 1, 21 December 1993
131. L., Byzov, Leontii, Novaya faza politicheskogo krizisa ili povorot k stabilizatsii?, Konstituts-ionnyi vestnik, 17, 83 1994
132. B., Grushin's, Boris, Mir mnenie i mnenie o mire, 1, failed to mention the LDPR as a serious challenger until well into the campaign, while a VTsIOM poll in mid-November gave the LDPR only 3.5% (Segodnya, 25 November, and another VTsIOM poll gave the LDPR only 2% 1993
133. A., Corning, Amy, Public Opinion and the Russian Parliamentary Elections, RFE/RL Research Report, 2, 48, 16, 23, (Moskovskie novosti, 49, 5 December 1993, p. A9). For an analysis of the polls, see, 3 December 1993
134. How Pundits got it Wrong in Russia, The Times Higher Education Supplement, 14, 15, also, 21 January 1994
135. V., Amelin, Vladimir, oblast', E.g. polls conducted by, in Moscow, mimeo
136. Segodnya, 1, VTsIOM findings were made available to political leaders in the days before the election, 11 December 1993
137. L., Sedov, Leonid, Mezhdu putchem i vyborami, Ekonomicheskie i sotsial'nye peremeny, 14, 15, Cf., 1 1994
138. Polls, 6, 74, 75 1993
139. E., Teague, Elizabeth, North-South Divide: Yeltsin and Russia's Provincial Leaders, RFE/RL Research Report, Cf., 2, 47, 26 November 1993
140. E., Teague, Elizabeth, Russia's Local Elections Begin, RFE/RL Research Report, 1, 4, See, 3, 7, February 1994
141. Segodnya, 2, 10 February 1994
142. oblast', Izvestiya, 1, E.g. in PenzaPenza, 2 February 1994
143. Segodnya, 2, 22 March 1994
144. Izvestiya, 1, 3 February 1994
145. Byulleten' TsIK, 12, The CEC was required to publish full results within ten days after the election, and if that was not possible, then within a month. The official results were published by the CEC only after two months, 15 February 1994
146. Byulleten' TsIK, 28, 12 1994
147. V., Tolz, Vera, J., Wishnevsky, Julia, Election Queries Make Russians Doubt Democratic Process, RFE/RL Research Report, 1, 6, See, 3, 13, 1 April 1994
148. A., Minkin, Aleksandr, Moskovskii komsomolets, 1, Cf., 11 January, and Pravda, 28 December 1993, p. 1 1994
149. Kronid Lyubarsky, Novoe vremya, 10, 13, The criticisms are made by, 9 March 1994
150. W., Slater, Wendy, Russia's Plebiscite on a New Constitution, RFE/RL Research Report, 1, 7, Cf., 3, 3, 21 January 1994
151. Ryabov, Izvestiya, 4, moreover, admitted that falsification of returns had taken place in Amur oblast', and the case went to court, 4 May 1994
152. W., Tolz, Wishnevsky, Election Queries, 2
153. K., Lyubarsky, Kronid, Novoe vremya, 8, 12, 7, see also an interview with him 1994
154. Ogonek, 6, 7, 6–7, February 1994
155. A.V., Ivanchenko, O merakh po sovershenstvovaniyu izbiratel'noi sistemy v Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Rossiiskaya gazeta, 6, 31 December, A working group of 35 specialists and politicians headed by, deputy director of the CEC, was established on 19 January 1994 to work on the new electoral law, Byulleten' TsIK, 12, 1994, pp. 105–112 1993
156. Izvestiya, 4, 4 May 1994
157. A., Migranyan, Andranik, Avtoritamyi rezhim v Rossii: kakovy perspektivy?, Nezavisimaya gazeta, 1, 4 November, 2 1993
158. Mayatnik ne ostanovilsya v tsentre, Literatumaya gazeta, 1, 29 December, and see 1993
159. I., Klyamkin, Igor, Kakoi avtoritarnyi rezhim vozmozhen segodnya v Rossii, Polis, 5, 49, 54 1993
160. N., Medvedev, Nikolai, lumpenisation, 5, for example, stressed the, of the Russian population, 29 December 1993
161. V., Babenko, Vladimir, Head of Administration in Tambov, oblast', Rossiiskaya gazeta, 2, 29 December 1993
162. Novoe vremya, 18, 20, 5, February 1994
163. Kuranty, 1, 14 December 1993
164. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 1, 15 December 1993
165. M., Cline, Mary, Nizhnii Novgorod: A Regional View of the Russian Elections, RFE/RL Research Report, 3, 4, 48, 54, See, 28 January 1994
166. oblast', Material on Novosibirsk, from Grigorii V. Golosov, Central European University, mimeo