Discrimination and free movement in EC law

International and Comparative Law Quarterly

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 82-108

  Bernard, Nicolas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84937276668     PISSN: 00205893     EISSN: 14716895     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020589300058668     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Joined cases C-267/91 and 268/91 Criminal proceedings against Keck and Mithouard (1993) E.C.R. 1–6097.
2. Case 175/78 R. v. Saunders [1979] E.C.R. 1129
3. [1979] 2 C.M.L.R. 216. para.9.
4. Case 2/74 Jean Reyners v. Belgian State [1974] E.C.R. 631.
5. [1974] 2 C.M.L.R. 305.
6. Case 71/76 Thieffry v. Conseil de I'Ordre des Avocats à la Courde Paris [1977] E.C.R. 765
7. [1977] 2 C.M.L.R. 373.
8. See also Case 11/77 Patrick v. Ministère des Affaires Culturelles [1977] E.C.R. 1199.
9. Case 340/89 Vlassopoulou v. Ministerium fürJusliz, Bundes- und Europaangelegen-heiten Baden-Wüntemberg [1991] E.C.R. 1–2357.
10. Idem, para. 15. Emphasis is mine.
11. Case C-19/92 Dieter Kraus v. Land Baden-Württemberg [1993] E.C.R. 1–1663.
12. E.C.R.
13. See also Case C-112/91 Werner v. Finanzamt Aachen-lnnenstadt [1993] E.C.R. 1–429, where (he Court held that the mere fact of moving one's residence to another member State would not be enough to bring one within the realm of Art.52.
14. See Case C-60/91 Criminal proceedings against Morais [1992] E.C.R. 1–2085.
15. Case 115/78 Knoors v. Secretary of State for Economic Affairs [1979] E.C.R. 399
16. [1979] 2 C.M.L.R. 357.
17. Council Directive 64/427/EEC of 7 July 1964 laying down detailed provisions concerning transitional measures in respect of activities of self-employed persons in manufacturing and processing industries falling within ISIC major groups 23–40 (Industry and small craft industries) (1963–1964) O.J. Sp. Ed., p.148.
18. O.J. Sp. Ed.
19. Case C-419/92 Ingelraul Scholz v. Opera Universitaria di Cagliari and Cinzia Porcedda [1994] E.C.R. 1–505.
20. [1994] 1 C.M.L.R. 873.
21. Case 143/87 Stanton [1988] E.C.R. 3877.
22. Joined cases 154 and 155/87 Wolf and Dorchain [1988] E.C.R. 3897.
23. Case 107/83 Ordre des Avocats du Barreau de Paris v. Klopp [1984] E.C.R. 297
24. [1985] 1 C.M.L.R. 99.
25. See in particular, concerning medical practitioners and dentists. Cases 96/85 Commission v. France [1986] E.C.R. 1475
26. [1986] 3 C.M.L.R. 57
27. and C-351/90 Commission v. Luxembourg [1992] E.C.R. 1–3945.
28. [1992] 3 C.M.L.R. 124.
29. Case 221/85 Commission v. Belgium [1987] E.C.R. 719
30. [1988] 1 C.M.L.R. 620.
31. See P. Craig and G. de Búrca, EC Law: Text, Cases, & Materials (1995), p.735.
32. As in Case C-351/90, EC Law: Text, Cases, & Materials.
33. D. Martin, “Réflexions sur le champ d'application maténel de I'article 48 du traité CE” (1993) Cahiers de Droit Européen 555,562.
34. E. White, “In Search of the Limits to Article 30 of the EEC Treaty” (1989) 26 C.M.L. Rev. 235, 241.
35. For an example of such a situation in the context of freedom to provide services, see Case C-41/90 Höfner and Elserv. Macrotron GmbH [1991) E.C.R. 1–1979.
36. As in Klopp, E.C.R.
37. Case 8/74 Procureur du Roi v. Dassonville (1974) E.C.R. 837
38. [1974] 2 C.M.L.R. 436.
39. See the observation by D. Chalmers that “The only certainty about Article 30 EC was that it was confused”: “Repackaging the Internal Market: The Ramifications of the Keck Judgment” (1994) 19 E.L. Rev. 385.
40. Case 120/78 Rewe-Zentrale AC v. Bundesmonopolverwaliung für Brannrwein [1979] E.C.R. 649
41. [1979] 3 C.M.L.R. 494.
42. See in particular L. W. Gormley, “ ‘Actually or Potentially, Directly or Indirectly?’ Obstacles to the Free Movement of Goods” (1989) Y.E.L. 197.
43. For a remarkable analysis of the case law in discrimination terms see G. Marenco, “Pour une interprétation traditionnelle de la notion de mesure d'effet équivalent” (1984) Cahiers de Droit Européen 291.
44. Cahiers de Droit Européen.
45. See, inter alia, K. Mortelmans, “Article 30 of the EEC Treaty and Legislation Relating to Market Circumstances: Time to Consider a New Definition?” (1991) 28 C.M.L. Rev. 115
46. White, C.M.L. Rev.
47. The possibility of justification is linked to the nature of indirect discrimination as an expression of distributive justice. See John Gardner, “Liberals and Unlawful Discrimination” (1989) 9 O.J.L.S. 1, 11.
48. Council Directive 79/7/EEC on the progressive implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security (1979) O.J. L6/24. Art.7 allows, inter alia, discriminatory treatment in relation to the determination of pensionable age.
49. Joined cases C-l/90 and C-l76790 Aragonesa de Publicidad Exterior SA and Publivia SAE v. Departamento de Sanidad y Seguridad Social de la Generalitat de Cataluna [1991] E.C.R. 1–4151, para.13.
50. Case C-2/90 Commission v. Belgium [1992] E.C.R. 1–4431.
51. Even the derogation for the protection of intellectual property can be understood as a derogation for discriminatory measures: see G. Marenco and K. Banks, “Intellectual Property and the Community Rules on Free Movement: Discrimination Unearthed” (1990) 15 E.L.Rev. 224.
52. Case 15/85 Conegate Ltd v. HM Customs and Excise (1986) E.C.R. 1007
53. [1986] 1 C.M.L.R. 739.
54. Case 34/79 R. v. Henn and Darby [1979] E.C.R. 3795.
55. L. Catchpole and A. Barav, “The Public Morality Exception and the Free Movement of Goods: Justification of a Dual Standard in National Legislation?” [1980-1981] L.I.E.I. 1.
56. The approach is quite comparable to that encountered in the free movement of workers in relation to the public policy derogation in Art.48(3): see Case 41/74 Van Duyn v. Home Office [1974] E.C.R. 1337
57. [1975] 1 C.M.L.R. 1.
58. See, inter alia, the Commission's White Paper on the completion of the internal market (COM (1985) 310 Final).
59. In a different but not entirely unrelated context the Court held, in relation to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), that cross-border supplies of services which do not involve the movement of persons were not unlike trade in goods and fell within the scope of the common commercial policy (see Opinion 1/94 Re the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization [1994] E.C.R. 1–5267).
60. See in particular Case C-288/89 Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda and others v. Commissariaat voor de Media [1991] E.C.R. 1–4007.
61. Idem, para.12 (emphasis added).
62. Case C-360/89 Commission v. Italy [1992] E.C.R. 1–3401.
63. Case C-275/92 HM Customs and Excise v. Cerhart and Joerg Schindler [1994] E.C.R. 1–1039.
64. The formula is borrowed from Case 152/73 Sotgiu v. Bundespost [1974] E.C.R. 153, para.11.
65. For a good summary of the main trends see C. McCrudden (Ed.), Anti-Discrimination Law (1991).
66. Anti-Discrimination Law.
67. Anti-Discrimination Law.
68. Anti-Discrimination Law.
69. Anti-Discrimination Law.
70. Case C-204/90 Bachmann v. Belgian Slate [1992] E.C.R. 1–249
71. [1993] 1 C.M.L.R. 785.
72. Case C-106/91 Claus Ramrath v. Ministre de la Justice [1992] E.C.R. 1–3351.
73. Case 33/74 Van Binsbergen v. Bestuur van de Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Metaalnij-verheid [1974] E.C.R. 1299
74. [1975] 1 C.M.L.R. 289, para.11 (emphasis mine).
75. And not merely non-arbitrarily discriminatory bans as in Henn and Darby, C.M.L.R.
76. See e.g. the French Turkey Imports case: Case 40/82 Commission v. UK [1982] E.C.R. 2793
77. [1982] 3 C.M.L.R. 497.
78. Case 170/78 Commission v. United Kingdom [1983] E.C.R. 2263.
79. [1983] 3 C.M.L.R. 512.
80. (1971) 401 U.S. 424.
81. Per Chief Justice Burger, idem, p.430.
82. Case 170778, idem, at para.8.
83. See in particular Case 15/81 Schul v. Inspecteur der Invoerrechten [1982] E.C.R. 1409, para 31, where the Court expressed the view that the concept of common market “involves the elimination of all obstacles to intra-Community trade in order to merge the national market into a Single Market bringing about conditions as close as possible to those of a genuine internal market”.
84. It is therefore somewhat surprising that the Commission, in its communication to the Council and European Parliament on the principle of subsidiarity (SEC (92) 1990 Final), should take the view that internal market policies constitute exclusive competences of the Community within the meaning of Art. 3B, which are excluded by that Art. from the field of application of the principle of subsidiarity, when the structure of the law is clearly based on that very principle.
85. See N. Reich, “The ‘November Revolution’ of the European Court of Justice: Keck, Meng and Audi Revisited” (1994) 31 C.M.L. Rev. 459, 480.
86. Case C-2/91 Staatsanwaltschaft beim Landgericht Berlin v. Wolf W. Meng [1993] E.C.R. 1–5751.
87. Case 36/74 Walrave and Koch v. Association Union Cycliste Internationale [1974] E.C.R. 1405.
88. [1975] 1 C.M.L.R. 320, para.17.
89. See e.g. Case 21-84 Commission v. France (re postal franking machines) [1985] E.C.R. 1355 (free movement of goods) or, regarding Art.48 and the labour market
90. Scholz, E.C.R.
91. See Reich, E.C.R.
92. See E.C.R.
93. Council Reg.l408/71/EEC on the application of social security schemes to employed persons, self-employed persons and to members of their families moving within the Community (1971–1911) O.J. Sp. Ed., p.416.
94. It has been amended several times, most recently by Reg. 1249-92 (1992) O.J. L136/28.
95. See e.g. A. Mattera, Le marché unique européen (2nd edn, 1990), pp.516–522.
96. Case 15/79 P.B. Groenveld BV v. Produktschap voor Vee en Vlees [1979] E.C.R. 3409
97. [1981] 1 C.M.L.R. 207.
98. See e.g. Case C-339/89 Alsthom Atlantique SA v. Compagnie de construction méca-nique Sulzer SA [1991] E.C.R. 1–107, para.14.
99. On mutual recognition and harmonisation as different degrees on a regulatory coordination scale, see K. Gatsios and P. Seabright, “Regulation in the European Community” (1989) 5 Oxford Rev. Economic Policy 37,42–44.