More Than Anyone Bargained For: Beyond the Welfare Contract

Ethics and International Affairs

Volumn 12, Issue , 1998, Pages 141-158

  Goodin, Robert E ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84937264870     PISSN: 08926794     EISSN: 17477093     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-7093.1998.tb00042.x     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Gertrude Himmelfarb, The Idea of Poverty (London: Faber & Faber, 1984).
2. Joel F. Handler and Yeheskel Hasenfeld, The Moral Construction of Poverty: Welfare Reform in America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1991).
3. Robert E. Goodin, “Social Welfare as a Collective Social Responsibility,” in Social Welfare and Individual Responsibility, edited by Goodin and David Schmidtz (New York: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).
4. On this new discourse more generally, see Robert E. Goodin, “The End of the Welfare State?” in The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought, edited by Terence Ball and Richard Bellamy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).
5. Charles A. Reich, “The New Property,” Yale Law Journal 73 (1964), pp. 733–87.
6. Richard M. Titmuss, “Welfare ‘Rights,’ Law and Discretion,” Political Quarterly 42 (1971), pp. 113–32.
7. Robert E. Goodin, Reasons for Welfare (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988), ch. 7.
8. Mary Jo Bane and David T. Ellwood, Welfare Realities: From Rhetoric to Reform (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), ch. 1.
9. Lawrence M. Mead, Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship (New York: Free Press, 1986)
10. The New Politics of Poverty (New York: Basic Books, 1992)
11. “Citizenship and Social Policy: T. H. Marshall and Poverty,” Social Philosophy & Policy 14 (summer 1997), pp. 197–230.
12. Martha Derthick, Uncontrollable Spending for Social Services Grants (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1975).
13. Hence the image of Social Security pensions as “the third rail of American politics”: like the third rail on an electrified train track, touch it and you are dead. See more generally Paul Pierson, Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), ch. 3.
14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, trans. G. D. H. Cole (1762; London: Everyman/Dent, 1973), bk. 1, ch. 3.
15. As surveyed by Jeremy Waldron, “Welfare and the Images of Charity,” Philosophical Quarterly 36 (December 1986), pp. 463–82.
16. Elizabeth I, ch. 2. Were it only as easy to buy off the homeless today!
17. Gaston V. Rimlinger, Welfare Policy and Industrialization in Europe, America and Russia (New York: Wiley, 1971).
18. The “Harvester judgment”—H. B. Higgins, “Ex parte H. V. McKay,” Commonwealth Arbitration Reports 2 (1907–1908), pp. 3–17
19. reprinted in part in The Australian Welfare State: Key Documents and Themes, edited by John Wilson, Jane Thomson, and Anthony McMahon (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1996), pp. 21–25.
20. See further Stuart Macintyre, Winners & Losers: The Pursuit of Social Justice in Australian History (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1985), ch. 3.
21. Keith Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991), vol. 3.
22. Paul Kelley, The End of Certainty (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1992).
23. Howard Glennerster, British Social Policy since 1945 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), pp. 10–12.
24. Bob Jessop, Kevin Bownett, Simon Bromley, and Tom Ling, “Authoritarian Populism, Two Nations and Thatcherism,” New Left Review 147 (September/October 1984), pp. 32–60.
25. Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State, vol. 2.
26. Walter Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983).
27. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), sec. 86.
28. See various reports by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: The Future of Social Protection, OECD Social Policy Studies no. 6 (Paris: OECD, 1988), chs. 3–4
29. Reforming Public Pensions, Social Policy Studies no. 5 (Paris: OECD, 1988)
30. New Orientations for Social Policy, Social Policy Studies no. 12 (Paris: OECD, 1994).
31. See also World Bank, Averting the Old Age Crisis: Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
32. Norman Daniels, Am I My Parents' Keeper? (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), ch. 7.
33. Sheetal K. Chand and Albert Jaeger et al., Aging Populations and Public Pension Schemes, IMF Occasional Paper no. 147 (Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1996).
34. Henry J. Aaron, Barry P. Bosworth, and Gary T. Burtless, Can America Afford to Grow Old? Paying for Social Security (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1989).
35. Henry J. Aaron and Barry P. Bosworth, “Preparing for the Baby Boomers' Retirement,” in Setting National Priorities: Budget Choices for the Next Century, edited by Robert D. Reischauer, pp. 263–302.
36. Alan Walker, The New Generational Contract: Intergenerational Relations, Old Age and Welfare (London: UCL Press, 1996).
37. See similarly: Peter Laslett, “The Conversation Between the Generations,” in Philosophy, Politics & Society, 5th series, edited by Peter Laslett and James S. Fishkin (Oxford: Blackwell, 1979), pp. 36–56
38. Peter Laslett and James S. Fishkin, eds., Justice Between Generations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).
39. Jane Lewis and Howard Glennerster, Implementing the New Community Care (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1996).
40. Sheldon Garon, Molding Japanese Minds: The State in Everyday Life (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997).
41. Goodin, Protecting the Vulnerable: A Reanalysis of Our Social Responsibilities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), pp. 79–83.
42. Cf. Alan Wolfe, Whose Keeper? Social Science and Moral Obligations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), ch. 5.
43. Peter Townsend, The Family Life of Old People (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957).
44. OECD, Reforming Public Pensions and New Orientations for Social Policy.
45. World Bank, Averting the Old Age Crisis.
46. Peter Diamond and Salvador Valdes-Prieto, “Social Security Reform,” in The Chilean Economy, edited by Barry Bosworth, Rudiger Dombushch, and R. Laban (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), pp. 257–320.
47. World Bank, Averting the Old Age Crisis.
48. Hugo Fazio and Manuel Riesco, “The Chilean Pension Fund Associations,” New Left Review 223 (May/June 1997), pp. 91–100.
49. Steven Rathgeb Smith and Michael Lipsky, Non-Profits for Hire: The Welfare State in an Age of Contracting (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993).
50. Neil Gilbert, Welfare Justice: Restoring Social Equality (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995), ch. 5.
51. Norman Johnson, ed., Private Markets in Health and Welfare: An International Perspective (Oxford: Berg, 1995).
52. Joel F. Handler, Down from Bureaucracy: The Ambiguity of Privatization and Empowerment (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), ch. 4.
53. Rudolf Klein and Jane Millar, “Do-It-Yourself Social Policy: Searching for a New Paradigm?” Social Policy & Administration 29 (1995), pp. 303–16.
54. David Challis and Bleddyn Davies, Case Management in Community Care: An Evaluated Experiment in the Home Care of the Elderly (Aldershot: Gower, 1986).
55. Julian Le Grand, “Quasi-Markets and Social Policy,” Economic Journal 101 (1991), pp. 1256–67.
56. Julian Le Grand and Will Bartlett, eds., Quasi-Markets and Social Policy (London: Macmillan, 1993).
57. Sven E. Olsson, “Decentralization and Privatization: Strategies against a Welfare Backlash in Sweden,” in Testing the Limits of Social Welfare, edited by Robert Morris (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, for Brandeis University Press, 1988), pp. 60–95, esp. pp. 81–83.
58. Bo Rothstein, Just Institutions Matter: On the Moral & Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), ch. 8.
59. Amitai Etzioni, Mary Ann Glendon, William Galston, et al., “The Responsive Communitarian Platform: Rights and Responsibilities,” reprinted in Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities and the Communitarian Agenda (London: Fontana, 1995), pp. 251–67.
60. Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk (New York: Free Press, 1991).
61. Lawrence Mead makes the same arguments against welfare entitlements in particular: see his Beyond Entitlement
62. The New Politics of Poverty
63. “Citizenship and Social Policy.” In this, he is echoing many before him, most especially Alexis de Tocqueville's 1835 “Memoir on Pauperism,” reprinted in The Public Interest 70 (1983), pp. 102–20; see especially pp. 105–20.
64. Mead, Beyond Entitlement
65. “Citizenship and Social Policy.” Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule (New York: Basic Books, 1996).
66. Gilbert, Welfare Justice, pp. 68–69.
67. See further Mary Collins, “A Guaranteed Minimum Income in France,” Social Policy & Administration 24 (1990), pp. 120–24.
68. Mead, “Citizenship and Social Policy,” p. 221.
69. See similarly Robert D. Reischauer, “The Welfare Reform Legislation: Directions for the Future,” in Welfare Policy for the 1990s, edited by Phoebe H. Cottingham and David T. Ellwood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 10–40.
70. Handler and Hasenfeld, The Moral Construction of Poverty, pp. 215–16.
71. Originally entitled the Welfare Reform Act of 1996, subsequently retitled the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, Public Law 104–93 (H.R. 3734) August 22, 1996, 110 Stat. 2105.
72. William J. Clinton, “Acceptance Speech to the Democratic National Convention, Chicago, 29 August 1996,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 54 (August 31, 1996), pp. 2485–89, at p. 2487. This is a recurring motif. A week earlier, when signing the act into law on August 22, 1996, President Clinton had referred to it as part of “America's basic bargain of providing opportunities and demanding in return responsibilities.”
73. Newt Gingrich, Dick Armey, and the House Republicans, Contract with America (New York: Times Books, 1994), p. 75.
74. See, generally, P. S. Atiyah, The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979).
75. One such duty is the principle of tort law that providers have a duty of care toward those dependent upon them; see P. S. Atiyah, Accidents, Compensation and the Law, 3rd edition (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1980), ch. 3, sec. 1, pp. 65–69.
76. Also see the discussion of ultra vires in Stanley de Smith and Rodney Brazier, Constitutional and Administrative Law, 6th edition (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1989), ch. 29.
77. In Whose Keeper? chs. 1–3, Alan Wolfe develops many of these themes.
78. Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State & Utopia (Oxford: Blackwell, 1974), p. 160.
79. Oliver E. Williamson, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting (New York: Free Press, 1985).
80. Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982).
81. Richard M. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship (London: Allen & Unwin, 1971).
82. Avishai Margalit, The Decent Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996).
83. Goodin, Protecting the Vulnerable.
84. Cf. OECD, The Future of Social Protection, p. 30.
85. Elsewhere I argue that reliance rather than promise what grounds contractual obligations themselves; see Goodin, Protecting the Vulnerable, pp. 42–52.
86. Among whom he specifically mentioned “children and battered wives”; William J. Clinton, “Statement upon Signing H.R. 3734,” US Code, Congressional & Administrative News, 104th Congress—Second Session, 1996, vol. 5, pp. 2891–93, at pp. 2892–93.
87. Gertrude Himmelfarb, The De-Moralization of Society: From Victorian Values to Modern Values (New York: Knopf, 1994).
88. Tocqueville, “Memoir on Pauperism,” p. 113 (punctuation modernized).
89. See further Himmelfarb, The Idea of Poverty, ch. 6.
90. William H. Beveridge, Social Insurance and Allied Services, Cmnd. 6404 (London: HMSO, 1942).
91. Glennerster, British Social Policy since 1945, chs. 2–3.
92. A. B. Atkinson, Incomes and the Welfare State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pt. 3, esp. chs. 12, 15.
93. A. B. Atkinson, “The Case for a Participation Income,” Political Quarterly 67 (1996), pp. 67–70, at p. 68.
94. Bane and Ellwood, Welfare Realities.
95. Desmond King, Actively Seeking Work? The Politics of Unemployment Policy in the United States and Great Britain (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
96. Bo Rothstein, The Social Democratic State: The Swedish Model and the Bureaucratic Problem of Social Reforms (Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996), ch. 6.
97. Alvin W. Gouldner, “The Norm of Reciprocity,” American Sociological Review 25 (1960), pp. 161–78.
98. George C. Homans, Social Behaviour (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961).
99. Elaine Walster, G. William Walster, Ellen Berscheid, et al., Equity: Theory and Research (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1978).
100. Hartley Dean and Peter Taylor-Gooby, Dependency Culture: The Explosion of a Myth (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 1992), pp. 183, 192, 195.
101. Joel Feinberg, “The Nature and Value of Rights,” Journal of Value Inquiry 4 (1970), pp. 243–57.
102. T. H. Marshall, “Citizenship and Social Class,” Class, Citizenship and Social Development (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), pp. 70–134
103. cf. Mead, “Citizenship and Social Policy.”
104. Mead, Beyond Entitlement
105. Citizenship and Social Policy.
106. As was the interwar origin of maternity benefits and child allowances in Scandinavia, France, and Britain. See, respectively: Timothy A. Tilton, The Political Theory of Swedish Social Democracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990)
107. Wolfe, Whose Keeper? ch. 5
108. Rémi Lenoir, “Family Policy in France since 1938,” in The French Welfare State, edited by John S. Ambler (New York: New York University Press, 1991), pp. 144–86
109. S. Pederson, “Gender, Welfare and Ctizenship in Britain during the Great War,” American Historical Review 95 (1990), pp. 983–1006.
110. A. B. Atkinson, Incomes and the Welfare State, ch. 15
111. Atkinson, Public Economics in Action: The Basic Income/Flat Tax Proposal (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995)
112. Atkinson, “The Case for a Participation Income.”
113. This is in contrast to the case for absolutely unconditional basic income presented by, e.g., Philippe Van Parijs, “Why Surfers Should be Fed: The Liberal Case for an Unconditional Basic Income,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 20 (1991), pp. 101–31.
114. Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel, Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed Community, trans. by the authors with John Reginait and Thomas Elsaesser (1933; Chicago: Aldine-Atherton, 1971).
115. P. Eisenberg and Paul Lazarsfeld, “The Psychological Effects of Unemployment,” Psychological Bulletin 35 (1938), pp. 358–90.
116. Marie Jahoda, Employment and Unemployment: A Social-Psychological Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
117. Rawls, A Theory of Justice, sec. 67.
118. Jon Elster, “Self-Realization in Work and Politics: The Marxist Conception of the Good Life,” in Alternatives to Capitalism, edited by Jon Elster and Karl Ove Moene (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 127–58.
119. Richard J. Ameson, “Is Work Special? Justice and the Distribution of Employment,” American Political Science Review 84 (1990), pp. 1127–47.
120. OECD, The Future of Social Protection, p. 25.
121. That is more true in some sorts of societies than others. Jerry Hart describes Texas during the boom of the early 1980s as a place “where money wasn't money, but just a means of keeping count”; quoted in David Maraniss, “John Connally Loses It All,” in Washington Post National Weekly Edition 5 (January 25–31, 1988), p. 10.
122. But, tellingly, slaves' sense of self-worth was tied to their market value even in antebellum Virginia: “A thousand-dollar slave felt superior to an eight-hundred-dollar slave,” reports Kenneth Stampp in his The Peculiar Institution (New York: Knopf, 1956), pp. 338–39.
123. Goodin, “The End of the Welfare State?”
124. Lawrence M. Mead, ed., The New Paternalism: Supervisory Approaches to Poverty (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1997).
125. See, for example, the rhetorical question posed by Mead in Beyond Entitlement, p. 84: “Why should unwilling workers be bribed to work when many other Americans, not on welfare, do ‘dirty’ jobs every day?”
126. Henry Sumner Maine, Ancient Law, 17th edition (London: John Murray, 1901).