Education for all: Literacy in Vietnam 1975-1995

Compare

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 43-61

  Biddington, Ralph ^a   Biddington, Judith ^a  

^a NONE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84937260724     PISSN: 03057925     EISSN: 14693623     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0305792970270104     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Throughout this article every effort has been made to verify statistical data. On some occasions such data have been found to be inconsistent, contradictory and outdated. Where there is some doubt the trend is used.
2. Interview with Professor Hoang Duc Nhuan, Director of Institute of Educational Sciences, Hanoi, 17 February 1995.
3. Pham Minh, Hac, ed. Education in Vietnam 1945-1991, 29Hanoi.
4. UNICEF. 1994. Vietnam: children and women. A situation analysis, 101Hanoi: UNICEF. Literacy is taken as having achieved year three of primary school. By then, because of the nature of the Vietnamese language, it is expected that pupils are able to read and write to a useful level
5. Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 1993. The Constitution of 1992 Hanoi
6. Tran Hoang Kim. 1994. Economy of Vietnam: reviews and statistics 24–36. Hanoi
7. Interview with Tran Dac Loi. Central Committee of the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union, Hanoi, 29 January 1996
8. Nguyen Khac Vien. 1993. Vietnam: a long history 429Hanoi
9. Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 1993. Vietnam: a development perspective 40Hanoi
10. Fforde, A., and Goldstone, A., 1995. Vietnam to 2005: advancing on all fronts 4–5. London
11. 9 January 1996. Vietnam News 9 January 1996.
12. 1 February 1996. Vietnam News 1 February 1996.
13. January 1996. Vietnam Investment Review January 1996, 8–14.
14. Interview with Do Phuong, Member of the National Assembly, Member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and Director General of Vietnam News Agency, Hanoi, 25 January 1996.
15. September 1995. Vietnam Courier September 1995, 17–23.
16. Tran Phuc, Thang. 1994. Tendencies of change.. class structure,. Vietnam Social Sciences, 2: 5–6.
17. Le, Thi. 1994. A Participatory Approach to Gender Responsive Policy Research 13–14. Hanoi
18. Vietnam Courier, 30 July to 6 August 1995. State Planning Committee. Vietnam Living Standards Survey 1992-1993, 3 Hanoi
19. Vietnam Courier. 29 October to 4 November 1995.
20. Statistical Publishing House. 1994. Estimating the Fertility and Mortality.. Vietnam 1989 63Hanoi
21. Nguyen Ngoc, Hien. 1994. The struggle for human rights is a noble cause,. Khoa Hoc Giao Duc, 44: 14–15.
22. Loudspeakers were observed in Hanoi's main streets during January and February 1996. The publicity was allowed by the government for half an hour in the morning and also in the evening. It was performed by local community groups.
23. 22 January 1996. Vietnam News 22 January 1996.
24. September 1994. Vietnam Courier September 1994, 4–10.
25. National Steering Committee for MOET, UNDP & UNESCO. 1994. Vietnam: education and human resources sector analysis 20–21. Hanoi
26. Communist Party of Vietnam. 1991. Draft Political Report to the VII Party Congress 54–55. (Hanoi) (the draft education section was adopted without amendment)
27. 1992. Vietnamese Studies Vol. 2, 138–163.
28. Interview with Professor Vu Van Tao, Adviser to the Minister of Education, Hanoi, 3 February 1996.
29. Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 1995. Sectoral Aid Co-ordination Meeting on Education 29Hanoi
30. State Planning Committee. 1994. Vietnam Living Standards Survey 17Hanoi
31. Ministry of Education and Training. 1995. Statistical Data of General Education -- school year 1995-1996 10Hanoi
32. September 1995. Vietnam Courier September 1995, 10–16.
33. Ministry of Education and Training. 1994. Education for All: present and future challenges, 6–9. Pattaya.
34. Ministry of Education and Training. 1995. Educational Development in Ethnic Minority Areas of Vietnam 19Hanoi
35. 25 January 1996. Vietnam News 25 January 1996.
36. Stewart Fraser. 1993. Vietnam: schooling, literacy and fertility census 1979, 1989 and 1999. International Journal of Educational Development, January: 63–80.
37. Statistical Publishing House. 1994. Projections of Population, School Enrolment and Labour Force Vietnam 1990-2005 Hanoi
38. Statistical Publishing House. 1995. Inter-Censal Demographic Survey 1994 and Major Findings Hanoi
39. Do Hong, Anh. 1992. Difficulties on the road to solving the population problem,. Vietnamese Studies, 2: 109–122.
40. Do Muoi. 1995. New Challenges and New Opportunities 247Hanoi
41. Statistical Publishing House 49 61
42. Interview with Professor Dao The Tuan, Director Agricultural Science Institute, Hanoi, 2 February 1996.
43. Statistical Publishing House. 1994. Statistical Yearbook 259Hanoi
44. September 1994. Vietnam Courier September 1994, 11–17.
45. March 1995. Vietnam Courier March 1995, 5–11.
46. July 1994. Vietnam Courier July 1994, 24–30.
47. UNO. 1995. The Progress of Nations 25New York
48. UNESCO. 1994. Report on Education of Ethnic Minorities in South East Asia 114New York
49. Ministry of Education and Training. 1995. Report on Education Surveys in Provinces 10–12. Hanoi
50. Le Thi. 1994. A Participatory Approach to Gender Responsive Policy Research Hanoi
51. Ashley Pettus. 1994. Vietnam's Learning Curve. Far Eastern Economic Review, 18 August: 36–37.
52. Interview with Professor Dao The Tuan, Director Agricultural Science Institute, Hanoi, 2 February 1996.
53. Binh, Ngoc. 1994. Education -- a basic human right,. Khoa Hoc Giao Duc, 44: 53
54. Le, Thi, ed. Job Creation and Income Generation for Women 63–93. Hanoi
55. Le, Thi. 1993. Women, Marriage, Family and Gender Equality,. Vietnam Social Sciences, 2: 23–24.
56. Vietnam Courier 15-21 May 1994
57. Calculated from Table 4 in Bo Giao Duc Va Dao Tao. 1995. So Lieu Thong Ke.. 1945-1995, 75Hanoi
58. Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 1993. Vietnam: a development perspective 11Hanoi
59. 7 February 1995. Interview with Nguyen Mau Banh, President of the Vietnam Teachers, 7 February 1995, Hanoi: Union and the Confederation of Labour.
60. Vietnam Courier. 17 February 1995. Interview with Professor Hoang Duc Nhuan, Hanoi: Director of Institute of Educational Sciences. 6-12 November 1994
61. 31 October-6 November 1993. Vietnam Courier 31 October-6 November 1993.
62. 23-29 October 1994. Vietnam Courier
63. 5 February 1995. Vietnam News 5 February 1995.
64. 23-29 July 1995. Vietnam Courier 23-29 July 1995.
65. Interview with Professor Hoang Duc Nhuan, Director of Institute of Educational Sciences, Hanoi, 17 February 1995.
66. This figure for kilograms of rice has been deduced from Dao The Tuan. 1995. A Glance over Vietnam's Agriculture,. Vietnamese Studies, 1: 15
67. International Encyclopedia of Education, 6612London: Pergamon Press, 1994.
68. Interview with Professor Vu Van Tao, Adviser to the Minister of Education and Training, Hanoi, 11 February 1995.
69. Interview with Nguyen Mau Banh, President of the Vietnam Teachers’ Union and the Confederation of Labour, Hanoi, 7 February 1995.
70. Interview with Professor Vu Van Tao, Adviser to the Minister of Education and Training, Hanoi, 3 February 1996.
71. 20 February 1995. Vietnam News 20 February 1995.
72. Agriculture Publishing House. 1994. VAC Ecosystem and Models of Productive VAC in Vietnam 97–98. Hanoi
73. Interview with Le Duc Long, Education Ministry Foreign Relations Department, Hanoi, 11 February 1995.
74. Interview with Professor Vu Van Tao, Adviser to the Minister of Education and Training, Hanoi, 3 February 1996.
75. Discussion with a parent on teachers’ pay, 28 January 1996. [140]. Vietnam Courier, 2-8 January 1994
76. 9 January 1996. Vietnam News, 9 January 1996.
77. 1994. Women of Vietnam, 8 4
78. Department of Employment Education and Training. 1993. Country Education Profiles. Vietnam: a Comparative Study 19–23. Canberra
79. Vietnam Courier, 6-12 November 1994
80. Interview with staff at Ho Chi Minh Secondary Teachers University, Ho Chi Minh City, 11 January 1996.
81. Vietnam News, 24 January 1995
82. Interview with Nguyen Mau Banh, President of the Vietnam Teachers’ Union and the Confederation of Labour, Hanoi, 7 February 1995.
83. Sunday Vietnam News, 22-29 January 1995
84. Sunday Vietnam News, 22-29 January 1995
85. Sunday Vietnam News, 22-29 January 1995
86. Vietnam Courier, 3-9 April 1994
87. Sunday Vietnam News, 22-29 January 1995
88. Vietnam Courier, 22-28 October 1995
89. Vietnam News, 25 January 1995