City Management and the Emerging Welfare State: Evolution of City Budgets and Civic Responsibilities in Montreal, 1931–1951

Journal of Policy History

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 339-357

  Collin, Jean Pierre ^a  

^a INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE   (Canada)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84937257621     PISSN: 08980306     EISSN: 15284190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0898030600006059     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. It should be remembered that until late in the 1930s in both Canada and the United States, local governments collected more local taxes than federal ones, and certainly more than provincial and state ones. John H. Taylor, “Urban Autonomy in Canada: Its Evolution and Decline,” in Power and Place: Canadian Urban Development in the North American Context, ed. Gilbert A. Stelter and Alan F. J. Artibise (Vancouver, 1986), 269–291
2. Norman Waltzer and Glenn W. Fisher, Cities, Suburbs, and Property Taxes (Boston, 1981)
3. Terrence J. McDonald and Sally K. Ward, introduction to The Politics of Urban Fiscal Policy, ed. Terrence J. McDonald and Sally K. Ward (Beverly Hills, Calif., 1984), 13–37.
4. The doctoral thesis of Michèle Dagenais makes a noteworthy contribution in this area: “Dynamiques d'une bureaucratie: L'administration municipale de Montréal et ses fonctionnaires, 1900–1945” (Ph.D. thesis [history], Université du Québec à Montréal, November 1992).
5. This approach was proposed, for example, by McDonald and Ward, introduction to Politics of Urban Fiscal Policy.
6. See also David M. Nowlan, “Changing Perspectives on Municipal Taxation” (discussion draft, Department of Economics, University of Toronto, October 1990)
7. Esther Fuchs, Mayors and Money: Fiscal Policy in New York and Chicago (Chicago, 1992).
8. For H. Carl Goldenberg, this transformation was the result of two important factors. First, the development of road transportation (cars and trucks) considerably modified the nature of facilities and services related to highways, which escalated the costs of municipal services. Also, social services, whose mandate had broadened after 1910, were putting continually increasing pressure on municipal finances. See Goldenberg, Municipal Finance in Canada (Ottawa, 1939).
9. Claude Couture, Le mythe de la modernisation du Québec, des artnées 1930 à la Réwvolution tranquille (Montreal, 1991).
10. Commission d'étude des problèmes métropolitains De Montreal, Rapport (rapport Paquette) (Montreal, January 1955). Thus Montreal's operating budget was overburdened, and the city, as well, had difficulty servicing its debt.
11. Alfred J. Pick, The Administration of Paris and Montreal: A Comparative Study (Montreal, 1939)
12. Goldenberg, Municipal Finance in Canada
13. C. E. Huet-Massue, Financial and Economic Situation of Montreal Compared with That of Toronto (Montreal, March 1940).
14. Sheldon Silver, “The Feasibility of a Municipal Income Tax in Canada,” Canadian Tax Journal 16 (1968): 398–406.
15. Jean-Marie Martin, “Les problèmes de bien-être et d'assistance publique et l'administration municipale” (Mémoire présenté à la Commission royale d'enquête sur les problèmes constitutionels par l'Union des municipalités de la province de Québec, Études spéciales V, Québec, Chez l'Auteur, 1954).
16. See Jean-Pierre Collin, La Cité coopérative canadienne-française: Saint-Léonard-de-Port-Maurice, 1955–1963 (Montreal and Québec, 1986), chap. 3.
17. Commission d'étude des problèmes métropolitains De Montreal, Rapport.
18. This organization had been created in 1921 to assist four suburbs in financial difficulty after the city of Montreal refused to annex them. Its only mandate was to settle their debts and, more broadly, to be a watchdog over borrowing and to control the finances of a larger group of municipalities. These all shared in the settling of debts for the bankrupt suburbs. See Gérard Divay and Jean-Pierre Collin, La Communauté urbaine de Montreal: de la ville centrale à l'île centrale (Montreal, 1977), chap. 1
19. Andrew Sancton, Governing the Island of Montreal: Language Differences and Metropolitan Politics (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1985).
20. Jean-Pierre Collin, “Les stratégies fiscales municipales et la gestion de l'agglomération urbaine: Le cas de la Ville de Montreal entre 1910 et 1965,” Urban History Review/Revue d'histoire urbaine 23 (November 1994): 19–31.
21. Jon C. Teaford, City and Suburb: The Political Fragmentation of Metropolitan America, 1850–1970 (Baltimore, 1979).
22. The borough model had been proposed as early as 1910 by G. A. Nantel, Lamétropole de demam: Avenir de Montréal (Montreal, 1910).
23. National Municipal League Committee on Metropolitan Government, The Government of Metropolitan Areas in the United States (New York, 1930).
24. Frederick Wright, A Symposium of Opinion on the Borough System of Government for Greater Montreal (Montreal, 1928).
25. Note that the distribution of this pamphlet was in part assumed by the Montreal Metropolitan Commission It was published a second time as The Borough System of Government for Greater Montreal (Montreal, 1947).
26. See also Raymond Tanghe, Géographie humaine de Montreal (Montreal, 1928)
27. Taggart T. Smyth, “Metro Reorganization in Montreal and District,” Municipal Review of Canada 62 (March 1946): 4–6
28. Georges C. Marler, “The Metropolitan Problem,” Metropole 1 (April 1947): 11–17.
29. Pierre Boucher, Analyse des projets de fédération métropolitans des villes de la région de Montreal soumis de 1927 à 1937 (Montreal, 1938).
30. Harold Kaplan, Reform, Planning, and City Politics: Montreal, Winnipeg, and Toronto (Toronto, 1982).
31. Should we see in these “commissions,” each with two presidents and two secretaries, English and French speaking, another explanation for Montreal's adopting a corporatist political regime in 1940? That is what is suggested by the fact that many of the associations involved in these commissions were linked with the city council as part of the “Regime of the 99.” See Jean-Pierre Collin and Annick Germain, “Les transformations du pouvoir local à Montreal: Retourhistorique sur quelques expériences d'aménagement,” in Aménagement et développement: Vers de nouvelles pratiques? ed. Juan-Luis Klein (Montreal, 1986), 19–28.
32. Jean-Pierre Collin and Jacques Léveillée, “Le pragmatisme des nouvelles classes moyennes Montreal,” Revue Internationale d'action communautaire 13, no. 53 (spring 1985): 95–102.
33. See Anthony M. Orum, City-Building in America (Boulder, Colo., 1995), 18–20.
34. See Jean-Pierre Collin, “Les strategies fiscales municipales.”
35. Fuchs, Mayors and Money.
36. Orum, City-Building in America.
37. Ann Durkin Keating, Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of a Divided Metropolis (Columbus, Ohio, 1988).
38. On the history of Montreal, see Paul-André Linteau, Histoire de Montréal depuis la Confédération (Montreal, 1992).
39. Eric H. Monkkonen, America Becomes Urban: The Development of U.S. Cities and Towns, 1780–1980 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1988).
40. On this, see Ted Robert Gurr and Desmond S. King, The State and the City (Chicago, 1987)
41. Michael Keating, Comparative Urban Politics: Power and the City in the United States, Canada, Britain, and France (Brookfield, Vt., 1991)
42. Harold Wolman and Michael Goldsmith, “Local Autonomy as a Meaningful Analytical Concept: Comparing Local Government in the United States and the Uniced Kingdom,” Urban Affairs Quarterly 26 (September 1990): 3–27.
43. Thomas J. Anton, “The Political Economy of Local Government Reform in the United States,” in The Dynamics of Institutionnal Change: Local Government Reorganization m Western Democracy, Modern Politics Series, vol. 19, ed. Bruno Dente and Francesco Kjellberg (London, 1988), 150–170.
44. Gordon L. Clark, “A Theory of Local Autonomy,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 74 (1984): 195–208.