Computerized cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and depression in rural areas:a systematic review

Journal of Medical Internet Research

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 2015, Pages e139-

  Vallury, Kari Dee ^a   Jones, Martin ^a   Oosterbroek, Chloe ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Cognitive therapy; Depression; EHealth; Mental health; MHealth; Rural health

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED THERAPY; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; HEALTH; HUMAN; INTERNET; MALE; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PROCEDURES; RURAL POPULATION; TELEMEDICINE; URBAN POPULATION;

ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERNET; MALE; PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF HEALTH CARE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; RURAL HEALTH; RURAL POPULATION; TELEMEDICINE; THERAPY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; URBAN POPULATION;

EID: 84936763799     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14388871     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2196/jmir.4145     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2012. 4338.0 - Profiles of health, Australia, 2011-13 URL: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@nsf/Lookup/4338.0main+features12011-13 [accessed 2014-09-15] [WebCite Cache ID 6YpIabSIL]
2. Slade T, Johnston A, Oakley Browne MA, Andrews G, Whiteford H. 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: methods and key findings. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2009 Jul;43(7):594-605. [doi: 10.1080/00048670902970882] [Medline: 19530016]
3. Kessler RC, Bromet EJ. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annu Rev Public Health 2013;34:119-138 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409] [Medline: 23514317]
4. Baxter AJ, Scott KM, Vos T, Whiteford HA. Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychol Med 2013 May;43(5):897-910. [doi: 10.1017/S003329171200147X] [Medline: 22781489]
5. Baxter J, Hayes AM, Gray M. Australian Institute of Family Studies, Commonwealth of Australia. 2011. Families in regional, rural and remote Australia URL: https://aifs.gov.au/publications/families-regional-rural-and-remote-australia [accessed 2014-08-28] [WebCite Cache ID 6YpJ6F1aH]
6. Caldwell TM, Jorm AF, Dear KB. Suicide and mental health in rural, remote and metropolitan areas in Australia. Med J Aust 2004 Oct 4;181(7 Suppl):S10-S14. [Medline: 15462636]
7. Judd FK, Jackson HJ, Komiti A, Murray G, Hodgins G, Fraser C. High prevalence disorders in urban and rural communities. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2002 Feb;36(1):104-113. [Medline: 11929446]
8. AIHW. Rural, Regional and Remote Health: Indicators of Health Status and Determinants of Health. Rural Health Series no.
9. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2008 Mar. URL: http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442459831 [accessed 2015-05-26] [WebCite Cache ID 6YpK5ZwAT]
10. Hirsch J, Cukrowicz K. Suicide in rural areas: an updated review of the literature. American Psychological Association 2014;38(2):65-78. [doi: 10.1027/0227-5910.27.4.189]
11. Cheung YT, Spittal MJ, Pirkis J, Yip PS. Spatial analysis of suicide mortality in Australia: investigation of metropolitan-rural-remote differentials of suicide risk across states/territories. Soc Sci Med 2012 Oct;75(8):1460-1468. [doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.008] [Medline: 22771036]
12. Kõlves K, Milner A, McKay K, De Leo D. Suicide in Rural and Remote Areas of Australia. Brisbane, Australia: Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention; 2012. URL: http://www.griffith.edu.au/-data/assets/pdf-file/0007/471985/Suicide-in-Rural-and-Remote-Areas-of-Australia.pdf [accessed 2015-05-26] [WebCite Cache ID 6YpKebQMV]
13. Ellis P, Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Clinical Practice Guidelines Team for Depression. Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2004 Jun;38(6):389-407. [doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1614.2004.01377.x] [Medline: 15209830]
14. NICE Guidelines. Manchester, UK: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2011. Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia) in adults: Management in primary, secondary and community care URL: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg113/chapter/guidance [accessed 2015-05-26] [WebCite Cache ID 6YpMxVZLt]
15. Beatty L, Koczwara B, Wade T. Cancer coping online: A pilot trial of a self-guided CBT internet intervention for cancer-related distress. E J Appl Psychol 2011;7(2):17-25.
16. Tiller JWG. Depression and anxiety. Med J Aust 2012 Oct 1;1(4):28-31. [doi: 10.5694/mjao12.10628]
17. Jackson H, Judd F, Komiti A. Mental health problems in rural contexts: What are the barriers to seeking help from professional providers? Aust Psychol 2007;42(2):147-160. [doi: 10.1080/00050060701299532]
18. Fuller J, Edwards J, Procter N, Moss J. How definition of mental health problems can influence help seeking in rural and remote communities. Aust J Rural Health 2000 Jun;8(3):148-153. [Medline: 11249402]
19. HWA. Australia's Health Workforce Series - Psychologists in Focus. Adelaide, Australia: Health Workforce Australia; 2014 Mar. URL: https://www.hwa.gov.au/sites/default/files/HWA-Australia-Health-Workforce-Series-Psychologists%20in%20focus-vF-LR.pdf [accessed 2015-05-26] [WebCite Cache ID 6YpMeTD9d]
20. Andrews G, Cuijpers P, Craske MG, McEvoy P, Titov N. Computer therapy for the anxiety and depressive disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health care: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2010;5(10):e13196 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013196] [Medline: 20967242]
21. Gilman SE, Abraham HD. A longitudinal study of the order of onset of alcohol dependence and major depression. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001 Aug 1;63(3):277-286. [Medline: 11418232]
22. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-2107. [Medline: 10904452]
23. Rieckmann N, Gerin W, Kronish IM, Burg MM, Chaplin WF, Kong G, et al. Course of depressive symptoms and medication adherence after acute coronary syndromes: an electronic medication monitoring study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006 Dec 5;48(11):2218-2222 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.063] [Medline: 17161249]
24. Nemeroff CB, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ. Heartache and heartbreak-the link between depression and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2012 Sep;9(9):526-539. [doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2012.91] [Medline: 22733213]
25. Stack SJ. Mental illness and suicide. In: The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014:1618-1623.
26. Christensen H, Batterham P, Calear A. Online interventions for anxiety disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2014 Jan;27(1):7-13. [doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000019] [Medline: 24257123]
27. Grist R, Cavanagh K. Computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for common mental health disorders, what works, for whom under what circumstances? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Contemp Psychother 2013 Sep 4;43(4):243-251. [doi: 10.1007/s10879-013-9243-y]
28. Hedman E, Ljótsson B, Lindefors N. Cognitive behavior therapy via the Internet: a systematic review of applications, clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2012 Dec;12(6):745-764. [doi: 10.1586/erp.12.67] [Medline: 23252357]
29. Mayo-Wilson E, Montgomery P. Media-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy and behavioural therapy (self-help) for anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;9:CD005330. [doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005330.pub4] [Medline: 24018460]
30. Mureşan V, Montgomery GH, David D. Emotional outcomes and mechanisms of change in online cognitive-behavioral interventions: a quantitative meta-analysis of clinical controlled studies. J Technol Hum Serv 2012 Jan;30(1):1-13. [doi: 10.1080/15228835.2011.653290]
31. Spek V, Cuijpers P, Nykl?cek I, Riper H, Keyzer J, Pop V. Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2007 Mar;37(3):319-328. [doi: 10.1017/S0033291706008944] [Medline: 17112400]
32. Reger MA, Gahm GA. A meta-analysis of the effects of internet- and computer-based cognitive-behavioral treatments for anxiety. J Clin Psychol 2009 Jan;65(1):53-75. [doi: 10.1002/jclp.20536] [Medline: 19051274]
33. Robinson E, Titov N, Andrews G, McIntyre K, Schwencke G, Solley K. Internet treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial comparing clinician vs technician assistance. PLoS One 2010;5(6):e10942 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010942] [Medline: 20532167]
34. Hollinghurst S, Peters TJ, Kaur S, Wiles N, Lewis G, Kessler D. Cost-effectiveness of therapist-delivered online cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2010 Oct;197(4):297-304 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.073080] [Medline: 20884953]
35. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLOS Med 2009;6(7):e1000097. [doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097]
36. National Centre for Social Research, Leicester University. Health & Social Care Information Centre. Leeds, UK: The NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care; 2009 Jan
37. Adult psychiatric morbidity in England - 2007, results of a household survey [NS] URL: http://www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/psychiatricmorbidity07 [accessed 2015-05-26] [WebCite Cache ID 6YpNmbENd]
38. Higgins JP, Altman DG, G?tzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, Cochrane Bias Methods Group, Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011;343:d5928 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 22008217]
39. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist G, Kunz R, Brozek J, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence-study limitations (risk of bias). J Clin Epidemiol 2011 Apr;64(4):407-415. [doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.017] [Medline: 21247734]
40. Calear AL, Christensen H, Mackinnon A, Griffiths KM. Adherence to the MoodGYM program: outcomes and predictors for an adolescent school-based population. J Affect Disord 2013 May;147(1-3):338-344. [doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.036] [Medline: 23245469]
41. Hayward L, MacGregor AD, Peck DF, Wilkes P. The feasibility and effectiveness of computer-guided CBT (Fearfighter) in a rural area. Behav Cogn Psychother 2007 Jul;35(4):409-419.
42. Kay-Lambkin FJ, Baker AL, Kelly B, Lewin TJ. Clinician-assisted computerised versus therapist-delivered treatment for depressive and addictive disorders: a randomised controlled trial. Med J Aust 2011 Aug 1;195(3):S44-S50. [Medline: 21806518]
43. Kay-Lambkin FJ, Baker AL, Kelly BJ, Lewin TJ. It's worth a try: the treatment experiences of rural and urban participants in a randomized controlled trial of computerized psychological treatment for comorbid depression and alcohol/other drug use. J Dual Diagn 2012 Nov;8(4):262-276. [doi: 10.1080/15504263.2012.723315]
44. Mewton L, Wong N, Andrews G. The effectiveness of internet cognitive behavioural therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in clinical practice. Depress Anxiety 2012 Oct;29(10):843-849. [doi: 10.1002/da.21995] [Medline: 22949296]
45. Neil AL, Batterham P, Christensen H, Bennett K, Griffiths KM. Predictors of adherence by adolescents to a cognitive behavior therapy website in school and community-based settings. J Med Internet Res 2009;11(1):e6 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1050] [Medline: 19275982]
46. Sunderland M, Wong N, Hilvert-Bruce Z, Andrews G. Investigating trajectories of change in psychological distress amongst patients with depression and generalised anxiety disorder treated with internet cognitive behavioural therapy. Behav Res Ther 2012 Jun;50(6):374-380. [doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.03.005] [Medline: 22498311]
47. MacGregor AD, Hayward L, Peck DF, Wilkes P. Empirically grounded clinical interventions clients' and referrers' perceptions of computer-guided CBT (FearFighter). Behav Cogn Psychother 2009 Jan;37(1):1-9. [doi: 10.1017/S135246580800492X] [Medline: 19364403]
48. Cheek C, Bridgman H, Fleming T, Cummings E, Ellis L, Lucassen MF, et al. Views of young people in rural Australia on SPARX, a fantasy world developed for New Zealand youth with depression. JMIR Serious Games 2014 Feb;2(1):e3 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/games.3183] [Medline: 25659116]
49. Sethi S. Treating youth depression and anxiety: a randomised controlled trial examining the efficacy of computerised versus face-to-face cognitive behaviour therapy. Aust Psychol 2013 Feb 14;48(4):249-257. [doi: 10.1111/ap.12006]
50. Griffiths KM, Christensen H. Internet-based mental health programs: a powerful tool in the rural medical kit. Aust J Rural Health 2007 Apr;15(2):81-87. [doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1584.2007.00859.x] [Medline: 17441815]
51. Richardson T, Stallard P, Velleman S. Computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for the prevention and treatment of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2010 Sep;13(3):275-290. [doi: 10.1007/s10567-010-0069-9] [Medline: 20532980]
52. So M, Yamaguchi S, Hashimoto S, Sado M, Furukawa TA, McCrone P. Is computerised CBT really helpful for adult depression?-A meta-analytic re-evaluation of CCBT for adult depression in terms of clinical implementation and methodological validity. BMC Psychiatry 2013;13:113 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-113] [Medline: 23587347]
53. Kaltenthaler E, Parry G, Beverley C, Ferriter M. Computerised cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2008 Sep;193(3):181-184 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.025981] [Medline: 18757972]
54. Waller R, Gilbody S. Barriers to the uptake of computerized cognitive behavioural therapy: a systematic review of the quantitative and qualitative evidence. Psychol Med 2009 May;39(5):705-712. [doi: 10.1017/S0033291708004224] [Medline: 18812006]
55. Andersson G, Hesser H, Veilord A, Svedling L, Andersson F, Sleman O, et al. Randomised controlled non-inferiority trial with 3-year follow-up of internet-delivered versus face-to-face group cognitive behavioural therapy for depression. J Affect Disord 2013 Dec;151(3):986-994. [doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.022] [Medline: 24035673]
56. Wright JH, Wright AS, Albano AM, Basco MR, Goldsmith LJ, Raffield T, et al. Computer-assisted cognitive therapy for depression: maintaining efficacy while reducing therapist time. Am J Psychiatry 2005 Jun;162(6):1158-1164. [doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1158] [Medline: 15930065]
57. Kay-Lambkin F, Baker A, Lewin T, Carr V. Acceptability of a clinician-assisted computerized psychological intervention for comorbid mental health and substance use problems: treatment adherence data from a randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2011;13(1):e11 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1522] [Medline: 21273184]
58. Albano AM, Krain AL, Podniesinski E, Ditkowsky KS. Cognitive-behavior therapy with children and adolescents. In: Wright JH, editor. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: Review of Psychiatry, Volume 23. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; 2004:123-150.
59. Learmonth D, Trosh J, Rai S, Sewell J, Cavanagh K. The role of computer-aided psychotherapy within an NHS CBT specialist service. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 2008 Jun;8(2):117-123. [doi: 10.1080/14733140801976290]
60. Sethi S, Campbell AJ, Ellis LA. The use of computerized self-help packages to treat adolescent depression and anxiety. J Technol Hum Serv 2010 Aug 31;28(3):144-160. [doi: 10.1080/15228835.2010.508317]
61. Moss-Morris R, McCrone P, Yardley L, van Kessel K, Wills G, Dennison L. A pilot randomised controlled trial of an Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy self-management programme (MS Invigor8) for multiple sclerosis fatigue. Behav Res Ther 2012 Jun;50(6):415-421. [doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.03.001] [Medline: 22516321]
62. Murray K, Pombo-Carril MG, Bara-Carril N, Grover M, Reid Y, Langham C, et al. Factors determining uptake of a CD-ROM-based CBT self-help treatment for bulimia: patient characteristics and subjective appraisals of self-help treatment. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2003 May;11(3):243-260. [doi: 10.1002/erv.519]
63. Palermo TM, Wilson AC, Peters M, Lewandowski A, Somhegyi H. Randomized controlled trial of an Internet-delivered family cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention for children and adolescents with chronic pain. Pain 2009 Nov;146(1-2):205-213 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.07.034] [Medline: 19695776]
64. Trockel M, Manber R, Chang V, Thurston A, Taylor CB. An e-mail delivered CBT for sleep-health program for college students: effects on sleep quality and depression symptoms. J Clin Sleep Med 2011 Jun 15;7(3):276-281 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.5664/JCSM.1072] [Medline: 21677898]