The FOUR Score Predicts Mortality, Endotracheal Intubation and ICU Length of Stay After Traumatic Brain Injury

Neurocritical Care

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 496-504

  Okasha, Ahmed Said ^a   Fayed, Akram Muhammad ^a   Saleh, Ahmad Sabry ^b  

^a ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

^b Intensive Care Unit Kom el Shoqafa Chest Hospital   (Egypt)

Author keywords

FOUR score; Glasgow Coma Scale; Glasgow outcome score; Length of stay; Outcome assessment; Traumatic brain injury

Indexed keywords

ADULT; BRAIN INJURIES; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION; FEMALE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; GLASGOW OUTCOME SCALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INJURY SCALE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UTILIZATION;

ADULT; BRAIN INJURIES; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; GLASGOW OUTCOME SCALE; HOSPITAL MORTALITY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; INTUBATION, INTRATRACHEAL; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; TRAUMA SEVERITY INDICES;

EID: 84936755669     PISSN: 15416933     EISSN: 15560961     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12028-014-9995-6     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. World Health Organization. Traumatic brain injuries. In: Neurological disorders: public health challenges. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. p. 164–75.
2. Lingsma HF, Roozenbeek B, Steyerberg EW, Murray GD, Maas AI. Early prognosis in traumatic brain injury: from prophecies to predictions. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:543–54.
3. Matis G, Birbilis T. The Glasgow Coma Scale—a brief review. Past, present, future. Acta Neurol Belg. 2008;108:75–89.
4. Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Copes WS, Gann DS, Gennarelli TA, Flanagan ME. A revision of the Trauma Score. J Trauma. 1989;29:623–9.
5. Boyd CR, Tolson MA, Copes WS. Evaluating trauma care: the TRISS method. Trauma Score and the Injury Severity Score. J Trauma. 1987;27:370–8.
6. Champion HR, Copes WS, Sacco WJ, et al. Improved predictions from a severity characterization of trauma (ASCOT) over Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS): results of an independent evaluation. J Trauma. 1996;40:42–8.
7. Perel P, Edwards P, Wentz R, Roberts I. Systematic review of prognostic models in traumatic brain injury. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006;6:38.
8. Perel P, Arango M, Clayton T, et al. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: practical prognostic models based on large cohort of international patients. BMJ. 2008;336:425–9.
9. Steyerberg EW, Mushkudiani N, Perel P, et al. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and international validation of prognostic scores based on admission characteristics. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e165.
10. Wijdicks EF, Bamlet WR, Maramattom BV, Manno EM, McClelland RL. Validation of a new coma scale: the FOUR score. Ann Neurol. 2005;58:585–93.
11. Fischer M, Rüegg S, Czaplinski A, et al. Inter-rater reliability of the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness score and the Glasgow Coma Scale in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study. Crit Care. 2010;14:R64.
12. Idrovo L, Fuentes B, Medina J, et al. Validation of the FOUR Score (Spanish Version) in acute stroke: an interobserver variability study. Eur Neurol. 2010;63:364–9.
13. Kramer AA, Wijdicks EF, Snavely VL, et al. A multicenter prospective study of interobserver agreement using the Full Outline of Unresponsiveness score coma scale in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:2671–6.
14. Marcati E, Ricci S, Casalena A, Toni D, Carolei A, Sacco S. Validation of the Italian version of a new coma scale: the FOUR score. Intern Emerg Med. 2012;7:145–52.
15. Menon DK, Schwab K, Wright DW, Maas AI. Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91:1637–40.
16. Baker SP, O’Neill B, Haddon W Jr, Long WB. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. 1974;14:187–96.
17. Marshall LF, Marshall SB, Klauber MR, et al. The diagnosis of head injury requires a classification based on computed axial tomography. J Neurotrauma. 1992;9:S287–92.
18. Teasdale GM, Pettigrew LE, Wilson JT, Murray G, Jennett B. Analyzing outcome of treatment of severe head injury: a review and update on advancing the use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale. J Neurotrauma. 1998;15:587–97.
19. Ray P, Le Manach Y, Riou B, Houle TT. Statistical evaluation of a biomarker. Anesthesiology. 2010;112:1023–40.
20. DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44:837–45.
21. Qualls M, Pallin DJ, Schuur JD. Parametric versus nonparametric statistical tests: the length of stay example. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17:1113–21.
22. Hyam JA, Welch CA, Harrison DA, Menon DK. Case mix, outcomes and comparison of risk prediction models for admissions to adult, general and specialist critical care units for head injury: a secondary analysis of the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Crit Care. 2006;10:S2.
23. Hoffmann M, Lefering R, Rueger JM, et al. Pupil evaluation in addition to Glasgow Coma Scale components in prediction of traumatic brain injury and mortality. Br J Surg. 2012;99:122–30.
24. Vivien B, Yeguiayan JM, Le Manach Y, et al. The motor component does not convey all the mortality prediction capacity of the Glasgow Coma Scale in trauma patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30:1032–41.
25. Sadaka F, Patel D, Lakshmanan R. The FOUR score predicts outcome in patients after traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16:95–101.
26. McNett M, Amato S, Gianakis A, et al. The FOUR Score and GCS as predictors of outcome after traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2014 Jan 10 [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1007/s12028-013-9947-6.
27. Roozenbeek B, Maas AI, Menon DK. Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9:231–6.
28. Marmarou A, Lu J, Butcher I, et al. Prognostic value of the Glasgow Coma Scale and pupil reactivity in traumatic brain injury assessed pre-hospital and on enrollment: an IMPACT analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24:270–80.
29. Chamoun RB, Robertson CS, Gopinath SP. Outcome in patients with blunt head trauma and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3 at presentation. J Neurosurg. 2009;111:683–7.
30. Demetriades D, Kuncir E, Velmahos GC, Rhee P, Alo K, Chan LS. Outcome and prognostic factors in head injuries with an admission Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3. Arch Surg. 2004;139:1066–8.
31. Chen B, Grothe C, Schaller K. Validation of a new neurological score (FOUR Score) in the assessment of neurosurgical patients with severely impaired consciousness. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2013;155:2133–9.
32. Adnet F, Baud F. Relation between Glasgow Coma Scale and aspiration pneumonia. Lancet. 1996;348:123–4.
33. Frontera JA, de los Reyes K, Gordon E, et al. Trend in outcome and financial impact of subdural hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011;14:260–6.
34. Kim YJ. The impact of time from ED arrival to surgery on mortality and hospital length of stay in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Emerg Nurs. 2011;37:328–32.
35. Knaus WA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE, Draper EA. Variations in mortality and length of stay in intensive care units. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:753–61.
36. Gruenberg DA, Shelton W, Rose SL, Rutter AE, Socaris S, McGee G. Factors influencing length of stay in the intensive care unit. Am J Crit Care. 2006;15:502–9.
37. Singh B, Murad MH, Prokop LJ, et al. Meta-analysis of Glasgow coma scale and simplified motor score in predicting traumatic brain injury outcomes. Brain Inj. 2013;27:293–300.
38. Wisborg T, Montshiwa TR, Mock C. Trauma research in low- and middle-income countries is urgently needed to strengthen the chain of survival. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2011;19:62.
39. Sitsapesan HA, Lawrence TP, Sweasey C, Wester K. Neurotrauma outside the high-income setting: a review of audit and data-collection strategies. World Neurosurg. 2013;79:568–75.
40. Agrawal D, Joshua SP, Gupta D, Sinha S, Satyarthee GD. Can glasgow score at discharge represent final outcome in severe head injury? J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2012;5:217–9.