The Collapse of the Lebanese State

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 54-74

  Kliot, N ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84935322409     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: 17437881     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263208708700688     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. A. Hourani, ‘Ideologies of the Mountain and the City’, in R. Owen (ed.), Essays on the Crisis in Lebanon (London: Ithaca Press, 1976), pp. 33–41.
2. A. Kelidar, ‘Lebanon: The Collapse of a State’, Conflict Studies, No. 74, 1976, pp. 1–19, and
3. K. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War: 1958–1976 (New York: Caravan Books, 1976), pp. 155–6.
4. R. Owen, ‘The Political Economy of Grand Liban’ in R. Owen (ed.), Essays on the Crisis in Lebanon (London: Ithaca Press, 1976), pp. 23–32.
5. See Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War: 1958–1976 (New York: Caravan Books, 1976), pp. 155–6
6. T. Khalaf, ‘The Phalange and the Maronite Community’, in R. Owen (ed.), Essays on the Crisis in Lebanon (London: Ithaca Press, 1976), pp. 43–57.
7. D. Gordon, Lebanon — The Fragmented Nation (London: Croom Helm, 1980), p. 42; and
8. Y. Porath, ‘The War in Lebanon, Motivation and Perspective’, in S. Rosenthal (ed.), Lebanon — The Other War (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Sifriat Poalim, 1983), pp. 124–44.
9. Kelidar, op. cit.;
10. Salibi, op. cit.
11. I. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon (Ithaca: Cornall University Press, 1984), p. 38.
12. M. Hudson, The Precarious Republic (New York: Random House, 1968), pp. 40–6.
13. This ratio is according to their respective proportions in the population, based on the 1932 census. See E. Khoury, The Crisis in the Lebanese System (Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy, 1976), pp. 1–7.
14. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 146–8.
15. Hudson, op. cit., pp. 40–2.
16. E. Salem, ‘Lebanon's Political Maze: The Search for Peace in a Turbulent Land’, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 33, 1979, pp. 444–8.
17. H. Barakat, ‘The Social Context’ in E. Haley and R. Snider (eds.), Lebanon in Crisis (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1979), pp. 4–8.
18. See also Gordon, op. cit., pp. 143–5.
19. Gordon, op. cit.
20. E. Shils, ‘The Prospect for Lebanese Civility’ in L. Binder (ed.), Politics in Lebanon (New York: Wiley, 1966), p. 2.
21. Salem, cit.
22. J. Randal, All The Way (New York: Viking Press, 1983), p. 33.
23. D. Easton, A System's Analysis of Political Life (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1965), pp. 171–89.
24. F. Barth, Ethnic and Boundaries (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1969), p. 11.
25. R. Muir, Modern Political Geography (New York: Halsted Press, 1975), p. 100.
26. R. Paddison, The Fragmented State (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983), p. 66.
27. Hudson, op. cit., p. 75.
28. W. Kewenig, Die Koexistenz der Religionsgemeinschaften in Libanon (Berlin: Walter de Gryter, 1965), p. 84.
29. K. Salibi, The Modern History of Lebanon (New York: Caravan Books, 1965), pp. 120–50.
30. Barakat, op. cit., p. 11.
31. H. Smith, Area Handbook for Lebanon (Washington: U.S. Government, 1974), p. 97.
32. Smith, op. cit., p. 100.
33. Barakat, op. cit., 10–11.
34. Hudson, op. cit., 75–9.
35. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 136–9.
36. Hudson, op. cit., p. 77.
37. H. Barakat, Lebanon in Strife: Student Preludes to the Civil War (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977).
38. Hudson, op. cit., p. 73
39. and G. Bustros, Who is Who in Lebanon 1982–2 (Beirut: Publitec Publication, 1980), p. 318.
40. Hudson, op. cit., p. 73.
41. K. Deutsch, ‘The Growth of Nations — Some Recurrent Patterns of Political and Social Integration’, World Politics, Vol. 5, 1953, p. 61;
42. E. B. Haas, The Unity of Europe (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957), p. 5, and Easton, op. cit.
43. W. Khalidi, Conflict and Violence in Lebanon (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), p. 36.
44. A. Soffer, ‘Lebanon — Where Demography is the Core of Politics and Life’, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1986, pp. 197–205.
45. These trends are confirmed in other studies which have preceded Soffer's study. See U. Schmelz, ‘Demographic Development of the Arab Countries in Our Region’, The New East, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1973, pp. 22–48;
46. Y. Chamie, Religion and Fertility: Arab Christian — Muslim Differences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
47. S. Nasr, ‘The Crisis of Lebanese Capitalism’, MERIP, Vol. 8, No. 10, 1978, pp. 3–13.
48. J. Toubi, ‘Social Dynamics in War Torn Lebanon’, The Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 17, 1980, pp. 96–7.
49. E. Rouleau, ‘Civil War in Lebanon’, Le Monde, 20–25 Sept. 1975;
50. Barakat, 1979, op. cit., pp. 10–11.
51. Soffer, op. cit.
52. A. Banks, Political Handbook of the World (New York: McGraw Hill, 1978).
53. See also, Gordon, op. cit., pp. 143–74;
54. Touby, op. cit., p. 97.
55. M. Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War (New York: Praeger, 1980), p. 25.
56. H. Vocke, The Lebanese War (London: C. Hurst, 1976), pp. 23–30.
57. Hudson, op. cit., pp. 125–67.
58. Khalidi, op. cit., p. 97.
59. Hudson, op. cit.,
60. Khalidi, op. cit., p. 43;
61. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 10–105;
62. R. Muir, ‘South Lebanon — Cordon Sanitaire’, Middle East, No. 105, 1983, pp. 14–18.
63. M. Zamir, ‘Politics and Violence in Lebanon’, The Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 25, 1982, p. 4.
64. Hudson, op. cit., pp. 67–70;
65. Barakat, op. cit.
66. R. Crow, ‘Confessionalism, Public Administration and Efficiency in Lebanon’ in Binder (ed.), op. cit., p. 167–86.
67. M. Kerr, ‘Political Decision Making in a Confessional Democracy’ in Binder (ed.), op. cit., pp. 187–212.
68. Bustros, op. cit., pp. 145–71;
69. Muir, op. cit.
70. Randal, op. cit., p. 54;
71. Khalidi, op. cit., p. 39.
72. Khalidi, op. cit., pp. 67–8.
73. Kelidar, op. cit.;
74. Deeb, op. cit., p. 88–9;
75. Rabinovich, op. cit., p. 72.
76. J. Muir, ‘Lebanon's Future in Syrian Hands’, Middle East International, No. 219, 1984, pp. 2–4; R. Fraser (ed.), Keesings Contemporary Archives, Vol. 30, 1984, January, p. 32645.
77. Muir, op. cit., 1983, pp. 14–18.
78. L. Yamak, ‘Party Politics in the Lebanese Political System’ in Binder (ed.), op. cit., pp. 143–6.
79. K. Deutsch, The Analysis of International Relations (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1968), pp. 192–4.
80. J. Friedman, Regional Development Policy: A Case Study of Venezuela (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1966).
81. M. Hechter, International Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975).
82. Paddison, op. cit., pp. 67–78.
83. Hudson, op. cit., p. 63;
84. E. Kanovsky, ‘The Economy of Lebanon: Chances after the War’ in Lebanon: War and Reconstruction (Hebrew), (University of Haifa, The Jewish Arab Center, 1983).
85. Nasr, op. cit.
86. Kanovsky, op. cit.; pp. 13–23;
87. M. Kamel, ‘Lebanon Explodes’, MERIP, No. 44–52, 1976, pp. 19–20;
88. J. Stork, ‘Report from Lebanon’, MERIP, no. 118, 1976, pp. 3-13.
89. R. Fraser (ed.), Keesings Contemporary Archives, Vol. 29, 1983, January, pp. 31925–6.
90. Kamel, op. cit., pp. 19–20.
91. Stork, op. cit., p. 13.
92. A. Azmeh, ‘The Progressive Forces’ in R. Owen (ed.), Essays on the Crisis in Lebanon (London: Ithaca Press, 1976), pp. 59–72.
93. C. Issawi, ‘Economic Development and Political Liberalism in Lebanon’, in Binder (ed.), op. cit., pp. 69–84;
94. Hudson, op. cit., p. 65, based on IRFED research data.
95. Barakat, op. cit.
96. G. Khoury, op. cit., p. 35;
97. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 106–8.
98. Smith, op. cit., p. 247.
99. Kamel, op. cit., pp. 19–20.
100. Rouleau, op. cit.
101. Barakat, op. cit.
102. Rouleau, op. cit.
103. Smith, op. cit., p. 74.
104. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 136–9.
105. Toubi, op. cit., pp. 96–7.
106. Kamel, op. cit.;
107. Rouleau, op. cit.;
108. Touby, op. cit.
109. Owen, op. cit., pp. 27–32.
110. Issawi, op. cit.
111. Fraser (ed.), Keesings Contemporary Archives, op. cit.