Consolidating the State of Knowledge: A Synoptical Review of Wind Energy’s Wildlife Effects

Environmental Management

Volumn 56, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 300-331

  Schuster, Eva ^a   Bulling, Lea ^a   Köppel, Johann ^a  

^a TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bats; Breeding and resting birds; Influencing factors; Marine mammals; Migratory birds; Raptors; Wind energy and wildlife effects

Indexed keywords

ANIMALS; BIRDS; FORESTRY; MAMMALS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

BATS; INFLUENCING FACTORS; MARINE MAMMALS; MIGRATORY BIRDS; RAPTORS;

WIND POWER;

BAT; BIRD; ENERGY PLANNING; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; LITERATURE REVIEW; MARINE MAMMAL; MIGRATORY SPECIES; MITIGATION; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT; WIND POWER;

AIR TEMPERATURE; ARTICLE; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; AWARENESS; BAT; BENTHOS; BIRD; BREEDING; DEVELOPMENT; ECHOLOCATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; FISH; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; HIGH TEMPERATURE; LANDSCAPE; LIGHT; MAMMAL; MARINE MAMMAL; MATING; MIGRANT BIRD; NONHUMAN; POPULATION ABUNDANCE; POPULATION MIGRATION; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; RAPTOR; SPECIES; WEATHER; WILDLIFE; WIND POWER; ANIMAL; CETACEA; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; PHYSIOLOGY; RENEWABLE ENERGY; UNCERTAINTY; WILD ANIMAL; WIND;

AVES; MAMMALIA; RAPTORES;

ANIMAL MIGRATION; ANIMALS; ANIMALS, WILD; BIRDS; CETACEA; CHIROPTERA; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; RENEWABLE ENERGY; UNCERTAINTY; WIND;

EID: 84934443491     PISSN: 0364152X     EISSN: 14321009     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0501-5     Document Type: Article

References (222)

1. Ahlén I (2003) Wind turbines and bats—a pilot study. Uppsala, Sweden. http://publikationer.slu.se/Filer/08WindBatFinalReport.pdf. Accessed 11 June 2013
2. Ahlén I, Baagøe HJ, Bach L (2009) Behavior of scandinavian bats during migration and foraging at sea. J Mammal. 90(6):1318–1323. doi:10.1644/09-MAMM-S-223R.1
3. Amorim F, Rebelo H, Rodrigues L (2012) Factors influencing bat activity and mortality at a wind farm in the mediterranean region. Acta Chiropterolog. 14(2):439–457. doi:10.3161/150811012X661756
4. Arnett EB (2005) Relationships between Bats and Wind Turbines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. An Assessment of Fatality Search Protocols, Patterns of Fatality, and Behavioral Interactions with Wind Turbines. A final report submitted to the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative. Edited by Bat Conservation International. Austin, Texas, USA. http://www.batsandwind.org/pdf/ar2004.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2013
5. Arnett EB, Baerwald EF (2013) Impacts of wind energy development on bats: implications for conservation. In: Rick AA and Scott CP (eds.) Bat evolution, ecology, and conservation, Springer New York, p 435–456. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7397-8
6. Arnett EB, Hayes JP, Huso MMP (2006) An evaluation of the use of acoustic monitoring to predict bat fatality at a proposed wind facility in southcentral Pennsylvania. An annual report submitted to the bats and wind energy cooperative. Edited by bat conservation international. Austin, Texas, USA. http://www.batsandwind.org/pdf/precon_pa.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2013
7. Arnett EB, Huso MMP, Reynolds SD, Schirmacher MR (2007) Patterns of pre-construction bat activity at a proposed wind facility in northwest Massachusetts. An annual report submitted to the bats and wind energy cooperative. Bat Conservation International. Austin, Texas, USA. http://www.batsandwind.org/pdf/ar2006.pdf. Accessed 21 July 2014
8. Arnett EB, Brown WK, Erickson WP, Fiedler JK, Hamilton BL, Henry TH et al (2008) Patterns of bat fatalities at wind energy facilities in North America. J Wildl Manag. 72(1):61–78. doi:10.2193/2007-221
9. Arnett EB, Hein CD, Patterson R (2011a) Synthesis of activities (2004–2011). Key findings and next steps. Edited by bats and wind energy cooperative. http://www.batsandwind.org/pdf/BWEC_Synthesis_2004-2011.pdf. Accessed 21 July 2014
10. Arnett EB, Huso MMP, Schirmacher MR, Hayes JP (2011b) Altering turbine speed reduces bat mortality at wind-energy facilities. Front Ecol Environ 9(4):209–214. doi:10.1890/100103
11. Arnett EB, Hein CD, Schirmacher MR, Baker M, Huso MMP, Szewczak JM (2011b) Evaluating the effectiveness of an ultrasonic acoustic deterrent for reducing bat fatalities at wind turbines. A final report submitted to the bats and wind energy cooperative. Bat Conservation International. Austin, Texas, USA. http://www.batsandwind.org/pdf/Deterrent%202009-2010%20Field%20Study%20Final%20Report.pdf. Accessed 21 July 2014
12. Aschwanden J, Martin V, Bächler E, Steuri T, Liechti F (2011) Which radar systems are suitable to study what kind of question?—An overview. In: May R, Bevanger K (eds.) Proceedings of the Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts. NINA Report 693. Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts, 2–5 May 2011. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Trondheim, Norway, p 11
13. Aumüller R, Boos K, Freienstein S, Hill K, Hill R (2011) Beschreibung eines Vogelschlagereignisses und seiner Ursachen an einer Forschungsplattform in der Deutschen Bucht. Vogelwarte 49:9–16
14. Aumüller R, Boos K, Freienstein S, Hill K, Hill R (2013) Weichen Zugvögel Windenergieanlagen auf See aus? Eine Methode zur Untersuchung und Analyse von Reaktionen tagsüber ziehender Vogelarten auf Offshore-Windparks. Vogelwarte 51:3–13
15. Baerwald EF, Barclay R (2009) Geographic variation in activity and fatality of migratory bats at wind energy facilities. J Mammal 90(6):1341–1349
16. Baerwald EF, Barclay RMR (2011) Patterns of activity and fatality of migratory bats at a wind energy facility in Alberta, Canada. J Wildl Manag 75(5):1103–1114. doi:10.1002/jwmg.147
17. Baerwald EF, D’Amours GH, Klug BJ, Barclay R (2008) Barotrauma is a significant cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines. Curr Biol 18(16):R695–696
18. Baerwald EF, Edworthy J, Holder M, Barclay R (2009) A large-scale mitigation experiment to reduce bat fatalities at wind energy facilities. J Wildl Manag 73(7):1077–1081. doi:10.2193/2008-233
19. Bailey H, Senior B, Simmons D, Rusin J, Picken G, Thompson PM (2010) Assessing underwater noise levels during pile-driving at an offshore windfarm and its potential effects on marine mammals. Mar Pollut Bull 60(6):888–897. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.01.003
20. Baisner AJ, Andersen JL, Findsen A, Yde Granath SW, Madsen KØ, Desholm M (2010) Minimizing collision risk between migrating raptors and marine wind farms: development of a spatial planning tool. Environ Manag 46(5):801–808. doi:10.1007/s00267-010-9541-z
21. Barclay R, Baerwald EF, Gruver JC (2007) Variation in bat and bird fatalities at wind energy facilities: assessing the effects of rotor size and tower height. Can J Zool 85(3):381–387. doi:10.1139/Z07-011
22. Barrios L, Rodríguez A (2004) Behavioural and environmental correlates of soaring-bird mortality at on-shore wind turbines. J Appl Ecol 41(1):72–81. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00876.x
23. Behr O, Eder D, Marckmann U, Mette-Christ H, Reisinger N, Runkel V, von Helversen O (2007) Akustisches Monitoring im Rotorbereich von Windenergieanlagen und methodische Probleme beim Nachweis von Fledermaus-Schlagopfern—Ergebnisse aus Untersuchungen im mittleren und südlichen Schwarzwald. Nyctalus 12(2–3):115–127
24. Behr O, Brinkmann R, Niermann I, Korner-Nievergelt F (2011) Akustische Erfassung der Fledermausaktivität an Windenergieanlagen. In Brinkmann R, Behr O, Niermann I, Reich Michael (eds.) (2001) Entwicklung von Methoden zur Untersuchung und Reduktion des Kollisionsrisikos von Fledermäusen an Onshore-Windenergieanlagen. Umwelt und Raum, Cuvillier Verlag, Göttingen, Bd. 4: 177–286
25. Bellebaum J, Korner-Nievergelt F, Dürr T, Mammen U (2013) Wind turbine fatalities approach a level of concern in a raptor population. J Nat Conserv 21(6):394–400. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2013.06.001
26. Bennett VJ, Hale AM (2014) Red aviation lights on wind turbines do not increase bat–turbine collisions. Animal Conserv 17:354–358. doi:10.1111/acv.12102
27. Bergström L, Kautsky L, Malm T, Ohlsson H, Wahlberg M, Rosenberg R, Åstrand Capetillo N (2013a) Effects of offshore windfarms on marine wildlife—a synthesis for Swedish waters. Presentation CWE, Stockholm, Sweden 5-7 February, 2013. http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/miljoarbete-i-samhallet/miljoarbete-i-sverige/forskning/vindval/cwe/Life%20under%20the%20surface/CWE_Bergstr%C3%B6m.pdf. Accessed 21 July 2014
28. Bergström L, Malm T, Åstrand Capetillo N, Ohlsson H, Wahlberg M, Rosenberg R, Kautsky L (2013b) Effects of off shore wind farms on marine wildlife—a risk assessment synthesis for Swedish waters. In: Naturvårdsverket (ed.) Book of Abstracts. Conference on Wind Power and Environmental Impacts Stockholm 5–7 February. Report 6546, Stockholm, Sweden, p 35
29. Bevanger K, Berntsen F, Clausen S, Dahl EL, Flagstad Ø, Follestad A et al. (2010) Pre- and post-construction studies of conflicts between birds and wind turbines in coastal Norway (Bird-Wind). Report on findings 2007–2010. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) (ed.), Trondheim, Norway. http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/PppBasePdf/rapport/2010/620.pdf. Accessed 25 March 2014
30. Blackwell BF, Fernández-Juricic (2013) Behavior and physiology in the development and application of visual deterrents at airports. In: DeVault TL, Blackwell BF, Belant JL (eds) Wildlife management in airport environments. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Bltimore, pp 11–22
31. Blew J, Nehls G, Prall U (2013a) Offshore obstruction lighting - Issues and mitigation. Presentation CWE, Stockholm, Sweden 5–7 February, 2013. http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/miljoarbete-i-samhallet/miljoarbete-i-sverige/forskning/vindval/cwe/Mitigation%20of%20bird%20and%20bat%20mortality/Blew%20CWE%202013%20Obstruction%20Lighting%20Offshore%20Wind%20farms%20Mitigation%20final.pdf. Accessed 21 July 2014
32. Blew J, Nehls G, Prall U (2013b) Offshore obstructions lighting—Issues and mitigation. In: Naturvårdsverket (ed.): Book of Abstracts. Conference on Wind Power and Environmental Impacts Stockholm 5–7 February. Report 6546, Stockholm, Sweden, p 36
33. Brandt MJ, Diederichs A, Nehls G (2009) Harbour porpoise responses to pile driving at the Horns Rev II offshore wind farm in the Danish North Sea. Final Report to DONG Energy February 2009. BioConsult SH, Husum, Germany http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/undergrund-forsyning/vedvarende-energi/vindkraft-vindmoeller/havvindmoeller/miljoepaavirkninger-3/BioConsult%20Harbour%20porpoises.pdf. Accessed 21 July 2014
34. Brandt MJ, Diederichs A, Betke K, Nehls G (2011) Responses of harbour porpoises to pile driving at the Horns Rev II offshore wind farm in the Danish North Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 421:205–216. doi:10.3354/meps08888
35. Brennan LA, Perez R, DeMaso S, Ballard BM, Kuvlesky WP (2009) Potential impacts of wind farm energy development on upland game birds: Questions and concerns. In: Rich TD, Demarest C, Arizmendi D, Thompson C (eds) Tundra to Tropics: Connecting Birds, Habitats and People. Proceedings of the Fourth International Partners in Flight Conference. McAllen, Texas, USA, 13–16 February 2008, pp 179–183
36. Brinkmann R, Schauer-Weisshahn H, Bontadina F (2006) Untersuchungen zu möglichen betriebsbedingten Auswirkungen von Windkraftanlagen auf Fledermäuse im Regierungsbezirk Freiburg. Gundelfingen, Germany. http://www.rp-freiburg.de/servlet/PB/show/1158478/rpf-wind-kraft-fledermaeuse.pdf. Accessed 7 August 2013
37. Brinkmann R, Behr O, Niermann I, Reich M (2011) Entwicklung von Methoden zur Untersuchung und Reduktion des Kollisionsrisikos von Fledermäusen an Onshore-Windenergieanlagen. Ergebnisse eines Forschungsvorhabens. Göttingen: Cuvillier (Umwelt und Raum, 4)
38. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU) (2013) Offshore-Windenergie. Ein Überblick über die Aktivitäten in Deutschland. Berlin, Germany. http://www.offshore-stiftung.com/Offshore/695/109/94/60005/design1.html. Accessed 21 July 2013
39. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU) (2014) Konzept für den Schutz der Schweinswale vor Schallbelastungen bei der Errichtung von Offshore-Windparks in der deutschen Nordsee. (Schallschutzkonzept). http://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/themen/erneuerbareenergien/Strategie_Positionspapiere/schallschutzkonzept_BMU.pdf. Accessed 30 January 2015
40. Burger J, Gordon C, Lawrence J, Newman J, Forcey G, Vlietstra L (2011) Risk evaluation for federally listed (roseate tern, piping plover) or candidate (red knot) bird species in offshore waters: a first step for managing the potential impacts of wind facility development on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf. Renew Energy 36(1):338–351. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2010.06.048
41. Burger J, Niles LJ, Porter RR, Dey AD, Koch S, Gordon C (2012) Using a shore bird (red knot) fitted with geolocators to evaluate a conceptual risk model focusing on offshore wind. Renew Energy 43:370–377. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2011.11.006
42. Camiña Á (2011) The effects of wind farms on vultures in Northern Spain—Fatalities behavior and correction measures. In: May R, Bevanger K (eds) Proceedings. Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts. NINA Report 693. Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts, 2–5 May 2011. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Trondheim, Norway, p 17
43. Carrete M, Sánchez-Zapata JA, Benítez JR, Lobón M, Montoya F, Donázar JA (2012) Mortality at wind-farms is positively related to large-scale distribution and aggregation in griffon vultures. Biol Conserv 145(1):102–108. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.10.017
44. Carstensen J, Henriksen OD, Teilmann J (2006) Impacts of offshore wind farm construction on harbour porpoises: acoustic monitoring of echo-location activity using porpoise detectors (T-PODs). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 321:295–308. doi:10.3354/meps321295
45. Christensen TK, Hounisen JP, Clausager I, Petersen IK (2004) Visual and radar observations of birds in relation to collision risk at the Horns Rev offshore wind farm. Annual status report 2003. Report commissioned by Elsam Engineering A/S 2003. Edited by National Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Ministry of the Environment. Department of Wildlife Ecology and Biodiversity (NERI report). http://188.64.159.37/graphics/Energiforsyning/Vedvarende_energi/Vind/havvindmoeller/vvm%20Horns%20Rev%202/Horns%20Rev/fugle/Visual_radar_observations_2003_status_report.pdf. Accessed 18 March 2014
46. Cook ASCP, Johnston A, Wright LJ, Burton NHK (2012) A review of flight heights and avoidance rates of birds in relation to offshore wind farms. BTO Research Report No. 618. http://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/u28/downloads/Projects/Final_Report_SOSS02_BTOReview.pdf. Accessed 25 March 2014
47. Coppack T, Kulemeyer C, Schulz A, Steuri T, Liechti F (2011) Automated in situ monitoring of migratory birds at Germany’s first offshore wind farm. In: May R, Bevanger K (eds): Proceedings of Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts. NINA Report 693. Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts, 2-5 May 2011. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Trondheim, Norway, p 20
48. Corten GP, Veldkamp HF (2001) Aerodynamics: insects can halve wind-turbine power. Nature 412:41–42. doi:10.1038/35083698
49. Cryan PM (2008) Mating Behavior as a Possible Cause of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines. J Wildl Manag 72(3):845–849. doi:10.2193/2007-371
50. Cryan PM, Barclay R (2009) Causes of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines: hypotheses and Predictions. J Mammal 90(6):1330–1340. doi:10.1644/09-MAMM-S-076R1.1
51. Cryan PM, Brown AC (2007) Migration of bats past a remote island offers clues toward the problem of bat fatalities at wind turbines. Biol Conserv 139(1–2):1–11. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.05.019
52. Cryan PM, Gorresen MP, Hein CD, Schirmacher MR, Diehl RH, Huso MM (2014) Behavior of bats at wind turbines. Proc Natl Acad Sci. doi:10.1073/pnas.1406672111
53. Dahl EL, Bevanger K, Nygård T, Røskaft E, Stokke BG (2012) Reduced breeding success in white-tailed eagles at Smøla windfarm, western Norway, is caused by mortality and displacement. Biol Conserv 145(1):79–85. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.10.012
54. Dahl EL, May R, Hoel PL, Bevanger K, Pedersen HC, Røskaft E, Stokke BG (2013) White-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) at the Smøla wind-power plant, Central Norway, lack behavioral flight responses to wind turbines. Wildl Soc Bull 37(1):66–74. doi:10.1002/wsb.258
55. Dähne M, Gilles A, Lucke K, Peschko V, Adler S, Krügel K et al (2013) Effects of pile-driving on harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) at the first offshore wind farm in Germany. Environ Res Lett 8(2):025002. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/025002
56. Dähne M, Peschko V, Gilles A, Lucke K, Adler S, Ronnenberg K, Siebert U (2014a) Marine mammals and windfarms: Effects of alpha ventus on harbour porpoises. In: Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (eds) Ecological research at the offshore windfarm alpha ventus, Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden, pp 133–149
57. Dähne M, Gilles A, Schuster A, Ruser A, Siebert U (2014b) Ökologische Begleitforschung: Fokus Schweinswale—Wie gut schützen die aktuellen Schallschutzmaßnahmen vor schallinduzierten Störungen? 2. DUH-Schallschutztagung 2014—Wege zu einem wirksamen Unterwasserschallschutz beim Bau von Offshore-Windparks, Berlin, 07 May 2014. http://www.duh.de/uploads/media/03_D%C3%A4hne.pdf. Accessed 13 June 2014
58. Danish Energy Agency (2013) Danish Offshore Wind. Key Environmental Issues—a Follow-up. 1st edn. Edited by The Environmental Group. The Danish Energy Agency; The Danish Nature Agency; DONG Energy; Vattenfall
59. de Lucas M, Janss GFE, Ferrer M (2004) The effects of a wind farm on birds in a migration point: the Strait of Gibraltar. Biodivers Conserv 13(2):395–407. doi:10.1023/B%3ABIOC.0000006507.22024.93
60. de Lucas M, Janss GFE, Ferrer M (2005) A Bird and Small Mammal BACI and IG Design Studies in a Wind Farm in Malpica (Spain). Biodivers Conserv 14(13):3289–3303. doi:10.1007/s10531-004-0447-z
61. de Lucas M, Janss GFE, Whitfield DP, Ferrer M (2008) Collision fatality of raptors in wind farms does not depend on raptor abundance. J Appl Ecol 45(6):1695–1703. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01549.x
62. de Lucas M, Ferrer M, Bechard MJ, Muñoz Gallego A (2012a) Griffon vulture mortality at wind farms in southern Spain: distribution of fatalities and active mitigation measures. Biol Conserv 147(1):184–189. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.12.029
63. de Lucas M, Ferrer M, Janss GFE, Magar V (2012b) Using wind tunnels to predict bird mortality in wind farms: the case of griffon vultures. Plos One 7(11):e48092. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048092
64. Desholm M, Kahlert J (2005) Avian collision risk at an offshore wind farm. Biol Lett 1(3):296–298. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0336
65. Devereux CL, Denny MJH, Whittingham MJ (2008) Minimal effects of wind turbines on the distribution of wintering farmland birds. J Appl Ecol 45(6):1689–1694. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01560.x
66. Diederichs A, Hennig V, Nehls G (2008) Investigations of the bird collision risk and the responses of harbour porpoises in the offshore wind farms Horns Rev, North Sea, and Nysted, Baltic Sea, in Denmark. Part II: Harbour porpoises. Final Report 2008. Universität Hamburg; BioConsult SH GmbH and Co. KG. http://bioconsult-sh.de/pdf/Final%20Report%20Offshore%20Collision%20Risk%20Porpoises%20DK%2020081219.pdf. Accessed 18 July 2013
67. Doty AC, Martin AP (2012) Assessment of bat and avian mortality at a pilot wind turbine at Coega, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape. South Africa. N Z J Zool 40(1):75–80. doi:10.1080/03014223.2012.741068
68. Douglas DJT, Bellamy PE, Pearce-Higgins JW (2011) Changes in the abundance and distribution of upland breeding birds at an operational wind farm. Bird Study 58(1):37–43. doi:10.1080/00063657.2010.524914
69. Drewitt AL, Langston RHW (2006) Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds. IBIS 148:29–42
70. Dürr T (2002) Fledermäuse als Opfer von Windkraftanlagen in Deutschland. Nyctalus 8(2):115–118
71. Dürr T (2003) Kollision von Fledermäuse und Vögel durch Windkraftanlagen. Daten aus Archiv der Staatlichen Vogelschutzwarte Brandenburgs. Edited by Staatliche Vogelschutzwarte Brandenburg. Buckow. http://www.lugv.brandenburg.de/cms/detail.php/bb1.c.312579.de. Accessed 20 June 2013
72. Dürr T (2009) Zur Gefährdung des Rotmilans Milvus milvus durch Windenergieanlagen in Deutschland. Inf dienst Nat schutz Niedersachs. 29 (3):185–191
73. Dürr T (2011) Dunkler Anstrich könnte Kollisionen verhindern: vogelunfälle an Windradmasten. Falke 58(12):499–501
74. Eichhorn M, Johst K, Seppelt R, Drechsler M (2012) Model-based estimation of collision risks of predatory birds with wind turbines. Ecol Soc 17(2):1. doi:10.5751/ES-04594-170201
75. Erickson WP, Johnson GD, Young DP, Strickland MD, Good RE, Bourassa M et al. (2002) Synthesis and comparison of baseline avian and bat use, raptor nesting and mortality information from proposed and existing wind developments. Final. Edited by Western EcoSystems Technology Inc. Bonneville Power Administration. Cheyenne, WY
76. Erickson WP, Johnson GD, Young DP (2005) A Summary and Comparison of Bird Mortality from Anthropogenic Causes with an Emphasis on Collisions. Ralph CJ, Rich RD (eds): Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas: Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference. 2002 March 20–24; Asilomar, California, Vol. 2 Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-191. Albany, CA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, p 1029–1042
77. Everaert J (2014) Collision risk and micro-avoidance rates of birds with wind turbines in Flanders. Bird Study 61(2):220–230. doi:10.1080/00063657.2014.894492
78. Falkdalen Lindahl L, Falkdalen U, Nygård T (2013) Pre- and post-construction studies on the effects on birds at Storrun wind farm in the mountain-region of Jämtland, Sweden. In Naturvårdsverket (ed.): Book of Abstracts. Conference on Wind Power and Environmental Impacts Stockholm 5–7 February. Conference on Wind Power and Environmental Impacts (CWE). Stockholm, 05.02.2013-07.02.2013. Stockholm, Sweden (Report, 6546), pp 53–54
79. Fiedler JK, Henry TH, Tankersley RD, Nicholson CP (2007) Results of Bat and Bird Mortality Monitoring at the Expanded Buffalo Mountain Windfarm, 2005. Tennessee Valley Authority (ed). http://www.tva.gov/environment/bmw_report/results.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2014
80. Fijn R, Krijgsveld K, Tijsen W, Prinsen H, Dirksen S (2012) Habitat use, disturbance and collision risks for Bewick’s Swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii wintering near a wind farm in the Netherlands. In: Eileen C. Rees (ed): Wildfowl 62. With assistance of Anthony David Fox. Slimbridge, Gloucestershire: Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (62), pp 97–116
81. Furmankiewicz J, Kucharska M (2009) Migration of bats along a large river valley in Southwestern Poland. J Mammal 90(6):1310–1317. doi:10.1644/09-MAMM-S-099R1.1
82. Furness RW, Wade HM, Masden EA (2013) Assessing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. J Environ Manag 119:56–66. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.01.025
83. Garthe S, Hüppop O (2004) Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index. J Appl Ecol 41(4):724–734. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00918.x
84. Garvin JC, Jennelle CS, Drake D, Grodsky SM (2011) Response of raptors to a windfarm. J Appl Ecol 48(1):199–209. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01912.x
85. Gerdes F, Ludwig S (2014) Besonderheiten der Schallausbreitung in der Ostsee. DUH Schallschutztagung 2014—Wege zu einem wirksamen Unterwasserschallschutz beim Bau von Offshore-Windparks. Heinrich Böll Stiftung. Deutsche Umwelthilfe. Berlin, http://www.google.de/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=1andved=0CCEQFjAAandurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duh.de%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2F02_Gerdes_Ludwig.pdfandei=Zk-gVJCULMyqPN2HgPAFandusg=AFQjCNGFBwE-JWfcRx2eWSayAxFeFlFJFQandbvm=bv.82001339,d.bGQ. Accessed 13 June 2014
86. Gill AB (2005) Offshore renewable energy: ecological implications of generating electricity in the coastal zone. J Appl Ecol 42(4):605–615. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01060.x
87. Gordon J (2012) Effects of Wind Farms on Marine Mammals: An Overview. Presentation OWEZ Congress, Amsterdam 11–12 October, 2012. http://noordzeewind.staging.netdesign.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/pdf/OWE%202012%20Gordon%20Overview%20of%20effects%20on%20marine%20mammals.pdf. Accessed 8 Aug 2013
88. Gordon J, Thompson D, Gillespie D, Lonergan M, Calderan S, Jaffey B, Todd V (2007) Assessment of the potential for acoustic deterrents to mitigate the impact on marine mammals of underwater noise arising from the construction of offshore windfarms. Edited by COWRIE Ltd. St Andrews. http://mhk.pnnl.gov/wiki/images/c/cc/Gordon_et_al._2007.pdf. Accessed 17 Sep 2013
89. Grodsky SM, Behr MJ, Gendler A, Drake D, Dieterle BD, Rudd RJ, Walrath NL (2011) Investigating the causes of death for wind turbine-associated bat fatalities. J Mammal 92(5):917–925. doi:10.1644/10-MAMM-A-404.1
90. Grodsky SM, Jennelle CS, Drake D, Virzi T (2012) Bat mortality at a wind-energy facility in southeastern Wisconsin. Wildl Soc Bull 36(4):773–783. doi:10.1002/wsb.191
91. Grünkorn T (2013) Prediction and Assessment of collision risks at wind turbines in Germany. PROGRESS. With assistance of v Rönn J, Reichenbach M, Weitekamp S, Timmermann H, Coppack T, Meike K, Schleicher K. http://bioconsult-sh.de/pdf/Gr%C3%BCnkorn2013_PROGRESS_CWE_DINAO.pdf. Accessed 11 March 2014
92. Grünkorn T, Diederichs A, Poszig D, Diederichs B, Nehls G (2009) Wie viele Vogel kollidieren mit Windenergieanlagen? How many birds collide with wind turbines? Nat Landsch 84(7):309–314
93. Gue CT, Walker JA, Mehl KR, Gleason JS, Stephens SE, Loesch CR et al (2013) The effects of a large-scale wind farm on breeding season survival of female mallards and blue-winged teal in the Prairie Pothole Region. J Wildl Manag 77(7):1360–1371. doi:10.1002/jwmg.583
94. Haelters J, Vanermen N (2013) Top Predators at Presentation. WINMON.BE conference, Brussels, 26–27 November 2013. http://www2.mumm.ac.be/downloads/winmonbe2013/day1/haelters___vanermen_26_nov_2013_2.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2014
95. Haelters J, van Roy W, Vigin L, Degraer S (2012) The effect of pile driving on harbour porpoises in Belgian waters. In: Degraer S, Brabant R, Rumes B (eds) Offshore wind farms in the Belgian part of the North Sea. Heading for an understanding of environmental impacts. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, pp 127–143
96. Hatch SK, Connelly EE, Divoll TJ, Stenhouse IJ, Williams KA, Brown JD (2013) Offshore observations of eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis) in the mid-atlantic united states using multiple survey methods. Plos One 8(12):e83803. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083803
97. Hein CM, Zapka M, Mouritsen H (2011a) Weather significantly influences the migratory behaviour of night-migratory songbirds tested indoors in orientation cages. J Ornithol 152(1):27–35. doi:10.1007/s10336-010-0540-x
98. Hein CD, Schirmacher MR, Arnett EB, Huso MMP (2011b) Patterns of pre-construction bat acoustic activity at the proposed Resolute Wind Energy Project, Wyoming, 2009–2010. A final project report submitted to the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative. Bat Conservation International. Austin, Texas, USA. http://www.batsandwind.org/pdf/Resolute%20Report_FINAL.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2014
99. Helldin JO, Jung J, Neumann W, Olsson M, Skarin A, Widemo F (2012) The impacts of wind power on terrestrial mammals. A synthesis. Edited by Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Report 6510). Stockholm, Sweden
100. Hill R, Hill K, Aumüller R, Schulz A, Dittmann T, Kulemeyer C, Coppack T (2014) Of birds, blades and barriers: Detecting and analyzing mass migration events at alpha ventus. In: Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (eds.) Ecological Research at the Offshore Windfarm alpha ventus, Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2014, pp 111–131
101. Hoover S (2002) The Response of Red-Tailed Hawks and Golden Eagles to Topographical Features, Weather, and Abundance of a Dominant Prey Species at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California. April 1999–December 2000. Edited by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Sacramento, California. http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/30868.pdf. Accessed 18 March 2014
102. Horn JW, Arnett EB, Kunz TH (2008) Behavioral responses of bats to operating wind turbines. J Wildl Manag 72(1):123–132. doi:10.2193/2006-465
103. Hötker H (2006) Auswirkungen des “Repowering” von Windkraftanlagen auf Vögel und Fledermäuse. Edited by Michael-Otto-Institut. Bergenhusen, Germany
104. Hötker H, Thomsen K, Köster H (2005) Auswirkungen regenerativer Energiegewinnung auf die biologische Vielfalt am Beispiel der Vögel und der Fledermäuse. Edited by Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN). Naturschutzbund (NABU). Bonn, Germany (BfN-Skripten, 142)
105. Hötker H, Thomsen K, Köster H (2006) Impacts on biodiversity of exploitation of renewable energy sources: the example of birds and bats—facts, gaps in knowledge, demands for further research, and ornithological guidelines for the development of renewable energy exploitation. Michael-Otto-Institut im NABU, Bergenhusen
106. Houck DR (2012) Computational fluid dynamics simulations of bats flying near operating wind turbines: Quantification of pressure-time histories of likely flight paths. Available through the U.S. DOE Office of Science, Office of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists Application Review System (WARS), 2012
107. Hull CL, Cawthen L (2013) Bat fatalities at two wind farms in Tasmania, Australia: bat characteristics, and spatial and temporal patterns. N Z J Zool 40(1):5–15. doi:10.1080/03014223.2012.731006
108. Hull CL, Muir SC (2013) Behavior and turbine avoidance rates of eagles at two wind farms in Tasmania, Australia. Wildl Soc Bull 37(1):49–58. doi:10.1002/wsb.254
109. Hüppop O, Winkel W (2006) Climate change and timing of spring migration in the long-distance migrant Ficedula hypoleuca in central Europe: the role of spatially different temperature changes along migration routes. J Ornithol 147(2):344–353. doi:10.1007/s10336-005-0049-x
110. Hüppop O, Dierschke J, Wendeln H (2004) Zugvögel und Offshore-Windkraftanlagen: konflikte und Lösungen. Ber Vogelschutz 41:127–218
111. Hüppop O, Dierschke J, Exo K, Fredrich E, Hill R (2006) Bird migration studies and potential collision risk with offshore wind turbines. IBIS 148:90–109
112. Hüppop K, Dierschke J, Hill R, Hüppop O (2012) Jahres-und tageszeitliche Phänologie der Vogelrufaktivität über der Deutschen Bucht. Vogelwarte 50:87–108
113. IPCC (2013) Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA
114. Isselbächer K, Isselbächer T (2001) Vogelschutz und Windenergie in Rheinland-Pfalz. Landesamt für Umweltschutz und Gewerbeaufsicht Rheinland-Pfalz (LfUG) (ed) Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege Rheinland-Pfalz 2/2001. http://www.luwg.rlp.de/icc/luwg/med/cd2/cd230ce7-fc18-6d01-33e2-dcfc638b249d,11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111.pdf. Accessed 15 January 2014
115. Jain A (2005) Bird and bat behavior and mortality at a northern Iowa windfarm. Master Thesis. Iowa State University, Arnes, Iowa, USA. http://batsandwind.org/pdf/Jain_2005.pdf. Accessed 26 August 2013
116. Johnson GD, Erickson WP, Strickland MD, Shepherd M, Shepherd D, Sarappo S (2003) Mortality of Bats at a Large-scale Wind Power Development at Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota. Am Midl Nat 150(2):332–342. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2003)150
117. Johnson GD, Perlik MK, Erickson WP, Strickland MD (2004) Bat activity, composition, and collision mortality at a large wind plant in Minnesota. Wildl Soc Bull 32(4):1278–1288. doi:10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032
118. Johnson JS, Watrous KS, Giumarro GJ, Peterson TS, Boyden SA, Lacki MJ (2011) Seasonal and geographic trends in acoustic detection of tree-roosting bats. Acta Chiropterolog. 13(1):157–168. doi:10.3161/150811011X578705
119. Kahlert JA, Laubek B, Aaen K, Waagner S,Groom G, Andersen PN (2011) Rødsand 2 Offshore Wind Farm—Post-construction Studies on Migrating Land Birds autumn 2010. http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/undergrund-forsyning/vedvarende-energi/vindkraft-vindmoeller/havvindmoeller/miljoepaavirkninger/Roedsand/eon_roedsand2_land_bird_migration_post_construction_2010.pdf. Accessed 27 Dec 2014
120. Kastelein RA (2013a) Harbor seals and harbor porpoises- pile driving: detection, behavioral response and TTS. Presentation at the WINMON.BE conference, Brussels, Belgium, 26–27 November 2013. http://www2.mumm.ac.be/downloads/winmonbe2013/day2/kastelein_ron_2013g,_effect_pile_driving_on_porpoises___seals.pdf. Accessed 25 April 2014
121. Kastelein RA, van Heerden D, Gransier R, Hoek L (2013) Behavioral responses of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) to playbacks of broadband pile driving sounds. Mar Environ Res 92:206–214. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.09.020
122. Katzner TE, Brandes D, Miller T, Lanzone M, Maisonneuve C, Tremblay JA et al (2012) Topography drives migratory flight altitude of golden eagles: implications for on-shore wind energy development. J Appl Ecol 49(5):1178–1186. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02185.x
123. Kerns J, Erickson WP, Arnett EB (2005) Bat and bird fatality at wind energy facilities in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, chapter 2: 24–95. In: Arnett EB (tech. ed.): Relationships between bats and wind turbines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia: an assessment of fatality search protocols, patterns of fatality, and behavioral interactions with wind turbines. A final report submitted to the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative. Bat Conservation International. Austin, Texas, USA. http://www.batsandwind.org/pdf/ar2004.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2013
124. Knopper LD, Ollson CA (2011) Health effects and wind turbines: a review of the literature. Environ Health 10(1):78. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-10-78
125. Köppel J, Dahmen M, Helfrich J, Schuster E, Bulling L (2014) Cautious but committed: moving towards adaptive planning and operation strategies for renewable energy´s wildlife implications. Environ Manag. doi:10.1007/s00267-014-0333-8
126. Koschinski S, Culik BM, Henriksen OD, Tregenza N, Ellis G, Jansen C, Kathe G (2003) Behavioural reactions of free-ranging porpoises and seals to the noise of a simulated 2 MW wind power generator. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 265:263–273. doi:10.3354/meps265263
127. Kreuzinger J (2008) Kulissenwirkung und Vögel. Methodische Rahmenbedingungen für die Auswirkungsanalyse in der FFH-VP. Vilmer Expertentagung 29.09.-01.10.2008. http://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/ina/vortraege/2008-FFH-VP_Gesamt.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2014
128. Kunz TH, Arnett EB, Erickson WP, Hoar AR, Johnson GD, Larkin RP et al (2007) Ecological impacts of wind energy development on bats: questions, research needs, and hypotheses. Front Ecol Environ 5(6):315–324. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5
129. Langgemach T, Dürr T (2013) Informationen über Einflüsse der Windenergienutzung auf Vögel. Edited by Staatliche Vogelschutzwarte Brandenburg. Nennhausen, Germany. http://www.lugv.brandenburg.de/media_fast/4055/vsw_dokwind_voegel.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2014
130. Larsen JK, Madsen J (2000) Effects of wind turbines and other physical elements on field utilization by pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus): a landscape perspective. Landsc Ecol 15(8):755–764. doi:10.1023/A:1008127702944
131. LeBeau CW, Beck JL, Johnson GD, Holloran MJ (2014) Short-term impacts of wind energy development on greater sage-grouse fitness. J Wildl Manag 78(3):522–530. doi:10.1002/jwmg.679
132. Leddy KL, Higgins KF, Naugle DE (1999) Effects of wind turbines on upland nesting birds in Conservation Reserve Program grasslands. Wilson Bull 111(1):100–104
133. Ledec G, Rapp KW, Aiello R (2011) Greening the Wind. Environmental and social considerations for wind power development. World Bank (ed.) Washington D.C, USA
134. Lindeboom HJ (2012) Offshore Wind Farms, new players in marine ecosystems. Presentation at OWEZ Congress, Amsterdam, Netherlands 11–12 October, 2012. http://www.noordzeewind.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/pdf/OWE%202012%20Imares%20Lindeboom%20New%20players%20in%20marine%20ecosystems.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2014
135. Lippert T, Heitmann K, Ruhnau M, Lippert S, von Estorff O (2014) Numerische Vorhersage von Rammschall in Wasser und Boden. 2. DUH Schallschutztagung 2014—Wege zu einem wirksamen Unterwasserschallschutz beim Bau von Offshore-Windparks, Berlin 07 May 2014. http://www.duh.de/uploads/media/09_Lippert.pdf. Accessed 13 June 2014
136. Long CV, Flint JA, Lepper PA, Dible SA (2009) Wind turbines and bat mortality: interactions of bat echolocation pulses with moving turbine rotor blades. In: Fifth International Conference on Bio-acoustics 2009, 31st March-2nd April 2009, Loughborough. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics 31 (1): 183—190
137. Loss SR, Will T, Marra PP (2013) Estimates of bird collision mortality at wind facilities in the contiguous United States. Biol Conserv 168:201–209. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.10.007
138. Lovich JE, Ennen JR (2013) Assessing the state of knowledge of utility-scale wind energy development and operation on non-volant terrestrial and marine wildlife. Appl Energy 103:52–60. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.10.001
139. Lucke K (2008b) Auditory studies on harbour porpoises in relation to offshore wind turbines. In: Evens EGH (ed.) Proceedings of the Ascobans/Ecs Workshop—Offshore wind farms and marine mammals: impacts and methodologies for assessing impacts. Ecs special publication series (49): 17–20. http://www.ascobans.org/sites/default/files/document/MOP6_5-06_WindFarmWorkshop_1.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2014
140. Lucke K, Sundermeyer J, Driver J, Rosenberger T, Siebert U (2008) Too loud to talk? Do wind turbine-related sounds affect harbour seal communication? In: Esklidsen K (ed) Wollny-Goerke K. Teubner, Marine mammals and seabirds in front of offshore wind energy. MINOS—marine warm-blooded animals in North and Baltic Seas. Wiesbaden, pp 95–110
141. Lucke K, Siebert U, Lepper PA, Blanchet M (2009) Temporary shift in masked hearing thresholds in a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) after exposure to seismic airgun stimuli. J Acoust Soc Am 125(6):4060–4070
142. Lucke K, Dähne M, Adler S, Brandecker A, Krügel K, Sundermeyer JK, Siebert U (2012) Evaluating the Effects of Offshore Pile Driving on Phocoena phocoena (Harbor Porpoises) by Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring. In: Popper AN, Hawkins A (eds) The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (730). Springer, New York, pp 285–287
143. Madders M, Whitfield DP (2006) Upland raptors and the assessment of wind farm impacts. IBIS 148:43–56. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00506.x
144. Madsen J, Boertmann D (2008) Animal behavioral adaptation to changing landscapes: spring-staging geese habituate to wind farms. Landsc Ecol 23(9):1007–1011. doi:10.1007/s10980-008-9269-9
145. Madsen PT, Wahlberg M, Tougaard J, Lucke K, Tyack PL (2006) Wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals: implications of current knowledge and data needs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 309:279–295
146. Mammen U, Mammen K, Heinrichs N, Resetaritz A (2011) Red kite (Milvus Milvus) fatalities at wind turbines—Why do they occur and how they are to prevent? In: May R, Bevanger K (eds) Proceedings of Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts. NINA Report 693. Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts, 2–5 May 2011. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Trondheim, Norway, p 108
147. Martínez-Abraín A, Tavecchia G, Regan HM, Jiménez J, Surroca M, Oro D (2012) Effects of wind farms and food scarcity on a large scavenging bird species following an epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Appl Ecol 49(1):109–117. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02080.x
148. Masden EA, Haydon DT, Fox AD, Furness RW, Bullman R, Desholm M (2009) Barriers to movement: impacts of wind farms on migrating birds. ICES J Mar Sci 66:746–753. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsp031
149. Matuschek R, Betke K (2009) Measurements of Construction Noise During Pile Driving of Offshore Research Platforms and Wind Farms. NAG/DAGA Rotterdam. http://www.itap.de/daga09rmkb.pdf. Accessed 26 August 2013
150. May R, Hoel PL, Langston RHW, Dahl EL, Bevanger K, Reitan O et al. (2010) Collision risk in white-tailed eagles. Modelling collision observations in Smøla wind-power plant. Edited by Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA Report, 639). http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/pppbasepdf/rapport/2010/639.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2014
151. May R, Nygård T, Dahl EL, Reitan O, Bevanger K (2011) Collision risk in white-tailed eagles. Modelling kernel-based collision risk using satellite telemetry data in Smøla wind-power plant. Edited by Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA Report, 692). http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/pppbasepdf/rapport/2011/692.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2014
152. McConnell B, Lonergan M, Dietz R (2012) Marine Estate Research Report: Interactions between seals and offshore wind farms. http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/288846/interactions_between_seals_and_offshore_wind_farms.pdf. Accessed 23 April 2014
153. McNew LB, Hunt LM, Gregory AJ, Wisely SM, Sandercock BK (2014) Effects of wind energy development on nesting ecology of greater prairie-chickens in fragmented grasslands. Conserv Biol 28(4):1089–1099. doi:10.1111/cobi.12258
154. Morinha F, Travassos P, Seixas F, Martins A, Bastos R, Carvalho D et al (2014) Differential mortality of birds killed at wind farms in Northern Portugal. Bird Study 61(2):255–259. doi:10.1080/00063657.2014.883357
155. Muños Gallego A, de Lucas M, Casado E, Ferrer M (2011) Raptor mortality in wind farms of southern Spain: mitigation measures on a major migration bottleneck area. In: May R, Bevanger K (eds) Proceedings of Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts. NINA Report 693. Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts, 2–5 May 2011. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Trondheim, Norway, p 42
156. Mateos M. Muñoz Arroyo G, Alonso del Rosario JJ (2011) Modelling seabird collision risk with off-shore windfarms. In May R, Bevanger K (eds) Proceedings of Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts. NINA Report 693. Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts, 2–5 May 2011. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Trondheim, Norway, p 39
157. Nedwell J, Howell D (2004) A review of offshore windfarm related underwater noise sources. Tech. Rep. 544R0308. Prep. By Subacoustech Ltd., Hampshire, UK, for COWRIE. http://www.subacoustech.com/information/downloads/reports/544r0308.pdf. Accessed 27 September 2013
158. Nedwell J, Parvin S, Edwards B, Workman R, Booker A, Kynoch JE (2007) Measurement and interpretation of underwater noise during construction and operation of offshore windfarms in UK waters. Subacoustech Report No. 544R0738 to COWRIE Ltd
159. Nehls G, Betke K (2011) Darstellung und Bewertung der Auswirkungen von Schallemissionen durch offshore-Rammarbeiten auf Meeressäugetiere. http://www.bioconsult-sh.de/pdf/Nehls%20and%20Bethke%202011%20Schallbericht%20OFW20111215.pdf. Accessed 4 March 2014
160. Nilsson ALK, Alerstam T, Nilsson J, Holberton RL (2006) Do partial and regular migrants differ in their responses to weather? Auk 123(2):537–547. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[537:DPARMD]2.0.CO;2
161. Orloff S, Flannery A (1992) Wind turbine effects on avian activity, habitat use, and mortality in Altamont Pass and Solano County wind resource areas, 1989–1991. Consultant Report. http://www.energy.ca.gov/windguidelines/documents/2006-12-06_1992_FINAL_REPORT_1989-1991.PDF. Accessed 22 July 2014
162. Pearce-Higgins JW, Stephen L, Langston RHW, Bright J (2008) Assessing the cumulative impacts of wind farms on peatland birds: a case study of golden plover Pluvialis apricaria in Scotland. Mires and Peat 4 (2008/9) Article 01. ISSN 1819-754X
163. Pearce-Higgins JW, Stephen L, Langston RHW, Bainbridge IP, Bullman R (2009) The distribution of breeding birds around upland wind farms. J Appl Ecol 46(6):1323–1331. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01715.x
164. Pearce-Higgins JW, Stephen L, Douse A, Langston RHW (2012) Greater impacts of wind farms on bird populations during construction than subsequent operation: results of a multi-site and multi-species analysis. J Appl Ecol 49(2):386–394. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02110.x
165. Percival SM (2003) Birds and Windfarms in Ireland. A review of potential issues and impact assessment. Ecology Consulting. Durham, UK. http://www.sustainableenergyireland.ie/uploadedfiles/RenewableEnergy/AssessmentMethodologyBirdsIreland.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2013
166. Petersen IK, Christensen TK, Kahlert J, Desholm M, Fox AD (2006) Final results of bird studies at the offshore wind farms at Nysted and Horns Rev, Denmark: Report request. Commissioned by DONG Energy and Vattenfall A/S. National Environmental Research Institute, 2006. http://www.folkecenter.net/mediafiles/folkecenter/pdf/Final_results_of_bird_studies_at_the_offshore_wind_farms_at_Nysted_and_Horns_Rev_Denmark.pdf. Accessed 27 Dec 2014
167. Pettersson J (2005) The Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Bird Life in Southern Kalmar Sound, Sweden. A final report based on studies 1999–2003. http://www.textbruket.se/kalmarsund/Kalmarsund_EN.pdf. Accessed 27 Dec 2014
168. Pettersson J, Fågelvind JP (2011) Night migration of songbirds and waterfowl at the Utgrunden off-shore wind farm. A radar-assisted study in southern Kalmar Sound. Report 6438, Stockholm, Sweden
169. Piorkowski MD, O’Connell TJ (2010) Spatial pattern of summer bat mortality from collisions with wind turbines in mixed-grass prairie. A Midl Nat 164(2):260–269. doi:10.1674/0003-0031-164.2.260
170. Plonczkier P, Simms IC (2012) Radar monitoring of migrating pink-footed geese: behavioural responses to offshore wind farm development. J Appl Ecol 49(5):1187–1194. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02181.x
171. Powlesland RG (2009) Bird species of concern at wind farms in New Zealand. DOC Research and Development Series 317. Wellington, New Zealand, 54 pp
172. Prior A, McMath MJ (2008) Marine mammals and noise from offshore renewable energy projects—UK developments. In: Evens EGH (ed) Proceedings of the Ascobans/Ecs Workshop—Offshore wind farms and marine mammals: impacts and methodologies for assessing impacts. Ecs special publication series (49): 12–16. http://www.ascobans.org/sites/default/files/document/MOP6_5-06_WindFarmWorkshop_1.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2014
173. Pruett CL, Patten MA, Wolfe DH (2009a) Avoidance behavior by prairie grouse: implications for development of wind energy. Conserv Biol 23(5):1253–1259. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01254.x
174. Pruett CL, Patten MA, Wolfe DH (2009b) It’s not easy being green: wind energy and a declining grassland bird. Bioscience 59(3):257–262. doi:10.1525/bio.2009.59.3.10
175. Redell D, Arnett EB, Hayes JP, Huso MMP (2006) Patterns of pre-construction bat activity determined using acoustic monitoring at a proposed wind facility in south-central Wisconsin. A final report submitted to the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative. Bat Conservation International. Austin, Texas, USA. http://www.batsandwind.org/pdf/precon_wi.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2013
176. Rees EC (2012) Impacts of wind farms on swans and geese. A review. In: Rees EC (ed.) Wildfowl 62. Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (62): 37–72. http://www.wwt.org.uk/uploads/documents/1354572544_Wildfowl62.pdf#page=41. Accessed 26 August 2013
177. Reichenbach M, Grünkorn T (2011) A multi-method approach to determine the impact of existing wind power plants on bird and bat migration on the island of Fehmarn, Germany. In: May R, Bevanger K (eds.) Proceedings. Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts. NINA Report 693. Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts, 2–5 May 2011. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Trondheim, Norway, p 118
178. Reichenbach M, Steinborn H (2006) Windkraft, Vögel, Lebensräume-Ergebnisse einer fünfjährigen BACI-Studie zum Einfluss von Windkraftanlagen und Habitatparametern auf Wiesenvögel. Osnabrücker Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen 32:243–259
179. Rollins KE, Meyerholz DK, Johnson GD, Capparella AP, Loew SS (2012) A forensic investigation into the etiology of bat mortality at a wind farm: barotrauma or traumatic injury? Vet Pathol 49(2):362–371
180. Russell DJ, Brasseur SMJM, Thompson D, Hastie GD, Janik VMJ, Aarts G et al (2014) Marine mammals trace anthropogenic structures at sea. Curr Biol 24(14):638–639. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a002774
181. Rydell J, Bach L, Dubourg-Savage M, Green M, Rodrigues L, Hedenström A (2010a) Bat mortality at wind turbines in northwestern europe. Acta Chiropterolog 12(2):261–274. doi:10.3161/150811010X537846
182. Rydell J, Bach L, Dubourg-Savage M, Green M, Rodrigues L, Hedenström A (2010b) Mortality of bats at wind turbines links to nocturnal insect migration? Eur J Wildl Res 56(6):823–827. doi:10.1007/s10344-010-0444-3
183. Rydell J, Engström H, Hedenström A, Larsen JK, Pettersson J, Green M (2012) The effect of wind power on birds and bats. A synthesis. Report 6511, August 2012. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (ed), Stockholm Sweden
184. Sandercock BK, Wisely SM, McNew LB, Gregory AJ, Winder VL, Hunt LM (2013) Environmental impacts of wind power development on the population biology of greater prairie-chickens. http://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/1080446. Accessed 22 July 2014
185. Scheidat M (2012) Porpoises and offshore windfarms—conflict, co-existence or refuge? Presentation at OWEZ Congress, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 11–12 October 2012. http://www.noordzeewind.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/pdf/OWE%202012%20Imares%20Scheidat%20Harbor%20Porpoises.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2014
186. Scheidat M, Tougaard J, Brasseur S, Carstensen J, van Polanen-Petel T, Teilmann J, Reijnders PJH (2011) Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and wind farms: a case study in the Dutch North Sea. Environ Res Lett 6(2):25102. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/2/025102
187. Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU) (2009) Strategic review of Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring Data Associated with FEPA License Conditions: Marine Mammals (version 1.2, 28 August 2009). http://www.cefas.defra.gov.uk/media/393581/annex-6-marine-mammals.pdf. Accessed 17 September 2013
188. Shamoun-Baranes J, van Loon E, Alon D, Alpert P, Yom-Tov Y, Leshem Y (2006) Is there a connection between weather at departure sites, onset of migration and timing of soaring-bird autumn migration in Israel? Glob Ecol and Biogeogr 15(6):541–552. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2006.00261.x
189. Simmonds M, Brown VC (2010) Is there a conflict between cetacean conservation and marine renewable-energy developments? Wildl Res 37(8):688–694. doi:10.1071/WR10020
190. Simmonds M, Dolman S (2008) All at sea: renewable energy production in the context of marine nature conservation. In: Evens EGH (ed.) Proceedings of the Ascobans/Ecs Workshop—Offshore wind farms and marine mammals: impacts and methodologies for assessing impacts. Ecs special publication series (49): 6–11. http://www.ascobans.org/sites/default/files/document/MOP6_5-06_WindFarmWorkshop_1.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2014
191. Simms W, Ross PS (2000) Vitamin A physiology and its application as a biomarker of contaminant-related toxicity in marine mammals: a review. Toxicol Ind Health 16(7–8):291–302. doi:10.1177/074823370001600706
192. Sjollema AL, Gates JE, Hilderbrand RH, Sherwell J (2014) Offshore activity of bats along the mid-atlantic coast. Northeastern Naturalist 21(2):154–163. doi:10.1656/045.021.0201
193. Smallwood KS, Thelander CG (2004) Developing methods to reduce bird mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area. Pier final project report. Edited by BioResource Consultants. http://www.energy.ca.gov/reports/500-04-052/500-04-052_00_EXEC_SUM.PDF. Accessed 22 July 2014
194. Smallwood KS, Thelander CG (2008) Bird mortality in the altamont pass wind resource area, California. J Wildl Manag 72(1):215–223. doi:10.2193/2007-032
195. Smallwood KS, Thelander CG, Morrison ML, Rugge LM (2007) Burrowing owl mortality in the altamont pass wind resource area. J Wildl Manag 71(5):1513–1524. doi:10.2193/2006-307
196. Smallwood KS, Rugge LM, Morrison ML (2009) Influence of behavior on bird mortality in wind energy developments. J Wildl Manag 73(7):1082–1098. doi:10.2193/2008-555
197. Steinborn H, Reichenbach M (2012) Einfluss von Windenergieanlagen auf den Ortolan Emberiza hortulana in Relation zu weiteren Habitatparametern. Vogelwelt 133:59–75
198. Steinborn H, Reichenbach M, Timmermann H (2011) Windkraft—Vögel—Lebensräume. Ergebnisse einer siebenjährigen Studie zum Einfluss von Windkraftanlagen und Habitatparametern auf Wiesenvögel. ARSU GmbH (ed.). Norderstedt, Germany
199. Stevens TK, Hale AM, Karsten KB, Bennett VJ (2013) An analysis of displacement from wind turbines in a wintering grassland bird community. Biodivers Conserv 22(8):1755–1767. doi:10.1007/s10531-013-0510-8
200. Stewart G, Pullin A, Coles C (2007) Poor evidence-base for assessment of windfarm impacts on birds. Environ Conserv 34(1):1–11
201. Stienen EWM, Waeyenberge V, Kuijken E, Seys J (2007) Trapped within the corridor of the Southern North Sea: The potential impact of offshore wind farms on seabirds. In de Lucas M, Janss GFE, Ferrer M (eds): Birds and wind farms. Risk assessment and mitigation. 1st ed. Madrid: Quercus, pp 71–80
202. Teilmann J, Tougaard J, Carstensen J (2012) Effects on harbour porpoises from Rødsand 2 Off-shore Wind Farm. Edited by Aarhus University, Danish Centre for Environment and Energy (DCE). Scientific Report from DCE—Danish Centre for Environment and Energy No. 42. http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/SR42.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2014
203. Thompson PM, Lusseau D, Barton T, Simmons D, Rusin J, Bailey H (2010) Assessing the responses of coastal cetaceans to the construction of offshore wind turbines. Mar Pollut Bull 60(8):1200–1208. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.030
204. Thompson PM, Hastie GD, Nedwell J, Barham R, Brookes KL, Cordes LS et al (2013) Framework for assessing impacts of pile-driving noise from offshore wind farm construction on a harbour seal population. Environ Impact Asses 43:73–85. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2013.06.005
205. Tougaard J (2013) Offshore wind farms and the marine environment—lessons from the Danish demonstration project and elsewhere. In: Naturvårdsverket (ed): Book of Abstracts. Conference on Wind Power and Environmental Impacts Stockholm 5–7 February. Report 6546, Stockholm, Sweden. p 25
206. Tougaard J, Carstensen J, Ilsted Bech N, Teilmann J (2006a) Final report on the effect of Nysted Offshore Wind Farm on harbour porpoises. Technical report to Energi E2 A/S. Edited by Ministry of the Environment. National Environmental Research Institute (NERI). Roskilde, Denmark. http://188.64.159.37/graphics/Energiforsyning/Vedvarende_energi/Vind/havvindmoeller/vvm%20Horns%20Rev%202/Nysted/Nysted%20marsvin%20final.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2014
207. Tougaard J, Carstensen J, Wisz M, Jespersen M, Teilmann J, Ilsted Bech N, Skov H (2006b) Harbour Porpoises on Horns Reef. Effects of the Horns Reef Wind Farm. Final Report to Vattenfall A/S. Roskilde, Denmark. http://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Jakob_et_al_2006.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2014
208. Tougaard J, Carstensen J, Teilmann J, Skov H, Rasmussen P (2009a) Pile driving zone of responsiveness extends beyond 20 km for harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena (L.)). J Acoust Soc Am 126(1):11–14. doi:10.1121/1.3132523
209. Tougaard J, Henriksen OD, Miller LA (2009b) Underwater noise from three types of offshore wind turbines: estimation of impact zones for harbor porpoises and harbor seals. J Acoust Soc Am 125(6):3766–3773. doi:10.1121/1.3117444
210. Tougaard J, Kyhn LA, Amundin M, Wennerberg D, Bordin C (2012) Behavioral Reactions of Harbor Porpoise to Pile-Driving Noise. In: Popper AN, Hawkins A (eds) The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (730). Springer, New York, pp 277–280
211. van de Laar FJT (2007) Green light to birds. Investigation into the effect of bird-friendly lighting. http://www.waddenzee.nl/fileadmin/content/Dossiers/Energie/pdf/green_light_to_birdsNAM.pdf. Accessed 25 March 2014
212. van Hal R, Griffioen B (2012) The local fish community, indifferent to the wind farm? Presentation at OWEZ Congress, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 11-12 October 2012. http://www.noordzeewind.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/pdf/OWE%202012%20Imares%20Van%20Hal%20Fish.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2014
213. Voigt CC, Popa-Lisseanu AG, Niermann I, Kramer-Schadt S (2012) The catchment area of wind farms for European bats: a plea for international regulations. Biol Conserv 153:80–86. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.04.027
214. Wahl V, Braasch A, Joost M, Ketzer C, Michalik A, Todeskino D (2013) Behavioural responses of harbour porpoises to pile driving on a temporal and spatial scale at the “BARD Offshore 1” windfarm. Presentation at StuKplus—Five Years of Ecological Research at alpha ventus—Challenges, Results and Perspectives, Berlin 30 October 2013. http://stukplusconference.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Presentation_Wahl%20et%20al_Behavioural%20responses%20of%20harbour%20porpoises%20to%20pile%20driving%20on%20a%20temporal%20and%20spatial%20scale%20at%20the%20%E2%80%9CBARD%20Offshore%201%E2%80%9D%20windfarm.pdf. Accessed 25 April 2014
215. Walters K, Kosciuch K, Jones J (2013) A Critical Review of the Effects of Tall Structures on Birds. In: Naturvårdsverket (ed): Book of Abstracts. Conference on Wind Power and Environmental Impacts (CWE2013) Stockholm 5–7 February. Report 6546, Stockholm, Sweden. p 106
216. Whitfield DP, Madders M (2006) A review of the impacts of wind farms on hen harriers Circus cyaneus and an estimation of collision avoidance rates. Natural Research Information Note 1 (revised). Edited by Natural Research Ltd. Banchory, UK
217. Willis CKR, Barclay RMR, Boyles JG, Brigham RM, Brack V Jr, Waldien DL (2009) Reichard J (2009) Bats are not birds and other problems with Sovacool’s (2009) analysis of animal fatalities due to electricity generation. Energy Policy. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.08.034
218. Winder VL, McNew LB, Gregory AJ, Hunt LM, Wisely SM, Sandercock BK (2013) Effects of wind energy development on survival of female greater prairie-chickens. J Appl Ecol. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12184
219. Winder VL, McNew LB, Gregory A, Hunt LM, Wisely SM, Sandercock BK (2014) Space use by female Greater Prairie-Chickens in response to wind energy development. Ecosphere. doi:10.1890/ES13-00206.1
220. Winter E, Aarts G, van Keeken O (2012) Cod and sole behaviour in an offshore wind farm. Presentation at OWEZ Congress, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 11–12 October 2012. http://www.noordzeewind.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/pdf/OWE%202012%20Imares%20Winter%20Cod%20and%20Sole%20behaviour.pdf. Accessed 5 September 2013
221. Zeiler HP, Gruenschachner-Berger V (2009) Impact of wind power plants on black grouse, Lyrurus tetrix in Alpine regions. Folia Zool 58(2):173–182
222. Zimmerling JR, Pomeroy AC, d’Entremont MV, Francis CM (2013) Canadian estimate of bird mortality due to collisions and direct habitat loss associated with wind turbine developments. Avian Conserv Ecol. doi:10.5751/ACE-00609-080210