Rapid social perception is flexible: Approach and avoidance motivational states shape P100 responses to other-race faces

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue JUNE 2012, 2012, Pages

  Cunningham, William A ^a,b,c   Van Bavel, Jay J ^d   Arbuckle, Nathan L ^e   Packer, Dominic J ^f   Waggoner, Ashley S ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e MIND RESEARCH NETWORK   (United States)

^f LEHIGH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Approach; ERP; Face perception; Motivation; P100; Race; Social perception

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTIONAL BLINK; BRAIN RADIOGRAPHY; BRAIN REGION; CAUCASIAN; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; EVOKED CORTICAL RESPONSE; FACE PROFILE; FUSIFORM GYRUS; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LATENT PERIOD; MALE; MOTIVATION; NEGRO; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROMODULATION; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; RACE DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL COGNITION; SPIKE WAVE;

EID: 84933671239     PISSN: 16625161     EISSN: 16625161     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Amodio, D. M. (2010). Coordinated roles of motivation and perception in the regulation of intergroup responses: frontal cortical asymmetry effects on the P2 event-related potential and behavior. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22, 2609-2617.
2. Amodio, D. M., Devine, P. G., and Harmon-Jones, E. (2008). Individual differences in the regulation of intergroup bias: the role of conflict monitoring and neural signals for control. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 94, 60-74.
3. Balcetis, E., and Dunning, D. (2006). See what you want to see: motivational influences on visual perception. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 91, 612-625.
4. Bentin, S., Allison, T., Puce, A., Perez, E., and McCarthy, G. (1996). Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 8, 551-565.
5. Blair, I. V. (2002). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 6, 242-261.
6. Brewer, M. B. (1988). "A dual process model of impression formation," in Advances in Social Cognition, Vo l. 1, eds R. S. Wyer and T. K. Srull (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 1-36.
7. Cacioppo, J. T., Crites, S. L. Jr., Berntson, G. G., and Coles, M. G. H. (1993a). If attitudes affect how stimuli are processed, should they not affect the event-related brain potential. Psychol. Sci. 4, 108-112.
8. Cacioppo, J. T., Priester, J. R., and Berntson, G. G. (1993b). Rudimentary determinants of attitudes. II: arm flexion and extension have differential effects on attitudes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 65, 5-17.
9. Clark, V., and Hilyard, S. A. (1996). Spatial selective attention affects early extrastriate but not striate components of the visual evoked potential. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 8, 387-402.
10. Conrey, F. R., Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Hugenberg, K., and Groom, C. (2005). Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: the quad-model of implicit task performance. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 89, 469-487.
11. Crites, S. L. Jr., and Cacioppo, J. T. (1996). Electrocortical differentiation of evaluative and nonevalua-tive categorizations. Psychol. Sci. 7, 318-321.
12. Cunningham, W. A., and Van Bavel, J. J. (2009). "A neural analysis of inter-group perception and evaluation," in Handbook of Neuroscience for the Behavioral Sciences, Vol.1, eds G. G. Berntson and J. T. Cacioppo (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.), 975-984.
13. Cunningham, W. A., Van Bavel, J. J., and Johnsen, I. R. (2008). Affective flexibility: evaluative processing goals shape amygdala activity. Psychol. Sci. 19, 152-160.
14. Cunningham, W. A., and Zelazo, P. D. (2007). Attitudes and evaluations: a social cognitive neuro-science perspective. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11, 97-104.
15. Cunningham, W. A., Raye, C. L., and Johnson, M. K. (2005). Neural correlates of evaluation associated with promotion and prevention regulatory focus. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 5, 202-211.
16. Cunningham, W. A., Zelazo, P. D., Packer, D. J., and Van Bavel, J. J. (2007). The iterative reprocessing model: a multi-level framework for attitudes and evaluation. Soc. Cogn. 25, 736-760.
17. Dehaene, S., Changeux, J. P., Naccache, L., Sackur, J., and Sergent, C. (2006). Conscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing: a testable taxonomy. Trends Cogn. Sci. 10, 204-211.
18. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 56, 5-18.
19. Di Russo, F., Martinez, A., and Hillyard, S. A. (2003). Source analysis of event-related cortical activity during visuo-spatial attention. Cereb. Cortex 13, 486-499.
20. Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., and Howard, A. (1997). The nature of prejudice: automatic and controlled processes. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 33, 510-540.
21. Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., and Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: a bona fide pipeline? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 69, 1013-1027.
22. Fazio, R. H., Ledbetter, J. E., and Towles-Schwen, T. (2000). On the costs of accessible attitudes: detecting that the attitude object has changed. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 78, 197-210.
23. Fiske, S. T., and Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum model of impression formation: from category-based to individuating processes as a function of information, motivation, and attention. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 23, 1-74.
24. Freeman, J. B., and Ambady, N. (2011). A dynamic interactive theory of person construal. Psychol. Rev. 118, 247-279.
25. Friedman, R. S., and Forster, J. (2005). Effects of motivational cues on perceptual asymmetry: implications for creativity and analytical problem solving. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 88, 263-275.
26. Golby, A. J., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Chiao, J. Y., and Eberhardt, J. L. (2001). Differential responses in the fusiform region to same-race and other-race faces. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 845-850.
27. Gordijn, E. H., Hindriks, I., Koomen, W., Dijksterhuis, A., and van Knippenberg, A. (2004). Consequences of stereotype suppression and internal suppression motivation: a self-regulation approach. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 30, 212-224.
28. Halgren, E., Raij, T., Marinkovic, K., Jousmaki, V., and Hari, R. (2000). Cognitive response profile of the human fusiform face area as determined by MEG. Cereb. Cortex 10, 69-81.
29. Herrmann, M., Ehlis, A., Muehlberger, A., and Fallgatter, A. (2005). Source localization of early stages of face processing. Brain Topogr. 18, 77-85.
30. Herrmann, M. J., Schreppel, T., Jäger, D., Koehler, S., Ehlis, A. C., and Fallgatter, A. J. (2007). The other-race effect for face perception: an event-related potential study. J. Neural Transm. 114, 951-957.
31. Ito, T. A., and Bartholow, B. D. (2009). The neural correlates of race. Trends Cogn. Sci. 13, 524-531.
32. Ito, T. A., and Cacioppo, J. T. (2000). Electrophysiological evidence of implicit and explicit categorization processes. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 36, 660-676.
33. Ito, T. A., Thompson, E., and Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). Tracking the timecourse of social perception: the effects of racial cues on event-related brain potentials. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 30, 1267-1280.
34. Ito, T. A., and Urland, G. R. (2003). Race and gender on the brain: electrocortical measures of attention to the race and gender of multiply categorizable individuals. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 85, 616-626.
35. Ito, T. A., and Urland, G. R. (2005). The influence of processing objectives on the perception of faces: an ERP study of race and gender perception. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 5, 21-36.
36. Ito, T. A., Willadsen-Jensen, E. C., and Correll, J. (2007). "Social neuro-science and social perception: new perspectives on categorization, prejudice, and stereotyping," in Social Neuroscience: Integrating Biological and Psychological Explanations of Social Behavior, eds E. Harmon-Jones and P. Winkielman (New York, NY: Guilford), 401-421.
37. Kanwisher, N. G., McDermott, J., and Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J. Neurosci. 17, 4302-4311.
38. Kawakami, K., Phills, C. E., Steele, J. R., and Dovidio, J. F. (2007). (Close) Distance makes the heart grow fonder: improving implicit racial attitudes and interracial interactions through approach behaviors. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 92, 957-971.
39. Lieberman, M. D., Hariri, A., Jarcho, J. M., Eisenberger, N. I., and Bookheimer, S. Y. (2005). An fMRI investigation of race-related S amygdala activity in african-american and caucasian-american individuals. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 720-722.
40. Liu, J., Harris, A., and Kanwisher, N. (2002). Stages of processing in face perception: a MEG study. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 910-916.
41. Luck, S. J. (2005). An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
42. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., and Jetten, J. (1994). Out of mind but back in sight: stereotypes on the rebound. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 67, 808-817.
43. Martinez, A., Anllo-Vento, L., Sereno, M. I., Frank, L. R., Buxton, R. B., Dubowitz, D. J., Wong, E. C., Hinrichs, H., Heinze, H. J., and Hillyard, S. A. (1999). Involvement of striate and extrastriate visual cortical areas in spatial attention. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 364-369.
44. Neuberg, S. L., and Fiske, S. T. (1987). Motivational influences on impression formation: outcome dependency, accuracy-driven attention, and individuating processes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 53, 431-444.
45. Phills, C. E., Kawakami, K., Tabi, E., Nadolny, D., and Inzlicht, M. (2011). Mind the gap: increasing associations between the self and blacks with approach behaviors. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 100, 197-210.
46. Richeson, J. A., and Shelton, J. N. (2003). When prejudice does not pay: effects of interracial contact on executive function. Psychol. Sci. 14, 287-290.
47. Smith, N. K., Cacioppo, J. T., Larsen, J. T., and Chartrand, T. L. (2003). May I have your attention please: elec-trocortical responses to positive and negative stimuli. Neuropsychologia 41, 171-183.
48. Trawalter, S., Todd, A., Baird, A. A., and Richeson, J. A. (2008). Attending to threat: race-based patterns of selective attention. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 44, 1322-1327.
49. Van Bavel, J. J., and Cunningham, W. A. (2009). Self-categorization with a novel mixed-race group moderates automatic social and racial biases. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 35, 321-335.
50. Van Bavel, J. J., and Cunningham, W. A. (2011). A social neuroscience approach to self and social categorisation: a new look at an old issue. Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 21, 237-284.
51. Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., and Cunningham, W. A. (2008). The neural substrates of in-group bias: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Psychol. Sci. 19, 1131-1139.
52. Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., and Cunningham, W. A. (2011). Modulation of the fusiform face area following minimal exposure to motivationally relevant faces: evidence of in-group enhancement (not out-group disregard). J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 3343-3354.
53. Van Bavel, J. J., Xiao, Y. J., and Cunningham, W. A. (in press). Evaluation is a dynamic process: moving beyond dual system models. Soc. Pers. Psychol. Compass.